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LICSB  LIBRARY 


. 


THE   BIOGRAPHICAL    REVIEW 

OF 
0* 


f  .OMINENT  JylEN  AND  W  OMEN 
OF  THE  DAY. 


WITH 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES 

AND  REMINISCENCES. 


TO    WHICH  IS   ADDED 

A  Birdseye  View  of  the  History  of  Our  Republic, 

AND  MUCH   OTKEIl  VALUABLE  INFORMATION. 


BY  THOS.  W.  HERRINGSHAW. 


"Of  all  things,  the  most  interesting  to  man  is  Man." 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  350  PORTRAITS. 


KSTERED  ACCORDING  TO  ACT  OF  CONGRESS 

IN  THE  YEAR  1888, 

BY  A.  B.  GEHMAN  &  CO., 

IN  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  LIBRARIAN 

AT  WASHINGTON,  D.  O. 


PREFA  CE. 


THE  purpose  of  this  work  is  to  present  —  in  as  condensed 
a  form  as  is  consistent  with  the  presentation  of  all  the  im- 
portant facts — the  lives  and  achievements  of"  the  most  cele- 
brated men  and  women  now  living;  the  perusal  of  which  can 
not  but  be  of  almost  incalculable  benefit  to  all  those  desirous 
of  becoming  intelligent  and  well-informed  on  current  topics 
—  to  keep  fully  abreast  of  the  times.  Indeed,  it  is  impera- 
tively necessary  to  become  familiar  with  the  lives  and  doings 
of  the  leaders  of  life  and  thought  of  our  day  and  genera- 
tion —  the  molders  of  the  world's  history  —  in  order  to 
more  fully  comprehend  what  is  being  done  and  the  remark- 
able changes  that  are  constantly  taking  place  in  this  busy 
world  of  ours. 

Consequently,  there  being  no  comprehensive  work  of  the 
kind  extant — the  bulky  biographical  cyclopaedias  being  al- 
most wholly  composed  of  the  lives  of  individuals  long  since 
passed  away  rather  than  the  lives  of  the  living, —  this  vol- 
ume of  PROMINENT  MEN  AND  WOMEN  OF  THE  DAY  aptly  fills 
this  niche  in  the  tablet  of  current  literature. 

Truly,  it  is  a  veritable  portrait  gallery  and  scrap-book  of 
illustrated  biographical  sketches  and  reminiscences  of  emi- 
nent personages  of  the  times,  comprising  such  a  varied  col- 
lection of  names  that  has  cost  infinite  pains  and  expense  to 


PREFACE, 

btain;  embracing,  as  it  does,  the  lives  and  achievements  of 
.uthors  and  Poets,  Scientists  and  Philosophers,  Thinkers  and 
.eformers,  Orators  and  Lecturers,  Kings  and  Kulers,  Soldiers 
id  Statesmen,  Inventors  and  Explorers,  Artists  and  Musici- 
:is,  Journalists  and  Humorous  Writers,  Lawyers  and  Jurists, 
.ctors  and  Singers,  Divines  and  Revivalists,  Sportsmen,  and 
iany  other  personages  of  note. 

The  history  of  the  present  —  of  people  now  living  in  our 
3ry  midst  —  is  fraught  with  the  greatest  interest,  and  of 
hich  much  more  should  be  known  by  everyone,  whether  he 
3  rich  or  poor,  educated  or  uneducated. 

As  a  supplement  to  the  newspaper,  this  work  stands  un- 
aralleled  as  a  storehouse  of  useful  knowledge  indispensable 
>  readers  desirous  of  a  fuller  exposition  of  the  lives  and 
sings  of  the  great  thinkers  and  actors  on  the  world's  stage, 
:  which  the  press  makes  such  constant  mention;  but,  being 
icomplete,  is  unintelligible  to  the  masses. 

In  consequence  of  the  almost  inaccessibility  of  facts 
mcerning  the  lives  of  many  of  the-  subjects  contained  in 
tis  work,  the  daily  press  has  been  largely  drawn  upon  for 
laterial;  thus  many  important  facts  and  interesting  remin- 
cences  have  been  rescued  from  oblivion  that  add  greatly  to 
ic  value  of  this  volume. 

Some  of  the  subjects  —  such  as  John  L.  Sullivan,  et.  al., — 
iay  not,  perhaps,  be  of  interest  to  the  great  majority;  but 
le  insertion  of  them  seemed  absolutely  necessary  to  com- 
letely  fill  the  demand  for  a  work  containing  the  lives  and 
sings  of  the  most  prominent  American  and  foreign  celebri- 
es  now  living.  Such  subjects  will,  however,  be  of  interest 
•  some,  if  not  to  others;  and  to  more  fully  illustrate  this 


PREFACE. 


iii 


fact,  the  perusal  of  Frank  G.  Tobey's  poem,  here  given,  will 
more  forcibly  impress  it  upon  the  memory  of  the  reader. 

NOT  A  LINE  THAT  NOBODY   READS. 


The  editor  gat  in  his  chair  alone— 
A  busier  person  there  never  was  known— 
When  in  came  a  farmer,  a  jolly  old  soul. 
Whose  name  for  long  years  had  been  borne  on 

the  roll 

Of  paying  subscribers.    He  had  come  into  town 
To  bring  his  good  wife  and  some  farm  produce 

down, 

And  having  a  moment  or  two  he  could  spare 
Had  run  in  as  usual,  to  bring  in  a  share  [gloom 
Of  his  own  inward  sunshine,  to  lighten  the 
Of  the  man  of  the  press  and  his  dull,  cheerless 

room-. 

The  editor's  smile,  as  he  lifted  his  eyes 
And  saw  who  was  there,  was  a  joyful  surprise  ; 
And  he  greeted  his  friend  with  a  deal  of  glad 

zest 
For  a  good  chat  with  him  was  like  taking  a  rest. 


When  at  length  the  old  farmer  got  ready  to 

leave 

He  said,  with  a  sly  little  laugh  in  his  sleeve,  . 
"My  dear  friend,  there  is  one  thing  I  just  want 

to  say- 
Mow  please  don't  get  vexed,  for  you  know  it's  my 

way—  [print 

But  what  makes  you  put  in  each  paper  you 
So  much  that  is  worthless,  do  you  take  the  hint? 
Well,  petty  mistortunes— and  little  misdeeds— 
And  lots  of  small  matters  that  nobody  reads." 
The  editor  looked  at  him  square  in  the  face, 
At  first  a  frown,  then  a  smile  took  its  place. 
"  My  dear  friend,"  he  replied,  "  I'm  surprised 

you  don't  know 

Every  line  in  the  paper  is  read — but  it's  so  ; 
And  now,  if  you  wish,  I  will  make  my  words 

good 

And  prove  what  I  say,  as  every  man  should. 
I'll  put  in  the  very  next  paper  a  line 
Or  two  about  you— in  coarse  print  or  fine, 
Whichever  you  choose,  and  just  where  you  may 

say, 

And  if  you  don't  find  on  the  very  next  day 
That  your  neighbors  all  read  it,  I  promise  to 

give 

Free  subscriptions  to  you  as  long  as  you  live." 
''Agreed,"  said  the  farmer,  "  you  shall  sing  a 

new  song  ; 

Put  it  right  in  the  middle  of  one  of  those  long, 
Fine  type  advertisements— I  never  yet  knew 
Any    i>erson   of  sense   to   read  one    of   those 

through  ; 

If  I  hear  from  it  twice,  I  will  bring  down  to  you 
The  best  load  of  garden  sauce  I  ever  grew." 
Then  the  "good  days"  were  passed,  and  the 

farmer  went  out, 


And  the  editor  laughed  to  himself   without 

doubt 
As  he  thought  of  the  wager  and  how  it  would 

end 
And  a  nice  little  joke  he  would  have  on  his 

friend. 
Then  he  wrote  just  two  lines,  and  he  ordered 

them  set 
In  the  smallest  of  type— thinking,  "I'll  win 

that  bet."  (fail, 

And  he  placed  them  himself,  to  be  sure  and  not 
In  the  midst  of  a  close  agate  real  estate  sale, 
For  to  better  succeed  in  his  little  designs, 
He'd  selected  a  place  where  to  put  these  two 

lines 
And  have  them  connected  with  what  followed 

and  make 

A  sentence  complete  in  itself,  without  break. 
These  the  lines  that  he  wrote  :  "Our  old  friend, 

good  James  True, 

Who  is  one  of  the  best  men  the  world  ever  knew 
Of  the  well-known  Hope  Farm  "—that  was  all 

that  he  said 
About  James,  but  the  lines  next  below  these 

two  read, 
"  Will  be  sold  very   cheap,"  then  went  on  to 

unfold  [sold. 

The  beauties  and  bounds  of  the  estate  to  be 
The  paper  was  printed.  The  next  day  but  one, 
The  farmer  came  in,  with  his  eyes  full  of  fun. 
"You  have  won,'1  he  began,  "just  as  sure  as 

you're  born  ; 

Whybefore  I'd  got  breakfast  ate  yesterday  morn 
Two  or  three  of  my  neighbors  called  purpose 

to  see 
What  that  meant  in  the  paper  they  saw  about 

me. 

(I  hadn't  seen  it  yet.)  Then  during  the  day, 
Every  neighbor  that  met  me  hud  something  to 

say 

About  my  being  sold.     I  was  sold  very  cheap, 
And  you  did  it  well,  too;  it  was  too  good  to  keep 
So  I've  told  the  whole  story,  and  come  with  all 

speed 

To  bring  you  the  garden  sauce  as  I  agreed." 
The  editor  looked  from  his  window  and  saw 
His  friend  had  brought  in  all  the  horses  could 

draw — 

All  for  him  ;  he  declined  to  accept  it,  but  found 
That  his  friend  would  not  listen,  and  was  off 

with  a  bound, 

Saying,  cheerily,  as  he  went  out—"  In  your  next 
Just  say  Jim  True's  preaching,  and  this  is  his 

text  : 
There  is  naught  in  the  paper— fruit,  flowers,  or 

weeds— 
Not  a  line  in  the  paper  that  nobody  reads." 


IT  PEE  FACE. 

So,  indeed,  may  the  readers  of  this  work  charitably  apply 
the  experience  of  Good  Farmer  True  to  the  subjects  herein 
contained  by  slightly  changing  the  truism  of  his  text  to  — 

There's  naught  in  this  volume,  fruits  powers,  or  weeds, 
Not  a  subject  in  this  book  that  nobody  reads ! 

With  the  above  admonition,  the  writer  presents  the  work 
to  the  public,  with  the  hope  that  its  perusal  will  be  a  source 
of  instruction  and  pleasure  to  all. 

T.  w.  H. 


CONTENTS. 


ABDUL  HAMID  II,  Sultan  of  Turkey,         ...  191 

ABDURRAHMAN"  KHAN",  Afghan  Ruler,      ....  319 

ADLER,  FELIX,  Social  Reformer,       .           ...  477 

AGASSIZ,  ALEXANDER,  American  Scientist,      ...  316 

ALBERT  EDWARD,  Prince  of  Wales,      .  142 

ALEXANDER  III,  Emperor  of  Russia,     _                  .         .  286 

ALGEE,  R.  A.,  Statesman,  Michigan,  ....  447 

ANDERSON,  MARY,  American  Actress,     ....  210 

ANTHONY,  SUSAN  B.,  Female  Suffrage  Advocate,  .       .  177 

APPLETON,  WM.  H.,  Publisher, 482 

ARMOUR,  PHIL  D.,  Millionaire  Pork  Packer,          _         .  209 

ATKINS,  JOHN,  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs,  D.  ,C.,        _  369 

BANCROFT,  GEORGE,  Historian,     .....  121 

BARRY,  T.  B.,  Ex-Member  Executive  Board  K.  of  L.,      .  146 

BARTHOLDI,  AUGUSTE,  Sculptor  of  Liberty,  ...  247 

BAYARD,  THOMAS  F.,  Statesman,     .  262 

BEECHER,  MRS.  H.  W.,  Wife  of  Eminent  Divine,         .  32 
BEAUREGARD,  GEN.,  Southern  Statesman,        .         .         .456 

BELL,  A.  G.,  Inventor  of  the  Telephone,    ...  119 

BELMONT,  PERRY,  Member  of  Congress,         ...  357 

BENEDICT,  THOMAS  E.,  Public  Printer,         ...  341 
BENNETT,  J.  G.,  Prop.  New  York  "  Herald,1'  .         .        .405 

BERGH,  HENRY,  Animals'  Friend,       .  227 


ii  CONTENTS. 

BERNHARDT,  SARAH,  Actress,                  _  -     174 

BIGGS,  BENJ.  T.,  Governor  of  Delaware,    .  449 

BISMARCK,  PRINCE,  Prime  Minister  of  Germany,     _  37 

BLACK,  JOHN  C.,  General  Pension  Agent,    _  161 

BLACKBURN,  J.  C.  S.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Kentucky,    .  .     431 

BLAKE,  LILLIE  DEVEREUX,  Social  Reformer,  401 

BLAIR,  HENRY  W.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  N.  H.,  .     301 

BLANCO,  DON  GUZMAN,  President  of  Venezuela,            .  368 
BLAINE,  JAMES  G.,  Statesman,      _____     162 

BLODGETT,  RUFUS,  U.  S.  Senator  from  New  Jersey,       _  459 

BONNER,  ROBERT,  Prop.  New  York  "Ledger,"          .  .103 

BOOTH,  EDWIN,  Actor,      _         _         .         „         -       .  -  241 

BOOTH,  GEN.  W.,  Commander  Salvation  Army,        _  _     206 

BOULANGER,  GEN.,  French  Army,       _  78 

BRAGG,  GEN.  E.  S.,  U.  S.  Minister  to  Mexico,  _     229 

BRIGHT,  JOHN,  Eminent  British  Orator,      ...  143 

BRISSON,  HENRI,  French  Statesman,      _  355 

BROWN,  JOHN,  Oldest  Government  Employe,        _         .  309 

BROWN,  Jos.  E.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Georgia,          .  _     409 

BROWNING,  ROBERT,  The  Thinker's  Poet,    _         _  230 

BUCKNER,  SIMON  BOLIVAR,  Southern  General,          _  .     476 
BURDETTE,  ROBERT  G.,  The  Funny  Man,         ...       44 

BURKE,  "  JACK,"  English  Pugilist,      _                            .  254 

BUTLER,  BEN.  F.,  Lawyer,  Soldier  and  Statesman,  .       46 

BUSH,  R.  T.,  Owner  of  Yacht  "Coronet,"      _         .  .215 

CABLE,  G.  W.,  American  Author  Creole  Stories,     .       _  129 

CAMERON,  DON,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Pennsylvania,   .  _     866 

CAMERON,  VIOLET,  Actress,                  _         ...         _  435 

CANNON,  GEO.  Q.,  Mormon  Magnate,       _                 .  _     239 
CARLETON,  WM.  M.,  American  Poet,  "Farm  Ballads,"  etc.,     84 


CONTENTS.  Hi 

CAKLISLE,  J.  G.,  Statesman,         ...  .         .155 

CARLISLE,  MRS.,  Wife  of  Above,                                     .  156 

CAROL  I,  King  of  Roumania,                                     .         .  340 

CHADWICK,  HENRY,  Father  of  Base  Ball,                     .  187 

CHANG,  Li  HUNG,  Prime  Minister  of  China,                    _  292 

GUILDS,  GEO.  W.,  Editor  Philadelphia  "Ledger,11  94 

CHRISTINA,  MARIE,  Queen-Regent  of  Spain,                     _  314 

CHURCHILL,  LORD  RANDOLPH,  English  Statesman,  183 

CHURCHILL,  LADY,  Wife  of  Above,                           _  .       _  184 

CLEMENS,  SAMUEL  L.,  (Mark  Twain,)                            _  61 

CLEVELAND,  GROVER,  President  U.  S.,    _                            ^  537 

CLEVELAND,  MRS.,  Wife  of  Above,     ....  285 

CLEVELAND,  ROSE  E.,  Author,  and  Sister  of  the  President,  474 

CODY,  WM.  F.,  (Buffalo  Bill,)       .                                     .  411 

COMSTOCK,  ANTHONY,  Society  for  Suppression  of  Vice,  185 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM  WILKIE,  English  Author,         _         .  106 

COLMAN,  NORMAN  J.,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,     .  88 

COLLYER,  ROBERT,  Eminent  Preacher,                     .          .  422 

COLT,  CALDWELL  H.,  Owner  of  Yacht  " Dauntless,1'    .  217 

COOLEY,  THOMAS  M.,  Judge,  Inter-State  Commission,       .  338 

COUCH,  CAPT.  W.  L.,  "Oklahoma  Boomer,"          .       • .  213 

COURTNEY,  CHARLES,  Oarsman,     _                                     .  397 

COW-DREY,  W.  H.,  United  Labor  Candidate  for  Pres.  1888,  532 

Cox,  SAMUEL  S.,  Oldest  Member  Congress,     ...  377 

CROSBY,  C.  P.,  Captain  of  the  "  Coronet,"   ...  216 

CROOK,  GEORGE,  Brigadier-General  U.  S.  A.,     .                 .  264 

CULLOM,  SHELBY  M.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Illinois,         .  312 

CURTIS,  GEO.  WM.,  Editor  "Harper's Weekly,"        .         .  272 

CUTTING,  A.  K.,  Texas  Imbroglio,      .         .         .         .  .  220 

DANA,  CHARLES  A.,  Editor  New  York  "Sun,"          .         .139 


iv  CONTENTS. 

DAVENPORT,  FANNY,  American  Actress,      ...  465 

DAVIES,  "  PARSON,"  Sportsman,     _  255 

DAVIS,  JOHN  W.,  Governor  of  Rhode  Island,       .  458 

DAVIS,  JEFFERSON,  Ex-President  of  Confederacy,     .         _  498 

DAVIS,  VARINA,  "Daughter  of  the  Confederacy,".        .  500 

/DAVITT,  MICHAEL,  Irish  Leader,     ...         .         .  293 

i  DAWES,  HENRY  L.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Massachusetts,  _  290 

DE  FREYCINET,  French  Statesman,     .  356 

DE  GIERS,  NICHOLAS,  Russian  Statesman,       .  288 

DE  LESSEPS,  FERD.,  Suez  Canal  Engineer,          _         _  167 

DEPEW,  CHATJNCEY  M.,  Statesman,        ....  445 

DIAZ,  PORFIRIO,  President  of  Mexico,          .         _         .  89 

DICKENS,  CHARLES,  JR.,  Public  Reader,  etc.,     ...  440 

DICKINSON,  ANNA,  Lecturer  and  Actress,     ...  24 

DICKINSON,  DON  M.,  Postmaster-General,      «•_  381 

DILLON,  JOHN,  Irish  Patriot,     _  354 

DOM  PEDRO  II,  Emperor  of  Brazil,        ....  433 

DONNELLY,  IGNATIUS,  Author,     .  384 

DOUGLASS,  FREDERICK,  Colored  Orator,          ...  342 

DURHAM,  MILTON  J.,  First  Comptroller  of  Treasury,    .  358 

EATON,  D.  B.,  Resigned  Civil  Service  Commission,     .      .  380 

EDGERTON,  A.  P.,  Civil  Service  Commissioner,     .         .  376 

EDMUNDS,  GEORGE  F.,  Republican  Statesman,          .         .  320 

EDISON,  THOMAS  A.,  Great  Inventor,          ...  42 

ELIOT,  CHARLES  W.,  President  Harvard  College,      .         .  452 

ENDICOTT,  WM.  C.,  Secretary  of  War,         ...  329 

ERICSSON,  JOHN,  Designer  of  the  "  Monitor,"         .         .  235 

EVARTS,  WM.  M.,  U.  S,  Senator  from  New  York,         .  321 
FAITHFULL,  EMILY,  Social  Reformer,     .         _         .         .450 

FAIRCHILD,  C.  S.,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  196 


CONTENTS.  v 

FAIRCHILD,  GEN.  Lucius,  Ex-Governor  of  Wisconsin,      .  260 

FARWELL,  CHARLES  B.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Illinois,      .  337 

FERRY,  JULES,  French  Statesman,          ....  242 

FIELD,  KATE,  American  Lecturer  and  Journalist,         .  81 

FIELD,  CYRUS  W.,  Atlantic  Cable  Projector,     ...  100 

FIELD,  STEPHEN  J.,  Judge  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,         .  359 

FISK,  CLINTON  B.,  Prohibition  Candidate  President  1888,  516 

FORAKER,  J.  B.,  Governor  of  Ohio,     ....  109 

FREMONT,  GEN.  JOHN  C.,  U.  S.  A.,         _        .        .        .  71 

GARLAND,  A.  H.,  Attorney-General  U.  S.,       _                  .  253 

GEORGE,  HENRY,  Political  Reformer  and  Author,         .  70 

GEORGE  I,  King  of  Greece,  ._..._  327 

GILDER,  WM.  H.,  Arctic  Explorer,      ....  148 

GLADSTONE,  WM.  E.,  English  Statesman,        ...  34 

GORMAN,  ARTHUR  P.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Maryland,     .  399 

GOULD,  JAY,  Railroad  King,         .....  149 

GRADY,  HENRY  W.,  Editor  Atlanta  "  Constitution,"     .  53 

GRAHAM,  GERALD,  British  General,         ....  473 

GRAVES,  EDWARD  0.,  Bureau  Printing  and  Engraving,  485 

GREELY,  GEN.  A.  W.,  Signal  Service   Bureau,  75 

GRESHAM,  W.  Q.,  Judge  U.  S.  Circuit  Court,  91 

GRIVY,  F.  P.  J.,  French  Statesman,       ....  404 

« 

HAGGARD,  H.  R.,  Author  "  She,1'  Etc.,        ...  495 

HALL,  BENTON  J.,  Patent  Commissioner,        ...  269 

HALSTEAD,  MURAT,  Editor  Cincinnati  "Com.  Gazette,".  328 

HAMPTON,  WADE,  U.  S.  Senator  from  South  Carolina,    .  294 

HARRISON,  BEN.,  Candidate  for  President  U.  S.  1888,    _  551 
HARRISON,  CARTER  H.,  Ex-Mayor  of  Chicago,         .         .172 

HARTE,  BRET,  American  Humorous  Author,        .         .  158 


vi  CONTENTS. 

HARCOURT,  SIR  VERNON,  British  Statesman,     ...  379 

HATTON,  FRANK,  Author  and  Journalist,     .         .         .  170 

HARLAN,  JOHN  M.,  Judge  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,      _         _  330 

HEWITT,  A.  S.,  Mayor  of  New   York  City,          _         .  134 

HISCOCK,  FRANK,  U.  S.  Senator  from  New  York,     .         .  266 

HITO,  MOUTZ,  Mikado  of  Japan,        ...  233 

HOAR,  GEORGE  F.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Massachusetts,       _  348 

HOLMES,  OLIVER  WENDELL,  Author  and  Poet,     .         .  275 
HOWARD,  GEN.  0.  0.,  Soldier  and  Philanthropist,  _         .144 

HOWE,  JULIA  WARD,  American  Author,     _         .         .  132 

HOWELLS,  WM.  D.,  American  Novelist  and  Poet,     .         .  107 

HUXLEY,  PROF.  T.  H.,  English  Scientist  and  Agnostic,.  68 

HYATT,  JAMES  W.,  Treasurer  of  U.  S.,         _  345 

INGALLS,  J.  J.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Kansas,          _         .  244 
INGERSOLL,  ROBERT  J.,  Lawyer  and  Lecturer,          _          .52 

IRVING,  HENRY,  Famous  English  Actor,     ...  372 

JENKS,  GEORGE  A.,  Solicitor  General,     ....  336 

JOHNSTON,  GEN.  Jos.  E.,  Commissioner  of  Railroads,      .  375 

JONES,  JOHN  P.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Nevada,       _         .  283 

JOSEPH,  FRANCIS,  Emperor  of  Austria,          ...  223 

JUNKER,  DR.  WM.,  Russian  Explorer,            _                _  «394 

KALAKAUA,  King  of  Hawaii,         _  153 

KALNOKY,  COUNT,  Austrian   Statesman,     ...  277 

KAULBARS,  NICHOLAS,  Russian  General,          ...  392 

KEELY,  J.  W.,  The  Motor  Man,                   ...  197 
KELLOGG,  CLARA  LOUISE,  Vocalist,        .         .         _         .281 

KOMAROFF,  GEN.,  Russian  General,     ....  289 

KOCH,  DR.  R.,  Famous  Cholera  Specialist,       ...  268 


CONTENTS.  vii 

LABOUCHERE,  HENRY,  Editor  London  "Truth,"     _         .  154 

LAMAR,  L.  Q.  C.,  Judge  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,         _         .  311 

LAMONT,  DANIEL  S.,  Private  Secretary  Grover  Cleveland,  .  104 

LANGTRY,  LILY,  Beauty  and  Actress,         ...  306 

LANSDOWNE,  MARQUIS,  Ex-Governor  General  Canada,      _  267 

LEO  XIII,  Pope,      _  236 

LEOPOLD  II,  King  of  Belgium,      _  347 

LESLIE,  MRS.  FRANK,  Publisher,        _  55 

LINCOLN,  ROBERT  TODD,  Lawyer,  _         _         _  86 

LOCKWOOD,  BELVA  A.,  Presidential  Candidate  1888,        _  521 

LOGAN,  MRS.  JOHN  A.,          ......  115 

LORILLARD,  PIERRE,  Tobacco  Enterprise,     .         .         _  114 

LOTHROP,  GEORGE  V.  N.,  U.  S.  Minister  to  Russia,  _         .  226 

LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL,  American  Author,  39 

LUCE,  Admiral,  U.  S.  N.,      .                                             .  344 

LYMAN,  CHARLES,  Commissioner  Civil  Service,     _         .  391 

MCCARTHY,  JUSTIN,  Irish  Nationalist,  .        .        .        .166 

MACDONALD,  SIR  JOHN,  Premier  of  Canada,        .        .  135 

McDoNALD,  Jos.  E.,  Indiana  Statesman,         ...  278 

McGLYNN,  REV.  E.,  Ex-Priest,  New  York,  ...  28 

MAYNARD,  ISAAC,  Assistant  Secretary  U.  S.  Treasury,      .  390 

MELVILLE,  GEO.  W.,  Engineer-in-Chief  U.  S.  N.,          .  274 

MICHEL,  LOUISE,  Leader  French  Anarchists,             .         .  324 

MILAN,  King  of  Servia,    ._-__.  304 

MILBURN,  WM.  H.,  Blind  Chaplain  Forty-Ninth  Congress,  123 

MILES,  NELSON  A.,  Brigadier-General  U.  S.  A.,       .         .  178 

MILLER,  JOAQUIN,  American  Poet,      .         .         .         .  164 

MILLER,  MARY,  Woman    Captain,        ....  453 

MITCHELL,  MAGGIE,  American  Actress,       ...  393 

MULHATTAN,  JOSEPH,  Champion  Liar,     .                           .  332 


vfii  CONTENTS. 

MOODY,  D WIGHT  L.,  Great  Evangelist,        .  95 

MOONLIGHT,  THOMAS,  Governor  of  Wyoming,  21 

MORRILL,  J.  S.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Vermont,      .         .  280 

MORRIS,  CLARA,  American  Actress,        _  420 

MORRISON,  WILLIAM  R.,  Statesman,  Illinois,        _         _  219 

MORSE,  EDWARD  S.,  American  Scientist,        .  436 

MORTON,  LEVI  P.,  Republican  Candidate  V.  President  1888,  559 

MOST,  HERR,  Dynamiter  and  Revolutionist,         _         .  212 

MULDROW,  HENRY  L.,  First  Assistant  Secretary  Interior,  _  331 

NAST,  THOMAS,  American  Caricaturist,        ...  204 

NICHOLAS,  Prince  of  Mingrelia,           ....  303 

NILSSON,  CHRISTINE,   Swedish  Prima  Donna,       _         .  145 

NORDENSKJOLD,  BARON,  Arctic  Explorer,     ...  221 

NYE,  EDGAR  WILSON  (Bill  Nye),  Writer,      .        .        .  469 

OGLESBY,  R.  J.,  Governor  of  Illinois,        "...  429 
OSCAR,  Prince  of  Sweden,     .         .         .         .         .         .418 

PADDOCK,  A.  S.,  U.  S.' Senator  from  Nebraska,    .        .  466 

PARNELL,  CHARLES,  Irish  Patriot,         -         ...  60 

PARNELL,  MRS.,  Mother  of  Above,     ....  51 

PASTEUR,  Louis,  French  Hydrophobia  Specialist,     .         .  222 

PATTI,  ADELINA,  Prima  Donna,         .  120 

PAYNE,  HENRY  B.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Ohio,         .        _  468 

PECK,  GEORGE  W.,  Humorous  Writer  and  Editor,         .  487 

PENNOYER,  SYLVESTER,  Governor  of  Oregon,           .  *      .  403 

PHELPS,  HON.  WM.  WALTER,  Member  Congress,        .  438 
PITMAN,  ISAAC,  Inventor  of  Shorthand,        .         .         .189 

PLATT,  0.  H.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Connecticut,  353 

PLAYFAIR,  SIR,  English  Scientist,  456 


CONTENTS.  ix 

POMEROY,  "  BRICK,"  Journalist,           ....  181 

POPE,  GEN.  JOHN,  U.  S.  A.  .                           ...  250 

PORTER,  DAVID  D.,  Admiral  U.  S.  N.,  113 

POTTER,  MRS.  JAMES  BROWN,  Actress,     _                .        .  56 

POWDERLY,  T.  V.,  Head  of  K.  of  L.,                  .        .  105 

PROCTOR,  PROF.  R.  A.,  Eminent  Astronomer,        .         .  426 

PUGH,  JAS.  L.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Alabama,       .         _  400 
PULITZER,  JOSEPH,  Editor  New  York  "World,"       .         .186 

PULLMAN,  G.  M.,  Pullman  Palace   Car  Co.,         .         .  175 

RANDALL,  S.  J.,  American  Statesman,     ....  270 

RANAVALONA  III,   Queen  of  Madagascar,           .        .  291 

RANSOM,  M.  W.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  North  Carolina,       _  256 

REAGAN,  JOHN  H.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Texas,     .         _  300 

REDPATH,  JAMES,  Journalist  and  Lecturer,      ...  492 

REID,  WHITELAW,  Editor  New  York  "  Tribune,"        .  77 

RIDDLEBERGER,  H.  H.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Virginia,    .     _  351 

REA,  JOHN  P.,  Commander-in-Chief  G.  A.  R.,     .         .  463 

RODGERS,  ELIZABETH,  Female  Leader  K.  of  L.,         .         .  199 

ROSE,  COL.  THOS.  E.,  Tunnel  Escape  from  Libby  Prison,  .  96 

ROSECRANS,  GEN.  WM.  S.,  Register  U.  S.  Treasury,      .  305 

ROSSA,   O'DONOVAN,   Dynamiter,          .         .         .         _  147 

RUSK,  J.  M.,  Governor  of  Wisconsin,          ...  251 

RUSKIN,  JOHN,  Great   English  Author,         ...  297 

SAGASTA,  DON  PEDRO  MANUEL,  Spanish  Statesman,      .  315 

SAGE,  RUSSELL,  Wall  Street  Broker,       ......  tO 

SAMUELS,  S.  S.,  Captain  of  u  Dauntless,"     ...  218 

SARTORIS,  NELLIE,  Gen.  Grant's  Only  Daughter,      _         .  240 

SCHAEFFER,  JACOB,  Billiardist,  .....  131 

SCHURZ,  CARL,  Journalist  and  Statesman,       ...  494 

SCRIBNER,  CHARLES,   Publisher,          ....  208 


x  CONTENTS. 

SHERIDAN,  PHIL,  General  U.  S.  A.,                 .  .      64 

SHERMAN,  JOHN,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Ohio,           .  .        194 

SHERMAN,  GEN  W.  T.,  U.   S.  A.,  .     126 

SIGEL,  GEN.  FRANZ,  Pension  Agent,  New  York  City,  _         201 

SITTING  BULL,  Indian  Chief,     .         .  157 

SMALL,  SAM,  Revivalist,       .  _     179 
SMITH,  HENRY,  Labor  Member  Congress  from  Wisconsin,  173 

SPALDING,  AL.,  Base  Ball  Manager,             .         _  188 

SPENCER,  EARL,  British  Statesman,        .         .  _     417 

SPENCER,  HERBERT,  English  Philosopher,    .  23 

SPRECKELS,  GLAUS,  Sugar  Monopolist,    .         .         _  _     491 

SPRINGER,  WM.  M.,  Illinois  Statesman  and  M.  C.,  .        398 

SPURGEON,  REV.  C.  H.,  English  Divine,  82 

ST.  JOHN,  JOHN  P.,  Prohibitionist,     ....  73 

STANLEY,  HENRY  M.,  African  Explorer,                   .  _     110 

STANTON,  ELIZABETH  CADY,  Reformer,  98 

STEVENS,  THOMAS,  Around  the  World  on  a  Bicycle,  _     424 

STEWART,  WM.  M.,  U.  S.   Senator  from   Nevada,  .         246 

STOWE,  HARRIET  B.,  Author  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  _     257 
STREETER,  A.  J,,  Union  Labor  Candidate  President  1888,      527 

SULLIVAN,  SIR  A.,  Composer  "Pinafore,"  Etc.,     _  .         202 

SULLIVAN,  JOHN  L.,   American  Pugilist,         .  388 

SWING,  DAVID,  Beecher  of  the  West,          .         .  497 


TALMAGE,  T.  DEWITT,  American  Divine,         ...  59 

TENNYSON,  LORD,  English  Poet  Laureate,  .         _         .  137 

TERRY,  ELLEN,  English  Actress, 360 

THOMAS,  THEODORE,  Orchestra  Conductor,            _         _  190 

THURMAN,  ALLEN  G.,  Dem.  Candidate  V.  Prest.  1888,  544 

TIFFANY,  CHARLES,  Head  American  Jewelry  House,      .  26 

TISZA,  KOLOMAN,  Prime  Minister  Hungary,         .         _  234 


CONTENTS.  xi 

TRAIN,  GEORGE  FRANCIS,  Eccentric  Scholar,     .       .         .  180 

TRENHOLM,  W.  LEE,  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,        _  346 

TSENG,  MARQUIS,  Chinese  Statesman,'     ....  299 

TURPIE,  D.,  TJ.  S.  Senator  from  Indiana,     ...  443 

TYNDALL,  PROF.  JOHN,  English  Scientist,       ...  407 


VANCE,  Z.  B.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  North  Carolina,       .  365 

VANDERBILT,  CORNELIUS,  Millionaire,     ....  370 

VERDI,  Great  Italian  Composer,                   ...  29 

VERNE,  JULES,  French  Author, 460 

VEST,  G.  G.,  U.  S.  Senator  from   Missouri,        .         .  415 

VICTORIA,  Queen  of  England,       .....  141 

VILAS,  W.  F.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,     ...  350 

VILLARD,  HENRY,  President  N.  P.  Railroad,   ...  248 

VON  MOLTKE,  Chief  Marshal   of  Germany,         .         .  193 


WALKER,  DR.  MARY,  Woman's  Rights  Advocate,  .  .  171 
WALLACE,  GEN.  LEW,  Author  of  "Ben  Hur,"  .  .  361 
WANAMAKER,  J.,  Philadelphia's  Leading  Merchant,  _  326 
WARNER,  A.  J.,  Silver  Compromise,  ...  389 
WATTERSON,  H.,  Editor  Louisville  "  Courier-Journal,"  _  454 
WHITMAN,  WALT,  American  Poet,  ..  _  .  .48 
WHITNEY,  W.  C.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  54 

WHITTIER,  JOHN  G.,  Eminent  American  Poet,  .  .  101 
WILCOX,  ELLA  WHEELEK,  Author  "Poems  of  Passion,"  Etc.,  117 
WILDE,  OSCAR,  Lecturer  and  ./Esthetic,  ...  19 

WILLIAM  II,  Emperor  of  Germany,  ....  Ill 
WILLARD,  FRANCES  E.,  Temperance  Leturer,  .  .  151 
WIGGINS,  E.  STONE,  Canadian  Weather  Prophet,  .  .116 


CONTENTS. 


WILSON,  EPHRAIM  K.,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Maryland,  451 

WINDTHOBST,  HON.,  German  Statesman,        .  481 

WOLSELEY,  SIB  GARNET,  British  General,          .  .        169 

YOUNG,  JAMES  RUSSELL,  Journalist,      .  323 


CAMPAIGN  APPENDIX,  - 


The  Biographical  Review 


OF 


PERSONS  OF  PROMINENCE, 


OSCAR  WILDE. 

THERE  seems  to  be  nothing  more  remarkable  abont  Oscar 
Wilde  than  an  intense  peculiarity,  which  his  admirers  call 
genius,  practical-minded  folks  humbug,  with  financial  gain  in 
view,  and  a  remaining  class 
who  call  it  consummate 
weakness  and  folly.  Mr. 
Wilde's  singularity  is  part- 
ly due  to  nature,  partly  to 
affectation,  and  largely  to 
profit  by  that  weakness  in 
human  nature  which  causes 
people  to  run  after  any  new 
and  curious  thing. 

In  this  instance,  the  ob- 
ject of  curiosity,  confined 
pretty  much  to  people  of 
"  society"  proclivities,  is  a 
young  man  and  fairly  good 
looking,  of  gentle  blood, 
well-educated,  with  a  won- 
drous turn  to  suave  and  persuasive  talk.  This  noted  lectur- 
ing aesthete,  through  the  astute  methods  of  his  business  man- 
ager, netted  quito  a  large  sum  of  money  from  his  lecturing 
tour  through  this  country  a  few  years  ago;  especially  as  pro- 
fessional sestheticism  was  at  a  premium  in  the  American  mar- 


OSCAR  WILDE. 


20  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

ket  at  that  time.  Both  English  and  American  caricature  had 
been  helpful  to  this  substantial  result,  that  of  Gilbert  and 
Sullivan's  "Patience"  most  particularly.  Between  the  cari- 
cature and  the  real  aesthete  there  do  appear  to  be  many 
strong  points  of  resemblance,  for  Oscar  Wilde's  appearance, 
talk  and  manners  are  sufficiently  distinct  from  that  of  other 
men  to  give  him  an  individuality  which  perhaps  the  most  of 
people  laugh  at  but  many  admire. 

And  who  is  this  Oscar  Wilde  i  He  is  a  young  Irishman— 
the  son  of  Sir  William  WTilde,  who  was  an  eminent  oculist, 
surgeon-oculist  to  Queen  Victoria;  also  founder  and  chief-of- 
staff  of  St.  Mark's  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  hospital,  Dublin) 
and  an  eminent  archaeologist  and  author,  twice  distinguished 
by  his  election  as  president  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy. 
!Not  only  had  the  subject  of  this  sketch  such  an  eminent  fa- 
ther, but  his  mother  also  was  a  poetess  and  novelist,  and 
known  to  fame  as  "Speranza." 

Born  in  an  enviable  social  status,  Oscar  enjoyed  the  edu- 
cational advantages  of  his  position,  but  neither  at  school  nor 
college  manifested  great  ability. 

However,  since  about  the  year  1882  he  has  been  acknowl- 
edged as  the  leader  of  that  class  of  persons  in  London  soci- 
ety who  profess  to  find  the  secret  of  life  in  beauty,  and  who 
industriously  spend  their  time,  or  fancy  they  do,  in  the  en- 
joyment of  the  beautiful  where  less  gifted  mortals  fail  to 
find  it. 

He  has  published  a  volume  of  poetry,  which,  though  severe- 
ly criticised  by  the  press,  is  not  destitute  of  good  verses;  but 
on  the  contrary,  the  volume  contains  many  poems  of  merit. 
He  probably  has  been  too  severely  dealt  with  by  the  critics, 
who  are  ever  ready  to  apply  the  lash  to  the  apostle  of  any 
new  innovation.  While  lecturing  in  this  country,  he  usually 
appeared  on  the  platform  dressed  in  full  dress  coat,  whito 
vest,  black  knee  breeches,  black  silk  stockings  and  low  shoes. 
He  io  now  in  London  editing  a  paper  exclusively  for  women. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


THOMAS  MOONLIGHT. 

/lorn  Xor.  la.  1&}.'J. 

COL.  THOMAS  MOONLIGHT,  appointed  by  President  Cleve- 
land to  the  position  of  governor  of  Wyoming  Territory,  is 
a  Scotchman,  being  born  ^ear  Arbroath,  Forfarshire.  He 
was  a  sailor  boy  when  he  came  to  this  country,  quite  young 
but  full  of  Scotch  grit  and  determination,  and  the  ambition 
to  excel  in  learning  and 
social  position. 

Building  upon  the  good 
foundation  laid  at  school 
in  his  early  childhood,  he 
made  the  best  use  of  such 
opportunities  as  he  could 
find  for  study,  arid  was  dil- 
igent and  saving. 

In   1857  he    settled    in 
Kansas,  and  when  the  war 
began,  in  1861,  was  estab- 
lished as  a  farmer  in  that 
state.  He  joined  the  union 
army  as  a  private   soldier;! 
when   the   war    ended    h< 
was  Colonel  Moonlight,  ii 
command  of  a  regiment  of 
cavalry,   with    the    brevet 
rank  of  brigadier-general. 
After  the  war  he  returned  THOMAS  >'""™GHT. 

to  Kansas,  with  which  state  his  interests  have  been  identified 
nearly  thirty  years. 

General  Moonlight's  earliest  political  preference  was  for 
the  Douglas  branch  of  the  democratic  party,  and  he  adhered 
to  the  democrats  until  after  the  convention  of  1864,  which 
declared  the  war  a  failure.  As  a  republican,  he  was  elected 


22  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

in  1868  to  the  office  of  secretary  of  state.  After  serving  out 
his  term  of  two  years,  in  which  he  assisted  in  securing  the 
establishment  of  a  branch  of  the  state  normal  school  at 
Leavenworth,  the  city  of  his  residence,  he  returned  to  the 
democratic  fold. 

His  services  to  his  party,  particularly  since  1 870,  have  been 
of  extraordinary  value.  Mr.  Moonlight  was  a  state  senator 
in  1872,  and  was  re-elected  to  that  office  two  years  later.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  president  of  the  state  convention  which 
appointed  delegates  to  the  national  democratic  convention 
of  that  year,  and  was  a  presidential  elector-at-large  on  the 
Hancock  and  English  ticket.  He  worked  hard  for  his  can- 
didates, and  his  services  are  believed  to  have  increased  by 
many  thousands  the  democratic  vote,  in  a  state  which  was 
then  overwhelmingly  republican. 

To  the  action  of  General  Moonlight  is  attributable  in  a 
large  measure  the  nomination  and  election  of  Gen.  Glick. 
the  first  democratic  governor  of  Kansas.  In  1884  he  was 
again  a  presidential  elector-at-large,  and  in  the  campaign  in 
behalf  of  Cleveland  and  Hendricks,  he  even  exceeded  his 
energies  and  triumphs  of  four  years  previous.  He  was  nom- 
inated for  governor  of  Kansas,  and  although  defeated,  he 
polled  one  hundred  and  sixteen  thousand  votes  —  the  largest 
democratic  vote  ever  cast  in  Kansas. 

Mr.  Moonlight  was  an  applicant  for  another  position,  but 
the  president,  it  is  said,  was  so  favorably  impressed  with  him 
that  he  selected  him  for  the  office  of  governor,  which  posi- 
tion expires  December  30,  1890.  The  former  incumbent, 
Francis  S.  Warren,  was  found  to  be  involved  as  an  offender 
against  the  law  prohibiting  the  fencing  of  public  lands,  and 
was  therefore  suspended.  George  W.  Baxter,  son  of  the 
late  Judge  Baxter  of  Tennessee,  was  named  as  Warren's  suc- 
cessor, but  it  was  discovered  later  that  he  too  had  fences  not 
permitted  bylaw,  and  so  was  forced  to  ''decline"  in  favor  of 
Mr.  Moonlight. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  BE  VIEW. 


23 


PROF.  HERBERT  SPENCER. 

Born  in  1820. 

THIS  eminent  scientist,  Prof.  Herbert  Spencer,  was  born 
5n  Derby,  England,  where  he  received  his  education. 

At  the  age  of  seventeen  Herbert  Spencer  became  a  civil 
engineer,  but  abandoned  his  profession  after  about  eight 
years,  having  during  this  period  contributed  various  papers 
to  prominent  publications.  His  first  productions  in  general 
literature  were  in  the  shape 
of  a  series  of  letters  on  the 
"Proper  Sphere  of  Gov- 
ernment.'' From  1848-53 
he  was  engaged  as  a  writer 
for  the  " Economist,"  and 
(hiring  that  time  published 
his  first  considerable  work, 
"Social  Statics,  or  the  Con- 
ditions Essential  to  Human 
Happiness." 

In  1855  appeared  his 
'Principles  of  Psychology,' 
an  attempt  to  analyse  the 
relations  between  the  or- 
der of  the  worlds  of  mat- 
ter and  of  mind.  Herbert  Spencer  paid  a  visit  to  the  United 
States  in  1882,  and  in  1883  he  was  elected  a  correspondent 
of  the  French  academy  of  moral  and  political  science  for  the 
section  of  philosophy,  in  the  room  of  Johnson.  He  published 
a  volume  of  "Essays,  Political  and  Speculative."  A  series 
of  his  review  articles  on  "Education,  Intelligence  Moral  and 
Physical, "were  published  collectively  in  1881.  The  later  works 
of  Mr.  Spencer  are  "Education,  Intellectual,  Moral  and  Phy- 
sical;"1 "First  Principles,"  a  system  of  philosophy;  and  vari- 
ous other  works  which  have  attracted  universal  attention  in 
the  scientific  world. 


PROF.    HERBERT    SPENCER. 


24 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


ANNA  E.  DICKINSON. 

Born  Oct.  28, 1842. 

THE  chilhood  of  Anna  Elizabeth  Dickinson  was  one  of 
trial,  loneliness,  poverty  and  disappointment-,  but  by  the  power 
of  her  own  indomitable  will  and  courage  combined  with  rare 
genius,  she  has  struggled  against  and  overcome  every 
obstacle. 

The  vices,  follies  and  trivial  weaknesses  which  have  cast 
a  shadow  over  the  names 
of  many  noted  and  noble 
women,  she  had  avoided, 
through  all  her  temptations 
and  discouragements,  and 
had  maintained  a  moral 
purity  and  probity  of  char- 
acter which  adds  not  only 
lustre  to  her  fame  but  hon- 
or to  her  sex. 

She  is  a  nptive  of  the 
city  of  Philadelphia.  Way- 
ward, headstrong,  intense- 
ly earnest  and  imaginative, 
as  a  child,  no  attempt  was' 
made  to  "break  her  will." 
Solomon's  proverb  met 
with  at  least  one  glorioua 
exception,  for  though  the 
rod  was  here  spared,  the 
child  was  not  spoiled.  Owing  to  her  mother's  limited  means, 
she  was  educated  at  the  free  schools  of  the  society  of  Friends, 
and  the  taunts  of  her  better  dressed  companions,  in  regard 
to  the  lack  of  elegance  in  her  wearing  apparel,  seemed  to 
sting  and  goad  her  on  to  strong  and  noble  energies  for  the 
bettering  of  her  condition.  When  about  twelve  years  of  age, 


ANNA  E.  DICKINSON. 


THE  JifOGKAPHICAL  REVIEW.  25 

she  entered  Westpwn  •' Boarding  School  of  Friends;"  and 
remained  two  years;  from  here  she  went  to  the  <;  Friends' 
Select  School "  In  Philadelphia,  where  she  pursued  a  dozen 
branches  of  study  at  a  time,  yet  seldom  failed  in  a  recitation. 
At  fourteen  she  published  an  article  on  slavery,  in  the 
4 "Liberator."  At  seventeen  she  left  school  and  began  the  life 
work  which  has  been  blessed  with  such  glorious  results.  A 
remark,  which  she  made  about  this  time  to  the  committee- 
man  of  a  country  school,  aptly  illustrates  her  independent 
spirit.  He  had  told  her  that  the  position  she  was  about  to 
fill  had  formerly  been  occupied  by  a  man  at  a  salary  of 
twenty-eight  dollars  a  month,  but  that  they  would  not  pay  a 
girl  more  than  sixteen. 

Something  in  his  manner  aroused  the  rebellious  spirit 
within  her,  and  she  replied,  with  great  vehemence:  "Sir! 
Are  you  a  fool,  or  do  you  take  me  for  one  ?  Though  I  am 
too  poor,  to-day,  to  buy  a  pair  of  cotton  gloves,  I  would 
rather  go  in  rags  than  degrade  my  womanhood  by  accepting 
anything  at  your  hands." 

After  a  few  efforts  in  the  line  of  speech  making  at  the 
meetings  of  the  "  Progressive  Friends,"  she  was  invited  to 
speak  in  Mullica  hall,  New  Jersey,  in  April,  I860.  Her 
subject  was  "  Woman's  Work."  At  this  meeting,  and  also 
many  that  followed  at  which  she  spoke,  she  created  a  pro- 
found sensation.  Her  earnestness  of  manner,  the  cogency 
of  her  arguments,  her  entire  forgetfulness  of  self,  held  the 
audiences  spell-bound,  and  she  seemed  to  be  able  to  rouse 
them  to  enthusiasm  or  fill  their  eyes  with  tears,  at  will.  Her 
success  was  assured,  and  speech  after  speech  followed  in 
rapid  succession,  for  which  she  received  a  hundred  dollars  a 
night.  As  a  campaign  speaker  she  did  wonders.  Wherev- 
er she  went,  the  halls  were  packed.  Her  vigorous  efforts 
during  the  contest  between  Seymour  and  Buckingham  in 
Connecticut,  during  the  war,  may  well  be  ranked  among  the 
crowning  glories  of  her  life. 


26  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 

Her  name  was  on  every  lip;  gifts  were  showered  upon  her; 
she  was  serenaded  wherever  she  went,  and  even  the  democrats 
tore  off  their  party  badges  and  substituted  her  likeness.  For 
her  lecture  on  the  night  preceding  the  victory  of  the  repub- 
licans she  received  four  hundred  dollars. 

Miss  Dickinson  has  attempted  the  stage  during  recent 
years,  appearing  in  her  own  and-  in  Shakespearean  plays,  but 
her  success  has  not  been  marked,  and  the  press  advised 
her  to  hold  fast  to  the  platform,  where  she  has  achieved  so 
much. 

She  however  started  out  again,  playing  Hamlet,  Lady 
Macbeth,  and  other  Shakespearean  roles. 


CHAKLES  TIFFANY. 

Born  about  1825. 

THE  head  of  the  world's  retail  jewelry  business  (Tiffany 
and  Company),  is  Charles  Tiffany,  a  native  of  the  state  of 
New  York. 

When  a  young  man  he  was  partner  in  a  store  for  the  sale 
of  fancy  stationery,  and  has  continued  in  business  ever  since, 
adding  to  the  scope  of  his  stock  as  circumstances  directed 
his  enterprise.  From  the  days  of  Tiffany,  Reed  and  Company 
to  the  present  time  is  a  long  period,  during  which  a  humble 
beginning  had  developed  into  the  business  done  by  the  stock 
company  of  Tiffany  and  Company,  the  greatest  retail  jewelry 
house  in  the  world.  The  headquarters  are  in  New  York, 
in  a  splendid  building  opened  about  the  year  1875,  and 
covering  three  numbers  in  the  Union  square. 

It  is  divided  into  three  grand  departments,  and  as  many 
floors.  On  the  first  is  the  jewelry  department;  second,  the 
bronze  department;  and  the  third,  the  porcelain  department. 

In  this  splendid  store  is  the  largest  stock  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  computed  to  be  five  times  as  large  as  that  of  any 
similar  place  of  business  in  London  or  Paris.  Tiffany  and 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HEVIKW. 


27 


Company  have  an  establishment  in  Paris  and  another  in  Ge- 
neva. Mr.  Tiffany  is  an  affable,  pleasant  old  gentleman, 
usually  to  be  seen  in  the  New  York  house  at  any  time  during 
business  hours.  Mr.  Charles  Cook  acts  as  manager.  By 
those  who  know  him  best  he  is  described  ae  a  wonderful 
business  man.  Still  young,  he  is  a  member  of  the  company, 
a  man  of  wealth,  and  be- 
gan as  a  boy  at  Tiffany's 
with  a  salary  of  three 
dollars  a  week.  More  than 
money-getting  is  practiced 
in  the  establishment  which 
above  all  other  business 
places  is  the  pride  of  New 
Yorkers.  It  includes  as 
one  of  its  very  complete 
practical  departments,  that 
which  virtually  answers 
the  purpose  of  a  school  of 
design. 

Under  Mr.  Whitehouse's 
superitendence,  young 
men  are  taught  and  practic- 
ed in  art  as  applied  to 
jewelry,  with  results  which  are  gratifying  especially  as  they 
are  advantageous  to  the  country  as  well  as  the  individual. 

Mr  Whitehouse  is  an  English  gentleman  who  has  been  in 
the  employment  of  the  firm  a  good  many  years.  He  design- 
ed the  Bryant  vase,  which  was  the  subject  of  unstinted  praise 
at  the  time  of  its  production. 

The  prosperity  of  Mr.  Tiffany  and  his  associates  is  largely 
due  to  the  fact  that  while  making  no  pretence  to  sell  more 
cheaply  than  competitors,  and  seeking  no  reputation  of  this 
kind,  their  customer  is  sure  to  find  that  what  he  has  bought 
is  exactly  as  represented  to  him. 


CHARLES  TIFFANY. 


28 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


EDWARD  M'GLYNN. 

Born  in  18.17. 

DR.  McGLYNNwasone  of  the  most  popular  priests  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  not  only  with  catholics  but  with  people 
of  all  denominations.  The  difficulty  between  the  reverend 
gentleman  and  his  superiors  arose  from  the  peculiar  views  of 
Dr.  McGlynn  on  the  land  question,  which  are  the  same  as 

those  held  by  the  celebrat- 
ed Henry  George  and  his 
adherents. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Mc- 
Glynn, D.  D.,  is  a  native 
of  the  city  of  New  York, 
-where  he  received  the  rud- 
iments of  his  scholarship 
at  one  of  the  public  gram- 
mar schools. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  was  sent  by  Archbishop 
Hughes  to  the  college  of 
the  Propaganda  in  Rome, 
where  he  remained  several 
years. 

In  the  last  year  of  his 
studies  he^  was  transferred 
to  assist  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  American  Col- 
lege in  Rome,  of  which  in- 
stitution he  was  for  a  time  acting  vice-president.  He  was 
ordained  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-two  and  a  half  years,  and 
received  at  the  same  time  his  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity. 
Some  months  later  he  sailed  for  his  native  country,  and  un- 
dertook active  ministerial  duty  in  the  city  of  his  birthplace. 
After  holding  two  appointments  he  was  assigned  to  the  mil- 


EDWARD  M'GLYNN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  29 

itary  chaplain  ship  of  the  Central  Park  hospital,  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  which  he  held  during  three  years  of  the  war  of 
the  rebellion. 

On  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cummings  he  became  the 
parish  priest  of  St.  Stephen's,  one  of  the  largest  places  of 
worship  in  the  city  of  New  York.  When  the  local  authorities 
of  the  church  instituted  a  system  of  parochial  schools,  Father 
McGlynn  remained  alone  among  catholic  priests  in  his  ad- 
hesion to  the  public  school  system,  and  he  did  not  advise 
the  people  of  his  parish  to  withdraw  their  children  from  the 
public  schools  to  put  them  in  parochial  schools. 

Dr.  McGlynn  was  also  a  friend  of  the  land  league  when 
it  lacked  friends.  Later  he  was  one  of  the  first  men  of  note 
to  join  the  labor  party  headed  by  Henry  George.  The  the- 
ory of  taxation  as  advocated  by  Henry  George  has  also  been 
endorsed  by  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 


GIUSEPPI  VERDI. 

Born  in  1814. 

THE  great  Italian  composer,  Giuseppi  Verdi,  who  revolu- 
tionized lyric  enthusiasts  by  his  opera  of  "  Othello,"  is  the 
son  of  an  innkeeper,  and  was  born  at  Rancola,  in  the  Duchy 
of  Parma,  Italy.  He  received  his  first  lessons  in  music  from 
an  organist  in  Milan,  where  he  lived  from  1833  to  1836. 
He  afterward  studied  diligently  under  Lavinga,  and  in  1839 
published  his  earliest  work,  a  musical  drama  entitled  "Ober- 
to  di  San  Banifacio." 

Verdi's  principal  compositions  are  serious  operas,  and  the 
"  Lombard}, "one  of  his  first  productions,  made  a  strong  im- 
pression throughout  Italy,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
fame.  His  best  and  widest  known  operas  are:  "Nabucco;'' 
"Ernani,"  founded  on  Victor  Hugo's  tragedy  "  Duo  Fosca- 
ri;"  "  Macbeth;"  "Masnadieri,"  founded  on  the  the  "Rob- 


30  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

bers  "  of  Schiller;  "Louisa  Miller;"  "Rigoletto;"  "II  Tro- 
vatore;"  "La  Traviata;"  "  Un  Ballo  in  Maschero;"  and 
"  Don  Carlos." 

The  "Masnadieri"  was  produced  in  1847,  with  Jenny 
Lind  as  heroine,  proved  a  failure  in  London,  though  it  has 
since  been  successfully  received  in  Italy.  "II  Trovatore" 
and  "  La  Traviata  "  have  had  great  success  not  only  in  Italy, 

but  in   Germany,  France, 
and  England. 

Signor  Verdi's  more  re- 
cent operas  are  '  '  Giavan- 
no  d'Arco"  in  1868,  "La 
Forza  del  Destino  "  in  the 
folio  wing  year,  and  "Aida" 
in  1874. 

Verdi  regards  "Othello" 
as  his  greatest  work.  The 
libretto,  which  follows  the 
tragedy  of  Shakespeare  as 
closely  as  possible,  is  from 
the  pen  of  Boito,  who  is 
known  in  America  as  the 
composer  of  "Mefistofele." 
Verdi  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Italian  par- 
liament in  1861,  and  in 
1871  he  went  to  Florence 


VERDI. 

in  order  to  assume  the  post  offered  him  by  the  Italian  minis- 
ter of  public  instruction,  for  the  improvement  and  reorgani- 
zation of  the  Italian  Musical  Institute.  Verdi,  who  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legion  of  honor,  was  elected  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  des  Beax  Arts  in  1859,  and  was  made 
grand  cross  of  the  Russian  order  of  St.  Stanislaus  in  1862; 
and  honor  after  honor  in  quick  succession  were  bestowed  up- 
on this  great  Italian  composer  by  many  nations.  In  1874 


'IHE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  31 

Victor  Emmanuel  created  Signer  Verdi  an  Italian  senator. 
To  speak  of  Verdi  personally,  it  is  said  his  favorite  occupa- 
tion is  farming  when  he  has  anytime  to  spare  for  it.  He  is 
sis  much  at  home  in  crops  and  cattle  and  agricultural  opera- 
tions of  all  sorts  as  he  is  in  counterpoint  and  thorough  base. 
The  farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  his  villa,  at  La  Agata,  look  up 
to  him  as  an  authority  on  all  questions  connected  with  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  and  he  is  daily  to  be  seen  on  the 
grounds  of  one  or  another  of  his  neighbors,  giving  advice 
or  directing  the  laborers  in  their  tasks,  in  which  he  is  not 
above  lending  a  hand  himself  when  occasion  requires. 

Verdi's  nature  is  two-sided,  and  while  in  a  circle  of  tried 
and  genial  friends  he  is  as  genial  and  jovial  as  a  young  Bo- 
hemian triumphant  and  radiant  with  his  first  success,  to  vis- 
itors actuated  by  curiosity  he  is  frequently  morose  and  sus- 
picious. He  is  loath  to  accord  friendship  readily,  but  when 
he  becomes  a  friend  he  is  loyal  and  faithful.  Any  parade  of 
his  celebrity  is  very  distasteful  to  him. 

During  the  preparations  for  the  premiere  of  "Othello,"no 
one  was  admitted  to  interview  him;  and  it  is  owing  to  his 
self-contained  and  reclusive  nature  that  no  complete  biogra- 
phy of  the  composer  has  ever  been  written. 

It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  know  the  real  Verdi;  he  can  on- 
ly be  judged  by  his  works.  He  has  always  been  a  devoted 
patriot,  and  he  has  demonstrated  his  love  of  country  and  his 
sympathy  with  the  cause  of  freedom  not  only  in  a  practical 
way,  but  by  the  sentiments  expounded  in  many  of  his  won- 
derful compositions. 

The  subject  of  "Othello"  has  frequently  tempted  the 
greatest  of  operatic  composers;  and  it  is  intimated  that  Ver- 
di has,  himself,  considered  the  theme  since  1855.  Truly,  MM 
evidence  that  genius  is  not  to  be  forced.  He  realized  that  the 
subject  was  a  massive  and  difficult  one.  Although  the  words 
of  this  opera  were  written  by  Boito  in  1884,  Verdi  did  not 
complete  his  arduous  task  until  1887. 


32 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


MRS.  HENRY  WARD  BEECHER. 

Born  in  1812. 

THE  devoted  wife  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecheris 
a  native  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  English  descent, 
and  is  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Bullard,  a  physician. 

Mr.  Beecher  was  at  Amherst  college  at  the  same  time  that 
her  brother  was,  who  invited  young  Beecher  to  his  home. 

Then  Miss  Bullard  met 
Master  Henry  for  the  first 
time,  when  the  young  lady 
was  seventeen  years  of 
age.  The  lovers  were  en- 
gaged for  seven  years,  not 
being  married  until  183T, 
when  Mr.  Beecher  was  pas- 
tor of  a  church  at  Law- 
renceburg,  Indiana,  his 
first  charge.  For  two  years 
after  their  marriage  they 
lived  quietly  at  Lawrence 
burg,  when  they  removed 
to  Indianapolis,  remaining 
there  for  eight  years. 

After  that  time  he  was 
engaged  as  pastor  of  Ply 
mouth  church,  Brooklyn. 

Of  Mrs.  Beecher's  ten 
children  only  four  are  living — one  daughter  and  three  sons. 
The  daughter,  who  is  the  eldest  of  the  four,  is  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Colville,  of  Stamford,  Connecticut.  Colonel 
Henry  B.  Beecher,  the  eldest  son,  served  in  the  regular  army 
during  the  war.  He  afterwards  entered  the  lumber  business, 
and  is  now  an  insurance  agent  having  an  office  both  in  New 
York  and  Brooklyn.  Mrs.  Beecher  s  second  son  is  an  attor- 


MRS.  H.  W.  BEECHEK. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW,  33 

torney,  doing  a  business  in  the  city  of  New  York  and  resid- 
ing in  Brooklyn.  Herbert  Foote  Beecher.  the  third  son,  is 
captain  of  a  mail  steamer  on  Pnget  Sound, Washington  Ter- 
ritory, and  has  his  residence  at  Seattle  in  the  same  terri- 
tory. 

Since  about  1870  Mrs.  Beecher  has  contributed  articles, 
chiefly  on  domestic  subjects,  to  various  periodicals.  Many 
of  these  have  been  published  in  book  form,  making  three 
volumes.  She  has  also  written  a  work  entitled  "Letters 
from  Florida/' 

Her  book,  "From  Dawn  to  Daylight,"1  so  named  by  the 
publisher,  contains  reminiscences  of  her  first  years  as  a  min- 
ister's wife.  It  was  written  witli  no  thought  of  publication, 
but  to  beguile  the  weary- hours  of  a  tedious  sickness;  and 
when  the  author  had  been  persuaded  to  place  it  in  the  hands 
of  a  publisher,  it  was  nameless. 

Only  a  small  edition  was  printed,  but  the  work  was  well 
received,  and  friendly  criticisms  were  quite  numerous.  As, 
unfortunately,  the  publisher  failed  shortly  after  its  produc- 
tion, arrangements  we're  not  made  for  its  publication  in  a 
second  edition.  This  book  is  the  one  respecting  which  the 
rumor  has  been  circulated  that  it  was  suppressed  by  Mr. 
Beecher.  But  there  is  no  truth  whatever  in  this  statement 
of  the  case. 

The  portrait  of  Mrs.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  presented  in 
this  article  is  from  a  recent  photograph  by  Sarony,  which 
fails  to  give,  it  is  but  in  justice  to  say,  that  pleasing  anima- 
tion which  appears  in  the  eminent  lady's  countenance  when 
she  is  in  company. 

Her  constant  devotion  to  her  husband  was  worthy  of  emu- 
lation. She  removed  from  his  shoulders  many  of  the  world- 
ly cares  that  fall  to  the  lot  of  a  public  man.  The  letters 
received  by  the  eminent  divine,  consisting  of  begging  letters 
and  correspondence  of  every  description,  were  generally  an- 
swered by  Mrs.  Beecher. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  EWART  GLADSTONE. 

Born  Dec.  29,  1809. 

"Probably  no  one,  past  or  present,"  writes  Justin  McCar- 
thy, "had  in  combination  so  many  gifts  of  voice,  manner, 
fluency  and  argument,  reason  and  passion,  as  Gladstone." 

Beginning  his  career  as  an  orator,  Gladstone,  the  greatest 
of  living  statesmen,  has  achieved  an  unrivaled  reputation  as 
a  parliamentary  speaker,  the  intense  gravity  and  earnestness 
or  his  utterances  carrying  conviction  to  the  minds  of  his 
hearers.  In  over  fifty  years  of  public  life  he  has  either  in- 
stigated or  participated  in  a 
series  of  measures  which 
have  caused  a  most  admir- 
able change  in  the  English 
laws  and  government,  the 
most  notable  being  the  ex- 
tention  of  the  franchise  to 
every  man  who  has  an  es- 
tablished home. 

The  only  predecessors  in 
English  statesmanship  who 
can  approach  him,  are  Pitt 
and  Peel.  But  the  periods 
of  their  fame  were  but 
short-lived  in  comparison  'ji 
with  the  half-century  of 
Gladstone's  public  life, 
whose  triumphs  have  all 
been  triumphs  of  peace.  WILLIAM  E.  GLADSTONE. 

He  was  born  at  Liverpool  —  an  Englishman  by  birth, 
but  of  Scotch  descent.  His  father  was  a  wealthy  merchant, 
who  acquired  a  large  fortune  in  the  West  India  trade. 

He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  the  University  of  Oxford, 
and  graduated  before  attaining  the  age  of  twenty-two  years. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  35 

He  entered  parliament  in  1832  as  a  member  for  New. 
ark,  Nottinghamshire,  which  borough  he  continued  to  repre- 
sent until  1840.  During  these  years  honors  fell  profusely  on 
the  head  of  the  youthful  commoner,  "  Handsome  Glad- 
stone," as  he  was  called.  At  this  time  he  was  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  the  ''Quarterly  Review,"  chiefly  on  literary  and 
ecclesiastical  subjects. 

In  1834,  he  was  made  junior  lord  of  the  treasury;  and 
three  months  later,  under-secretary  for  colonial  affairs. 
In  1841,  Mr.  Gladstone  was  made  vice-president  of  the 
council  and  master  of  the  mint.  In  1843  he  relinquished  the 
first-named  of  these  offices  in  order  to  assume  that  of  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade.  In  1845  he  entered  the  cabi- 
net as  secretary  of  the  colonies,  under  the  premiership  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel;  but  soon  resigned  this  office  and  also  his 
scat  in  parliament.  In  1851  Mr.  Gladstone  broke  away  from 
the  conservative  party.  The  following  year  he  became  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  a  position  for  which  he  showed  a 
marvelous  aptitude,  handling  the  national  accounts  with  an 
easy  mastery,  and  presenting  them  before  the  house  of  com- 
mons and  the  country  with  a  degree  of  eloquence  which  per- 
haps had  never  before  adorned  so  unattractive  a  matter  as 
national  finance. 

In  1858  Mr.  Gladstone  declined  a  position  in  the  cabinet, 
but  accepted  a  special  mission  to  the  Ionian  Islands.  In 
June,  1859,  he  again  became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
under  Lord  Palmerston,  at  whose  death,  in  1865,  Mr.  Glad- 
stone became  the  leader  of  his  party  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons. In  1868  he  became  premier  for  the  first  time,  which 
office  he  held  until  1874,  when  the  conservative  reaction  dis- 
placed him.  While  in  power  he  disestablished  the  Irish 
church,  passed  the  Irish  land  bill  of  1870,  and  also  an  edu- 
cational reform  bill;  he  abolished  the  purchase  of  commis- 
sions in  the  army,  and  established  the  system  of  voting  by 
ballot  in  elections. 


36  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

In  18l<0  the  country  welcomed  the  liberals  back  into  pow- 
er, and  Mr.  Gladstone  again  become  premier,  which  office 
he  held  until  ]8H<>,  with  the  exception  of  brief  intervals. 
Under  this  great  statesman's  leadership,  the  permanent 
good  that  has  been  accomplished  in  English  domestic  reform 
is  most  remarkable. 

In  1839  Mr.  Gladstone  was  married  to  Miss  Catherine 
Glvnne.  Two  of  his  sons  are  members  of  parliament;  a 
third  son  is  clergyman  of  the  church  of  England;  and  one  of 
his  daughters  is  married  to  a  minister  of  that  denomination. 

Hawar.len  Castle,  near  Chester,  in  Flintshire,  now  the 
beautiful  home  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  came  into  his  possession 
through  his  wife.  The  ancestors  of  this  lady  have  owned 
the  property  for  more  than  a  century;  her  family  is  a  very 
ancient  one.  tracing  its  Welsh  descent  to  about  A.  D.  830. 
Mr.  Gladstone  has  constructed  an  addition  to  the  castle, 
where  he  has  his  study,  which  he  calls  his  lktemple  of  peace." 
It  contains  fifteen  thousand  volumes,  and  of  this  storehouse 
of  knowledge  any  resident  visitor  is  allowed,  on  entering  his 
or  her  name  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose,  to  borrow  at 
pleasure.  The  apartment  contains  three  tables,  one  of  which 
Mr.  Gladstone  uses  when  busy  with  political  work  and  cor- 
respondence; another  is  reserved  for  literary  work;  and  the 
third  is  used  by  Mrs.  Gladstone,  who  is  her  husband's  constant 
helper.  The  grand  old  park  of  the  castle,  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  acres  in  extent,  abounds  in  fine  trees  and  rhododendrons, 
which  in  spring  form  masses  of  bloom;  its  banks  and  glades, 
richly  timbered,  afford  splendid  views  of  the  Plain  of  Ches- 
ter and  the  glorious  hills  of  Fordsham  and  Peckforton. 
.  The  villagers  regard  Mr.  Gladstone  almost  in  the  light  of  a 
patron  saint,  and  speak  proudly  of  his  prowess  as  a  wood- 
chopper,  in  which  lie  equaled  the  late  Horace  Greeley.  Like 
Mr.  Greeley,  he  took  this  form -of  exercise  late  in  life,  but  he 
has  developed  a  skill  which  is  astonishing.  Mr.  Gladstone 
is  a  devout  man,  and  when  at  his  country  seat,  reads  a  por- 


77//-;  BIOGRAPHICAL   It  AT/A'  IT. 


tion  otVthe  service  of  the  morning  prayer  in  the  parish  church 
of  which  his  son  is  minister. 

As  a  statesman.  Mr. Gladstone  is  stronger  now  than  ever 
before*  his  efforts  in  the  amelioration  of  the  Irish  being  ap- 
plauded on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  His  personal  power 
and  magnetism  seem  unlimited,  so  great  is  the  confidence  of 
the  majority  of  the  British  people  in  his  integrity,  sagacity 
and  capacity;  and  if  a  few  more  years  are  spared  this  ener- 
getic statesman,  his  supremacy  and  power  will  be  still  more 
manifested  in  the  admirable  reforms  he  is  now  engaged  in. 


PRINCE  BISMARCK. 

Born  April  1,  181'). 

THE  unification  of  Germany,  and  the  political  greatuess  of 
Prussia  and  the  empire,  are  ascribed  to  the  sagacity  and 
statesmanship  of  Bismarck, 
which  has  justly  made  him 
famous.  lie  guides  the  for- 
eign policy  of  the  empire 
and  also  administers  the 
domestic  affairs  of  state 
with  vigilance  and  fore- 
sight. 

Karl  Otto  Von  Bismarck 
Schonhausen,  unquestion- 
ably one  of  the  greatest  and 
most  notable  men  of  the 
century,  was  born  at  Schon- 
liausen,  April  1st,  1815. 
Having  studied  jurispru- 
dence at  the  universities  of 
Berlin  and  Gottingen,  he  BISMARCK. 

lived  in  retirement  for  some  years  on  the  paternal  estate  in 
Pomerania.  He  married  in  1847,  and  soon  afterwards  began 


38  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

the  parliamentary  period  of  his  career,  as  a  member  of  the 
constituant  assembly  of  Prussia.  From  1851  to  1859  he 
was  minister  plenipotentiary  of  Prussia  in  the  diet  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Having 
charge  of  the  Prussian  press  bureau  while  at  Frankfort,  lie 
was  enabled  through  it  and  by  every  other  means  available 
to  prepare  the  way  for  Prussia  to  become  the  leading  Ger- 
man power.  He  was  also  working  quietly  to  the  outcome 
which  re-made  the  map  of  Europe.  Jn  1859  he  was  sent  as 
the  Prussian  ambassador  to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg,  where 
he  remained  until  1862,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  cor- 
responding position  in  Paris.  On  Sept.  23  of  the  same 
year  he  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  Prussia. 

Bismarck's  long-cherished  project  of  making  Prussia  the 
real  head  of  Germany,  resulted  in  a  declaration  of  war  against 
Austria,  when  Austria's  strength  was  broken  at  the  terrible 
battle  of  Sadowa.  The  North-German  Confederation  was 
formed,  of  which  he  was  chancellor  from  1807  to  1870. 

When  the  German  empire  took  the  place  of  the  Confeder- 
ation in  1871,  he  became  chancellor  of  the  empire,  and  was 
also  given  the  title  of  "Prince,"  the  highest  title  that  can  be 
attained  by  him  as  a  minister.  It  was  undoubtedly  his  mas- 
terly policy,  which  placed  Prussia  at  the  head  of  the  Ger- 
man states,  crushed  the  French  empire,  and  consolidated 
Germany  into  the  leading  power  of  the  European  continent. 

The  domestic  policy  of  Bismarck  has  not  been  equally  suc- 
cessful with  his  foreign.  He  is  somewhat  opposed  to  the 
progress  of  liberalism  in  Germany,  which  steadily  opposes 
him  and  outvotes  his  party  at  the  polls. 

Under  Bismarck,  Germany  is  a  vast  barrack,  and  the  work- 
ing people  of  the  empire  groan  under  the  enforced  military 
service,  enormous  taxation  and  low  wages. 

Bismarck,  the  minister  of  "iron  and  lire,''  has  a  gentle  side 
to  his  nature,  and  is  most  affectionate  and  genial  in  his  social 
and  domestic  relations,  and  is  a  believer  in  Christianity. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  39 

There  is  a  little  story  in  Count  Beust's  memoirs  about  Bis- 
marck which  deserves  to  be  recalled:  "What  do  you  do,"  he 
asked  Count  Beust,  "when  you  are  angry  and  grieved?  Don't 
you  find  it  a  relief  to  destroy  something  when  you  are  angry; 
I  was  over  there  once,"  he  pointed  opposite  —  to  where  the 
emperor  lives, —  "and  I  flew  into  a  rage.  Ingoing  out  I 
slammed  the  door  and  pulled  the  key,  which  I  took  with  me 
into  Count  Lehndorfs  room  and  threw  into  the  basin,  which 
flew  into  ;i  thousand  pieces.  Count  Lehndorf  asked:  'Are  you 
ill?'  I  was.  That  cured  me."  How  natural  is  this,  and  how 
childlike!  But  what  a  blessing  it  would  be  if  statesmen  could 
always  cure  their  anger  by  smashing  a  basin!  Sometimes,  like 
Lord  Randolph,  they  smash  a  cabinet;  or,  like  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain, a  party.  But  even  these  modes  of  relief  are  innocent 
compared  with  the  usual  methods  of  emperors  and  kings, 
and  of  Demos  himself,  all  of  whom  find  war  occasionally 
necessary  as  a  vent  for  their  spleen. 


JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL. 

f ioni  Fi'f>.  :'•.',  Milt. 

JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL,  the  distinguished  American  poet, 
ex-minister  to  England,  and  professor  of  Belles-Lettres  at 
Harvard  University,  was  born  on  Washington's  birthday,  at 
•'  Elmwood,"  in  Cambridge.  His  family  came  from  England, 
settling  in  Massachusetts  in  1639.  His  father  was  the  Rev. 
Charles  Lowell,  for  many  years  the  pastor  of  the  West  Church 
of  Boston.  The  Hon.  John  Lowell,  grandfather  of  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  was  a  lawyer  of  eminence  and  one  of  the  fram- 
ersof  the  Constitution  of  Massachusetts;  indeed.it  was  he  who 
inserted  therein  the  words  ••  All  men  are  created  free  and 
equal,"  and.  after  the  Constitution  had  been  adopted,  held 
in  the  courts  that  under  it  no  man  could  beheld  in  bondage. 
This  led  to  the  abolition  of  slaverv  in  that  state. 


40 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


Mr.  Lowell  was  married  in  1 844  to  Miss  Maria  White,  of 
Watertown,a  lady  who  had  written  some  beautiful  little  poems. 
Of  the  several  children  of  the  couple,  all  died  in  youth  with 
the  exception  of  one  daughter,  who  subsequently  became 
Mrs.  Edward  Burnett.  In  1852  he  returned  from  Europe, 
after  traveling,  with  his  first  wife,  in  England,  Italy,  Switzer- 
land and  France;  but  that  lady  died  the  following  year. 

In  1854  he  delivered  a  course  of  twelve  lectures  in  the  Low- 
ell Institute  in  Boston,  to  large  audiences,  on  the  subject  of 
British  poets.  In  1855  he  was  appointed  professor  of  litera- 
ture to  succeed  the  late  Mr. 
Longfellow  who  had  resign- 
ed; he  did  not  take  his 
seat,  however,  until  1857, 
devoting  the  interim  to 
study  in  Europe. 

When  the  > '  Atlantic 
Monthly"  was  started  by 
theleading  literary  men  of 
Boston  in  1857,  Mr.  Low- 
ell was  made  the  editor-in- 
chief. 

He  was  also  married  in 
this  year  to  his  second 
wife, Miss  Frances  Dunlop, 
of  Portland,  Maine,  with 
whom  he  visited  England 
in  1873. 

He  was  offered  the  Austrian  ministry,  but  refused  it;  he 
subsequently, in  1876, accepted  the  Spanish  portfolio,and  from 
there  was  transferred,  in  1880,  to  the  English  Court  of  St. 
James,  which  position  he  held  until  1886. 

Mr.  Lowell  received  the  rudiments  of  his  education  from  a 
private  tutor,  and  at  a  classical  institute  in  Boston,  and  enter- 
ed Harvard  college  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  He  graduated  at 


JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  41 

the  age  of  nineteen,  and  was  the  class  poet.  He  then  entered 
the  law  school,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1840,  and 
opened  a  law  office  in  Boston.  He  published  a  small  vol- 
ume of  poems,  entitled  "A  Year's  Life,"  when  but  twenty-two 
years  of  age.  He  then  published  the  "Pioneer," but  it  ex- 
isted only  three  months,  although  it  contained  contributions 
from  Poe,  Hawthorne,  and  others  of  like  ability.  He  has  also 
written  for  the  "-Miscellany,"  "Putnam's  Monthly,"  and  is  a 
contributor  to  many  of  the  best  magazines.  His  writings  are 
eagerly  looked  for,  and  contain  many  sparkling  gems. 

In  1844,  "A  Legend  of  Brittany,"  "Prometheus,"  and 
some  sonnets  and  miscellaneous  poems,  appeared  in  one  vol- 
ume. The  third  collection  of  Mr.  Lowell's  poems  appeared  in 
1848,  which  was  a  most  prolific  year,  for  it  gave  to  the  world 
the  first  series  of  his  "Bigelow  Papers,"  the  "Vision  of  Sir 
Launfal,"  and  the  "Fable  of  Critics."  "  Fireside  Travels" 
appeared  in  1864.  His  latest  published  volume  of  collected 
poems,  with  the  title  "Under  the  Willows,"  was  issued  in 
1868.  This  volume  contained  his  "Commemorative  Ode,"1 
which  has  been  considered  Mr.  Lowell's  greatest  poem,  though 
the  one  he  read  beneath  the  "Washington  Elm,"  July  3, 
1875,  is  perhaps  its  superior. 

Among  his  later  successful  poems  are  "The  Cathedral" 
and  a  second  series  of  the  "Bigelow  Papers."  Mr.  Lowell 
has  written  much  for  the  press,  and  has  edited  the  poetical 
works  of  Marvell,  Donne,  Keats,  Wordsworth,  and  Shelley 
for  the  collection  of  poets. 

In  1881  a  new  edition  of  his  complete  works,  in  five  vol- 
umes, was  published.  He  received  in  person,  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, during  his  sojourn  in  Europe  in  1872  to  1874,  the 
degree  of  D.  C.  L. 

Since  his  last  return  from  Europe,  he  has  resided  at  Deer- 
field  Farm,  with  his  daughter,  —  now  the  wife  of  Congress- 
man Edward  Burnett,  Here  lie  does'his  writing,  and  never 
passes  a  day  without  accomplishing  some  literary  work. 


42  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

THOMAS  A.  EDISON. 

Born  Feb.  11, 184:. 

THOMA.S  ALVA  EDISON,  the  wizard  of  Menlo  Park,  America's 
greatest  inventor,  has  risen  like  a  meteor,  and  shines  with  the 
steady  glow  of  the  fixed  stars.  Daily  he  adds  to  his  triumphs. 
With  an  irresistible  force  he  overcomes  all  obstacles,  solving 
problems  that  have  been  declared  by  scientists  to  be  insolvable. 
His  birthplace  is  Milan,  Ohio.  At  twelve  years  of  age  he  began 
his  career  as  a  train-boy,  soon  having  four  other  train-boys 
in  his  employ.  He  published  a  weekly  newspaper  on  the  train, 
it  being  the  only  journal  that  was  ever  printed  on  a  railway 
train  — a  fact  noted  at  the  time  by  the  London  "-Times." 
Telegraphy  from  the  first  took  great  hold  upon  him,  and 
having  one  day  snatched  a  station-master's  child  from  in 
front  of  an  approaching  train,  the  grateful  father  taught  him 
telegraphy;  and  from  that  time  he  became  a  systematic  stu- 
dent. His  ready  ingenuity  suggested  all  sorts  of  adaptations. 
One  day  the  ice  jam  broke  the  cable  between  Port  Huron 
and  Sarnia  (on  the  Canada  side);  the  river  at  that  point  being 
a  mile  and  a  half  in  width,  all  communication  by  telegraph 
was  cut  off.  Young  Edison  seized  the  valve  of  an  engine 
that  controls  the  whistle,  which  he  tooted  into  long  and  short 
notes,  like  the  dots  and  dashes  in  telegraphy.  "  Hallo,  Sar- 
nia, do  you  get  me?"  he  tooted;  no  answer.  "Hello,  Sarnia, 
do  you  hear  what  I  say?"  A  third  and  a  fourth  time  the 
message  was  sent  over,  and  finally  came  the  answer  from  an 
engine  on  the  other  side;  the  connection  had  been  made,  and 
communication  easily  carried  on  until  the  cable  was  repaired. 

Edison's  many,  inventions  are  legion,  but  his  phonograph, 
megaphone,  the  quadruplex  and  duplex  systems  of  tele- 
graphy, his  telephone  —  which  alone  netted  him  over  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars, —  the  electric  railway  and  incan- 
descent electric  light,  are  but  a  few  of  the  best  known  of  his 
most  wonderful  and  valuable  inventions. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  IIKVIKW. 


43 


He  now  promises  to  place  before  the  world  his  phono- 
graph or  ''talking  machine,"  perfected  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  faithfully  record  sounds  of  the  human  voice — utterances 
that  can  be  readily  reproduced  many  times. 

The  invention  is  also  announced  of  a  submarine  telegraph, 
ilesigned  especially  to  prevent  collisions  at  sea. 

Mr.  Edison  resides  at  Menlo  Park,  New  Jersey,  where  he 
continues  his  experiments  and  inventions  in  the  application 
of  electricity  in  the  me- 
chanical arts.  His  patents 
relating  to  telegraphy  num- 
ber nearly  a  hundred. 

Edison  was  married  in 
1873  to  Miss  Mary  Still- 
well,  of  Newark.  An  inci- 
dent of  the  honeymoon  is 
related  to  show  how  ab- 
sorbed this  inventor  be- 
comes in  his  work.  He  was 
taxing  his  mind  on  some 
problem,  oblivious  of  the 
fleeting  hours,  but  roused 
himself  and  wearily  asked 
the  hour;  "'Midnight,'' was 
the  reply.  "Then,"  said 
this  illustrious  .inventor,  "I  must  go  home.  I  was  married 
to-day." 

When  Edison's  phonograph  was  first  exhibited  at  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  a  murmur  of  admiration  was  heard,  which 
was  succeeded  by  repeated  applause.  Some  of  the  skeptical 
members  started  the  rumor  that  the  Academy  had  been 
mystified  by  a  clever  ventriloquist,  and  repeated  experi- 
ments were  required  to  convince  these  incredulous  persons 
that  no  chicanery  was  used,  and  that  the  "talking machine" 
could  be  readily  manipulated  by  anyone. 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON. 


44 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


KOBEKT  J.  BURDETTE. 

Horn  July  .7(9, 1844. 

EGBERT  J.  BURDETTE,  one  of  the  most  original  and  pro- 
line  humorous  writers  of  to  day,  was  born  in  the  little  vil- 
lage of  Greensborough,  Green  County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
30th  of  July,  1844,  which  incident,  he  says,  "interested  me 
about  as  little  as  any  event  that  ever  occurred." 

In  1846  his  parents  emigrated  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  six 
years  later  removed  to  Peoria,  Illinois.  He  was  there  edu- 
cated, graduating  at  the 
high  school. 

In  the  summer  of  1862, 
he  writes,  "at  the  tender 
age  of  eighteen,  I  was  in- 
vited by  President  Lin- 
coln, in  a  proclamation  is- 
sued about  that  time,  to 
save  the  country.  I  did  so. 
I  entered  Company  'C,' 
Forty-seventh  Illinois  In- 
fantry, as  a  private  gentle- 
man, and  put  down  the  re- 
bellion with  a  musket  lon- 
ger than  myself,  for  I  was 
brief  of  stature,  being  but 
five  feet  three  inches  short, 
I  saved  my  country,  al-  ROBERT  j.  BURDETTE. 

though  I  have  not  got  a  deed  for  it  yet.  The  government 
wouldn't  promote  me,  and  couldn't  reduce  me;  sol  held  my 
rank  steadily — which  is  more  than  some  generals  did." 

After  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  appointed  clerk  in  the 
Peoria  postoffice,  occupying  that  position  for  two  years. 
He  subsequently  entered  journalism  as  a  proof-reader  on 
the  Peoria  "  Transcript,"  afterwards  becoming  night  editor. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  45 

The  editor  of  the  ''Transcript"  had  no  faith  '-in  my  so- 
called  humor,"  and  on  one  occasion  he  said,  "Young  man,  I 
want  you  to  learn  to  walk  before  you  try  to  prance;"  and  at 
another  time  he  said,  ' '  See  here,  young  man,  when  I  want 
anything  funny  in  the  paper  I'll  write  it  myself."' 

On  March  4th,  IS 70,  Eobert  J.  Burdette  was  married  to 
Miss  Carrie  S.  Garrett,  a  Peoria  lady,  "  the  best  and  sweet- 
est little  woman  in  all  the  wide,  wide  world."  From  this 
time  on,  so  much  of  her  hand  and  influence  ran  not  only  be- 
tween but  in  the  lines  of  his  work,  and  he  says  that  what- 
ever he  wrote  should  have  been  signed  "Robert  and  Carrie 
Burdette." 

At  this  time  he  started  an  evening  journal,  the  Peoria  "Re- 
view," of  which  he  says  "the  gods  loved  it,  though  the  ad- 
vertisers didn't,  and  in  one  short  year  it  died,"  but  it  estab- 
lished his  reputation  as  a  humorist. 

In  1874,  he  was  engaged  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Bur- 
lington "  Hawkeye"  as  city  editor;  later  on  he  wrote  the  po- 
litical editorials;  soon  afterwards  becoming  the  managing 
editor,  giving  much  of  his  time  to  the  humorous  department, 
which  gained  for  himself  and  the  journal  a  world-wide  repu- 
tation. Mr.  Burdette's  fine  literary  abilities  are  not  confin- 
ed to  making  mankind  laugh;  as  a  political  writer  he  has 
few  equals,  and  can  accomplish  a  great  variety  of  literary 
work  in  a  comparatively  short  space  of  time.  He  started 
lecturing  in  1876,  and  has  since  been  one  of  the  drawing 
cards  of  the  platform.  He  has  written  several  humorous 
books  which  have  attained  fair  circulations;  but  they  have  not 
been  as  successful  as  his  lectures,  which  have  always  been 
attended  with  financial  success. 

In  1884  he  severed  his  connection  with  the  "  Hawkeye," 
being  engaged  on  the  Brooklyn  "Eagle,"  the  only  journal 
with  which  he  is  now  connected.  In  1879  he  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  and  since  1882  has  resided  at  Ardmore. 

Mr.  Burdette's  wife,  "Her  Little  Serene  Highness,"  died 


46  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  EEVIEW. 

in  1884,  which  was  and  is  the  great  sorrow  of  his  life,  for 
he  writes:  "The  first  throb  of  literary  ambition,  my  earliest 
and  later  successes,  so  far  as  I  have  been  successful,  what- 
ever words  of  mine  men  may  be  pleased  to  remember  most 
pleasantly,  whatever  earnestness  and  high  purpose  there  is 
in  my  life,  whatever  inspiration  I  ever  had  or  have  that  en- 
ters into  my  work  and  makes  it  more  worthy  of  acceptance, 
I  owe  to  the  gentlest,  best  and  wisest  of  critics  and  collabo 
rators — a  loving,  devoted  wife.  And  if  ever  I  should  win 
one  of  the  prizes  which  men  sometimes  give  to  those  who 
amuse  them,  the  wreath  should  be  placed,  not  on  the  head 
of  the  jester  who  laughs  and  sings,  but  on  her  who  inspired 
the  mirth  and  the  song." 


BENJAMIN   F.  BUTLER 

Born  Nov.  5, 1818. 

IN  mental  attainments  Benjamin  Franklin  Butler  stands 
pre-eminent  among  the  great  men  of  America.  A  most  gen- 
erous, large-hearted  man,  the  willing  friend  of  the  needy  —  a 
fact  apt  to  be  lost  sight  of  in  the  cognizance  of  his  persist- 
ency of  will,  defiant  .self-assertion  and  uncommon  courage  in 
the  expression  of  his  opinions.  Indeed,  he  has  always  been 
very  popular  with  the  working  classes,  and  undertakes  with- 
out charge,  the  cause  of  the  poor  and  oppressed  ;  in  fact,  it 
is  said  that  a  fee  was  never  accepted  for  any  of  the  many 
hundreds  of  claims  that  have  been  adjusted  by  him. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Butler  was  born  in  Deerfield,  New 
Hampshire.  His  father,  John  Butler,  commanded  a  cavalry 
c-ompany  in  the  war  of  1812,  afterwards  commanding  a  mer- 
chant vessel,  on  board  of  which  he  died  in  1819,  when 
Benjamin,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  but  a  few  months 
old.  As  a  child  he  was  very  frail,  and  much  given  to  the 
perusal  of  books.  His  mother,  wishing  him  to  become  a  bap- 
tist-minister, sent  him  to  Waterville  (Maine)  college. 


THE  UHKiliAl'lUt'AL  REVIEW. 


47 


During  the  course  at  college  one  of  the  professors  deliver- 
ed a  lecture  which  set  forth  that  only  one  in  one  hundred  so- 
called  christians  would  be  saved.  Butler  thereupon  remark- 
ed that  at  that  rate  but  six  persons  in  the  college  could  ob- 
tain salvation,  and  as  there  were  nine  doctors  of  divinity  in 
the  institution,  it  would  be  folly  for  outsiders  to  attempt  to 
obtain  salvation.  The  faculty,  appreciating  the  humor  of 
his  remarks,  saved  him  from  expulsion.  Graduating  from 

this  college  in  1838,  lie  at 
once  took  up  the  study  of 
law,  teaching  school  in  the 
meantime  to  eke  out  his 
income.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1840.  and 
from  that  time  his  career 
has  been  marked  and  very 
brilliant,  not  only  as  a 
most  successful  lawyer  but 
also  as  a  soldier  and  states- 
man. 

In  1853  he  was  elected 
as  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  six  years 
later  became  a  state  sen- 
ator. 

Entering  the  federal  army  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral when  the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  was  promoted  to  ma- 
jor-general in  May,  1861.  He  effected  quietly  the  occupation 
of  Baltimore,  whence  he  marched  to  Fortress  Monroe,  and, 
having  completed  his  duties  there,  assisted  Admiral  Farragut 
in  the  capture  of  New  Orleans.  Butler  subsequently  admin- 
istered the  government  of  that  city  with  a  firmness  that,  as 
was  natural,  increased  the  confidence  already  felt  in  him  by 
Union  people  everywhere,  but  evoked  the  undisguised  hatied 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  BUTLER. 


48  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

of  the  more  rabid  secessionists.  His  services  in  the  cause  of 
the  Union  will  go  down  in  history. 

In  1803  he  held  command  in  the  states  of  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina.  Ben.  Butler  was  returned  to  congress  as  a 
republican  in  1800,  arid  re-elected  consecutively  to  the  three 
following  congresses.  Being  an  eminent  lawyer,  learned  and 
fertile  in  resources,  his  career  in  congress  was  distinguished 
by  his  extraordinary  ability  in  debate. 

He  was  elected  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1882,  which 
position  was  won  after  two  failures  to  achieve  it.  He  is  now 
a  member  of  the  democratic  party,  but  has  the  confidence 
of  a  large  number  of  voters  who.  do  not  attach  themselves  to 
either  of  the  great  political  organizations. 


AY  ALT  WHITMAN. 

Born  May  31,  1819. 

WHATEVER  the  critics  may  say  of  the  poems  of  Walt  Whit-' 
man,  tljeir  perusal  produces  the  feeling  that  there  is  a  certain 
something  in  them  which  rivets  the  attention  and  commands 
respect.  Who  has  read  his  later  poem.  ''With  Husky,  Haughty 
Lips.  Oh  Sea,"  without  being  struck  with  its  solemnity?  There 
is  no  one  who  has  stood,  alone,  upon  the  s^a  shore,  on  a 
stormy  day,  but  has  experienced  the  feelings  that  are  embod- 
ied in  that  poem.  The  sea,  the  wonderful  awe-inspiring 
theme  that  has  called  forth  the  enthusiasm  of  not  only  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  but  also  of  such  illustrious  poets  as 
Byron,  Tennyson,  Cervantes,  and  others. 

His  birthplace  is  Huntington,  Louisiana,  but  he  passed  his 
youth  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  receiving  but 
a  common  school  education.  He  worked  in  a  printing  office 
when  a  young  man. 

Engaging  as  a  volunteer  nurse  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
it  is  said  that  during  the  course  of  the  war  he  attended  to  the 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 


49 


•wants  of  a  hundred  thousand  wounded  soldiers,  treating  both 

confederates  and  federals  alike.    He  suffers  from  partial  par- 
alysis caused  by  this  severe  labor,  and  is  entitled  to  a  pension. 

but  has  steadily  refused  to.  make  application  for  it. 

He  has  written  a  book  of  prose,  entitled  "Specimen  Days 

and  Collection, "but  his  crowning  work  is  '•  Leaves  of  Grass,"" 

which  was  commenced  in  1855,  and  completed  in  1882. 
"Perhaps,  the  best  of  a  song  heard,  or  of  any  or  all  true 

love,  or  life's -fairest  episodes  —  or  sailors',  soldiers'  trying 

scenes  on  land  or  sea  —  is 

the  floating  resume  of  them, 

long    afterwards,"    writes 

the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

•'And    although,    from    a 

worldly  point  of  view,  the 

*•  Leaves  of  Grass'  has  been 

worse  than  a  failure.  I  now 

look  upon  it  as  my  definite 
carte  visit?  to  the  coming 
generations  of  the  New 
World,*  if  I' may  assume  to 
say  so.  It  spans  those  thir- 
ty eventful  years  from  1850 
to  1880  —  a  floating  resume 
of  the  marvelous  events  of 
America's  history." 

••  Leaves  of  Grass"  is,  or  seeks  to  be.  a  faithful  record  of  the 
author's  thoughts,  in  song,  —  solely  of  America  and  to-day. 
He  now  lives  in  a  little  house,  owned  by  him.  situated  in 
Camden,  N.  J.,  near  the  Delaware.  He  continues  to  write  a 
little  for  different  maga/ines.  and  still  retains  his  buoyancy 
of  spirit  and  cheeriness. 

*  \\'ht  n  CkampolHon,  <»/  ///*  deathbed, handed  to  the  printer  the  revised 
proof  of  his  Egyptian  (]  ram-ma  r.  he  said,  gayly^'De  careful  of  this,  it  is 
my  carte  de  visile  to  posterity.  " 


WAI.T    WHITMAN. 


60 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


CHARLES  STEWART  PARNELL. 

Born  in  184<>. 

THE  great  Irish  statesman,  Charles  Stewart  Parnell,  was  bora 
at  A  vondale,  County  of  Wicklow.  He  was  educated  at  and  grad- 
uated from  the  Magdalene  College  of  Cambridge,  England. 

Parnell  was  made  high  sheriff  of  Wicklow  in  1874.  and  the 
following  year  was  sent  to  parliament  from  Meatb,  from 
which  county  he  was  re- 
turned for  three  constitu- 
encies. 

In  1879,  Mr.  Parnell  was 
elected  president  of  the  Ir- 
ish National  Land  League, 
in  the  formation  of  which 
lie  had  taken  part;  the  ob- 
ject of  the  League  being 
the  reduction  of  rents,  and 
to  facilitate  the  obtaining 
of  the  ownership  of  the  soil 
by  the  occupiers. 

In  1880,  Parnell  visited 

the  United  States,  lectur-  ^-^^^-^ .- . 

ing  in  a,l   of    the  prinei- 
pal  cities;  he  also  address- 
ed   the    house     of    repre-        CHARLES  STEWART  PA  KNELL. 
sentatives  at  Washington.    The  result  of  his  visit  created  a 
feeling  which  crystallized  itself  in  the  formation  of  the  Grand 
League  Associations,  which  have  proved  the  main   financial 
support  of  the  home  organization. 

He  has  been  twice  arrested  for  his  connection  with  the 
land  league,  which  lias  been  declared  illegal.  The  jury  dis- 
agreeing on  the  first  trial,  he  was  discharged;  the  second  ar- 
rest (October,  1881),  as  a  "suspect,"'  he  was  sent  to  Kilmam- 
ham  jail,  but  was  released  in  the  following  May. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


51 


Mr.  Parnell's  policy  in  the  leadership  of  his  party,  has 
been  to  obstruct  business  in  the  house  of  commons,  and  to 
unite  with  the  home  rule  question  an  agitation  against  the 
high  rents  paid  by  the  Irish  tenantry.  In  this  way  he  has 
united  the  common  people  of  Ireland  in  his  favor,  and  made 
it  no  longer  possible  for  the  English  to  ignore  the  demand 
for  home  rule. 


MRS.  PAKNELL. 

THE  fact  is  not  generally  known  that  the  mother  of  Charles 
Stewart  Parnell,  the  "Uncrowned  King  of  Ireland, "as  he 
is  ofttimes  called,  is  an  Amer- 
ican lady. 

Mrs.  Parnell  is  the  daughter 
of  Commodore  Stewart,  of  the 
United  States  navy,  who  com- 
manded the  old  frigate  ''Con- 
stitution," which  captured  sev- 
eral English  vessels  in  1812. 
The  Constitution  was  called 
"Old  Iron  sides,  "and  this  was 
the  name  given  to  the  Stewart 
estate  at  Bordentown,  N.  Y. 

Mrs.  Parnell  has  always 
been  a  zealous  supporter  of  the 
liberty  of  Ireland,  and  in  the 
Irish  National  League  she  has 
ever  been  an  active  worker. 

The  high  respect  with  which 
she  is  held  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that,  upon  one  occa- 
sion, at  a  meeting  for  Ireland  in  the  Academy  of  Music  in 
New  York,  when  she  appeared  in  one  of  the  boxes,  the  whole 
house  rose  to  its  feet  to  do  her  homage. 


MRS.  I'ARNELL. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


EGBERT  J.  TNGERSOLL. 

Horn  in  1833. 

ROBERT  J.  INGERSOLL  was  born  at  Dresden,  New  York. 
His  family  removed  to  Illinois  when  lie  was  twelve  years  of 
age,  where  he  was  educated,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar;  here  he  also  entered  the  political  arena  as  a  dem- 
ocrat, being  nominated  for  congress  in  1860,  but  was  de- 
feated. Two  years  later  he  entered  the  army,  was  taken 

prisoner  but  was  exchang- 
ed. Returning  to  civil  life 
he  became  a  republican, 
and  in  1868  was  made  at- 
torney-general of  Illinois. 
At  the  republican  con- 
vention in  18 76,  in  propos- 
ing .Mr.  Elaine's  name  for 
the  presidency,  his  speech 
aroused  general  attention 
for  its  eloquence  and  pow- 
er, and  since  that  time  Col. 
Ingersoli  has  been  promi- 
nent before  the  country  as 
an  orator.  His  skepticism 
to  Christianity  and  bible 
views  has  given  him  much 
celebrity. 

Col.  Ingersoli  now  resides  in  Washington,  where  he  has  a 
lucrative  and  extensive  practice;  indeed,  it  is  said  that  he  re- 
ceived one  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  the  Star  Route  trial. 

IngersolPs  numerous  lectures  and  eulogies  have  attracted 
attention  throughout  the  United  States  as  emanating  from  a 
brilliant  mind.  "In  my  judgment,"  he  says,  "slavery  is  the 
child  of  ignorance.  Liberty  is  born  of  intelligence.  •  •  •  •  All 
I  claim,  all  I  plead  for,  is  simply  liberty  of  thought." 


ROBERT  (i.    INGEB8OLL. 


THE  JifOti  It.  I  I'll  It  :  1  /.   UK  I  'IK  II'. 


53 


HENRY    W.  GRADY. 

Horn  in  1840. 

HENRY  W  GRADY,  a  native  of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  received 
a  thorough  collegiate  education.  After  engaging  for  some 
years  successfully  in  business,  his  ambition  turned  to  jour- 
nalism. He  was  the  leading  writer  of  several  popular  news- 
papers, and  became  the  Georgia  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  "Herald.*'  His  writings  through  a  series  of  letters  under 
the  title  of  -'Sheep.  Gold,  and  Oranges,"  proved  to  be  the 
means  of  reopening  indus- 
tries to  the  southern  classes 
which  were  at  the  time  in 
a  drooping  condition.  Sub- 
sequently lie  became  the 
editor  and  part  owner  of 
the  Atlanta  "Constitution" 
which  is  now  one  of  the 
ni'^r  influential  organs  of 
the  South.  Numerous  ar- 
ticles are  contributed  by 
him  on  Southern  subjects 
to  both  --Harper's"  and 
the  "Century  Magazine," 
which  have  attracted  na- 
tional attention. 

The  writings  of  Mr.  Gra- 
dy  generally  carry  convic- 
tion, being  both  forcible  and  impressive;  he  is  also  a  most 
brilliant  and  forcible  speaker.  Indeed,  he  is  destined  yet  to 
occupy  some  higher  public  position  than  he  now  enjoys. 

The  influence  of  the  Atlanta  "Constitution"  in  political 
affairs  is  widely  felt  throughout  the  southern  states.  Its 
doctrines  advocate  the  closer  unison  of  the  North  and  South 
in  all  things  that  tend  to  the  prosperty  of  the  nation. 


HENRY  W.    GRADY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  COLLINS  WHITNEY. 

Born  in  18:39. 

WILLIAM  COLLINS  WHITNEY  was  born  in  1839  at  Conway, 
Mass.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  and  attended  the 
Harvard  Law  School,  graduating  therefrom  in  1865.  He 
finally  settled  in  New  York,  there  becoming  popular  as  a 
party  leader,  at  the  same  time  being  the  foremost  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  now  famous  ''Young  Democratic  Club,'- 
and  was  also  most  active  in  opposition  to  the  Tweed  Ring. 

So  vigorous  and  determin- 
ed were  his  onslaughts  that 
he  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  great  reformer.  Sam- 
uel J.  Tilden,  and  was  ma- 
terially assisted  by  that 
sage  in  all  his  subsequent 
efforts.  He  has  held  num- 
erous public  offices,  which 
have  been  filled  with  great 
credit  to  himself  and  to 
the 'entire  satisfaction  of 
the  public. 

Mr.  Whitney  has  been 
one  of  the  warmest  and 
most  intimate  of  friends  of 
Grover  Cleveland  since 
1882,  at  the  time  the  pres- 
ident was  a  candidate  for  governor  of  the  Empire  state;  and 
when  Mr.  Cleveland  became  president,  Mr.  Whitney  was 
made  a  member  of  his  cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  navy. 

Mr.  Whitney  is  reputed  to  be  wealthy.  He  is  an  ardent 
lover  of  horses,  takes  his  drives  daily,  and  is  somewhat  of  a 
sportsman.  As  secretary  of  the  navy,  Mr.  Whitney  has  shown 
great  executive  ability  in  naval  affairs. 


WILLIAM  COLLINS  WHITNEY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


55 


MRS.  FRANK  LESLIE. 

MRS.  FRANK  LESLIE  is  one  of  the  leading  lights  of  the 
American  newspaper  world,  her  numerous  publications  tak- 
ing' as  much  enterprise  and  executive  ability  as  is  required 
to  rim  ii  metropolitan  daily.  She  was  born  on  a  southern 
plantation  in  the  French  quarter  of  New  Orleans,  and  comes 
ot  Huguenot  stock.  At  twenty  she  could  speak  five  lan- 
guages fluently,  and  was  well  versed  in  literature.  She  mar- 
ried Mr.  Leslie  when  he 
was  well  advanced  in  years, 
and  succeeded  him  in  the 
Frank  Leslie  Publishing 
House.  The  firm  was  in  sore 
financial  distress  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  being  fifty 
thousand  dollars  in  debt, 
which  was  liquidated  by  her 
in  a  very  short  time. 

Mrs.  Leslie  is  one  of  the 
most  handsome  and  attrac- 
tive women  in  New  York. 
She  has  a  clear  complexion 
and  large  wonderful  gray 
eyes  with  dark  and  curl- 
ing lashes;  they  are  ready 
alike  with  a  smile  or  a  tear,  and  are  radiant  with  expression. 
Mrs.  Frank  Leslie  has  traveled  extensively,  being  gener- 
ally accompanied  by  artists.  She  has  given  the  world  much 
knowledge  and  pleasure  from  the  perusal  of  her  sketches  and 
the  many  illustrations  that  have  appeared  from  time  to  time 
in  her  numerous  publications.  She  signs  all  checks  and 
money  orders,  makes  contracts,  looks  over  proofs,  writes 
articles,  and  is  virtually  at  the  head  of  the  house — one  of 
the  largest  in  America,  yielding  an  enormous  income. 


Mi;>.    FRANK    LESLIE. 


56 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  RE  VIEW. 


MRS.  JAMES  BROWN  POTTER. 

MARCH  29,  1887.  Mrs.  James  Brown  Potter  made  her  de- 
but, as  an  actress,  in  the  London  Haymarket  theater.  The 
play  was  taken  from  a  story  by  Wilkie  Collins,  she  tak- 
ing the  part  of  Anne  Sylvester,  a  poor  and  persecuted  gov- 
erness. Her  acting  was  crude,  but  rough  and  unpolished  as 
it  was,  there  was  power;  in  her  earnestness  there  was  the 
best  of  nature's  gifts,  the 
germ  of  a  true  emotion. 
The  declaration  of  Anne's 
innocence  was  noble,  wo- 
manlike and  touching. 

There  was  a  true  ring  of 
emotion  in  the  voice  when 
Anne  yields  up  her  miser- 
able life  on  the  altar  of 
friendship,  and  the  final 
determination  to  cling  to 
the  dying  man  was  full  of 
truth  and  beauty.  Mrs. 
Potter  has  for  the  past 
few  years  been  known  as  ! 
an  amateur  actress  and  elo- 
cutionist, and  one  of  the 
leaders  of  society  both  in 
Washington  and  New  York, 
for  some  time  by  the  reading  of  Mr.  George  R.  Sim's  poem, 
""'Ostler  Joe,"  by  Mrs.  Potter,  at  a  private  entertainment 
given  at  the  house  of  Secretary  Whitney.  The  poem,  which 
is  given  in  full,  undoubtedly  teaches  a  great  moral  lesson. 
It  appeared  at  the  time  in  many  of  the  leading  American 
newspapers,  and  called  forth  much  criticism  and  comment. 
It  is  announced  that  she  will  appear  as  a  star  actress,  dur- 
ing 1888,  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union. 


MRS.    POTTER. 


Society  was  put  all  in  a  flutter 


THE  IlHKiltArHH'AL  HE  VIEW.  57 

'OSTLER  JOE. 

I  stood  at  eve,  as  the  tun  went  down,  by  a  grave  where  a  woman  lies, 
Who  lured  men  s  souls  to  the  shores  of  sin  with  the  light  of  her  wanton  eyes; 
Who  sang  the  sons?  that  the  i-iren  san»  on  the  treacherous  Lurley  height, 
Whose  face  was  as  fair  as  a  summer  day  and  whose  heart  was  black  as  night. 

Yet  a  blossom  I  fain  would  pluck  to-day,  irom  the  garden  above  her  dust- 
Not  the  languorous  lily  of  soulless  sin,  nor  the  bloo  J  red  rose  of  lust; 
But  a  swe- 1  white  blossom  of  ho  y  love,  that  grew  in  the  one  green  spot 
In  the  arid  desert  of  Phryne's  life,  where  all  was  parched  and  hot. 

In  the  summer,  when  the  meadows  wtre  aglow  with  blue  and  red 

Joe,  the  'ostler  of  the  Magpie  and  fur  Annie  Smith  were  wed. 

Plump  was  Annie,  plump  and  pr  tty,  with  a  cheek  as  white  as  snow, 

He  was  anything  but  handsome,  wa^  the  Magpie's  'Ostler  Joe. 

But  he  won  the  wins  me  lassie.     They'd  a  cottage  and  a  cow, 

And  her  matronhocd  sat  lightly  on  the  village  beauty's  brow. 

Sped  the  months  a-  d  came  a  baby,  such  a  blue-eyed  baby  boy ; 

Joe  was  working  in  the  stable  when  t  ey  told  him  of  his  joy. 

He  was  rubbing  down  the  horses,  and  he  save  them  then  and  there 

All  a  special  feed  of  clover,  just  in  honor  o   the  heir. 

It  had  been  his  great  ambition,  and  he  told  the  horses  so, 

That  the  fates  would  senJ  a  baby  who  might  bear  the  name  of  Joe. 

Little  Joe,  the  child  was  christened,  and  like  babies,  grew  apace; 

He'd  h  s  mother's  eyes  of  azure  and  his  father's  honest  face. 

Sw  ft  the  happy  years  went  over,  years  of  blue  and  cloud  ess  sky, 

Love  was  lord  of  that  small  cottage  and  the  tempests  passed  them  by. 

Passed  them  by  for  years,  then  swif  ly  burst  in  fury  oVr  their    ome. 

Down  the  lane  by  Annie's  cottage  chanced  a  gen'lenun  to  roam; 

Thr  ce  he  came  and  saw  her  sitting  by  the  window  with  her  child, 

And  henocded  to  the  baby,  and  the  baby  laughed  and  smiled. 

So  at  last  it  grew  to  know  him  —  little  Joe  was  nearly  four. 

He  would  call  the  "  pretty  gemplin,"  as  he  parsed  the  opt n  door; 

And  one  c'ay  he  ran  and  caught  him,  and  in  child  s-play  pulled  him  in; 

And  the  baby  Joe  hid  pra\ei  for  brought  about  the  mother's  sin. 

'Twas  the  same  old  wretched  story  that  for  ages  bards  have  sung, 

'Twas  a  woman  weak  and  wanton  and  a  villain's  tempting  tongue, 

Twas  a  picture  deftly  painted  for  a  silly  creature's  eyes, 

Of  the  Babylonian  wonders  and  the  joy  that  in  them  lies. 

Annie  listened  and  was  tempted,  she  was  tempted  and  she  fell, 

As  the  angels  a  1  from  !  eaven  to  the  blackest  depths  of  hell: 

She  was  promised  wealth  and  splendor  and  a  life  of  guilty  sloth, 

Yel.ow  gold  for  child  and  husband, and  the  woman  le  t  them  both. 

Home  one  eve  came  Joe  the  'Ostler,  with  a  cheery  cry  of  "Wife." 

Finding  thai  which  blurred  forever  all  the  story  of  his  life. 

She  had  left  a  si  ly  K  tter  —  through  the  cruel  scrawl  he  spelt, 

Then  he  sought  the  lonely  bedroom,  joined  his  horny  hands  ard  knelt. 


58  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

"Now  O  Lord,  O  God,  forgive  her,  for  she  ain't  to  blame,"  he  cried, 

"For  I  owt't  a  seen  her  trouble  and  gone  away  and  died; 

Why,  a  wench  like  her,  God  bless  her,  twasn't  likely  as  her'd  rest 

With  that  bonny  head  forever  on  a  'ostler's  ragged  vest. 

"  It  was  kind  o'  her  to  bear  me  all  this  long  and  happy  cime, 

So  for  my  sake  please  to  bless  her,  though  you  count  her  deed  a  crime: 

If  so  be  I  don't  pray  proper,  Lord,  forgive  me,  for  you  see 

I  can  talk  alright  to  'osses,  but  I'm  nervous-Hke  with  Thee." 

Ne'er  a  line  came  to  the  cottage  from  the  woman  who  had  flown: 

Joe,  the  baby,  died  tha   winter,  and  the  man  was  left  alone, 

Ne'er  a  bitter  word  he  uttered,  but  in  silence  kissed  the  rod 

Saving  what  he  told  the  horses,  saving  what  he  told  his  God. 

Far  away  in  mighty  London  rose  the  woman  into  fame 

For  her  beauty  won  men's  homage  and  she  prospered  in  her  shame, 

And  from  lor J  to  lord  she  flitted,  higher  still  each  prize  she  won, 

And  her  rivals  paled  beside  her  as  the  stars  beside  the  sun. 

Next  she  made  the  stage  her  market,  and  she  dragged  Art's  temple  down 

To  the  level  of  a  show  place  for  the  outcasts  of  the  town, 

And  the  kisses  she  had  given  to  poor  'Ostler  Joe  for  nought 

With  their  gold  and  costly  jewels  rich  and  titled  lovers  bought. 

Went  the  years  with  flying  footsteps  while  the  star  was  at  its  height 

Then  the  darkness  cam  j  on  swiftly,  and  the  gloaming  turned  to  night, 

Shattered  strength  and  faded  beauty  tore  the  laurels  from  her  brow: 

Of  the  thousands  who  had  worshipped  never  one  came  near  her  now. 

Broken  down  in  health  and  fortune  men  forgot  her  very  name, 

Ti  1  the  news  that  she  was  dying  woke  the  ec  toes  of  her  fame : 

And  the  papers  in  their  gossip  mentioned  how  an  "actress"  lay 

Sick  to  dea  h  in  humble  lodgings,  growing  "weaker  every  day. 

One  there  was  who  read  the  story  in  a  far  off  country  place, 

And  that  night  the  dyi  ,g  woman  woke  and  looked  upon  his  face; 

Once  again  the  strong  arms  c'asped  her  that  hid  clasped  her  long  ago, 

And  th    weary  head  lay  pillowed  on  the  breast  of  'Ostler  Joe. 

All  the  past  had  he  forgotten,  all  the  sorrow  and  the  shame, 

He  had  found  her  sick  and  lonely,  and  his  wife  he  now  could  claim 

Since  the  grand  folks  who  had  known  her  one  and  all  had  slunk  away, 

He  could  clasp  his  long  lost  darling  and  no  m  in  woul  1  say  him  nay. 

In  his  arms  death  found  her  lying,  in  his  arms  her  spirit  fled: 

And  his  tears  came  down  i  i  torrents  as  he  knelt  beside  the  dead: 

Never  o  c^  his  love  had  faltered  through  her  bal  unhallowed  life: 

And  the  stone  above  her  ash  as  bore  the  hallowed  name  of  wife. 

That's  the  blossom  I  fain  would  pluck  to-day,  in  the  garden  above  her  dust 
Not  the  languorous  lily  of  soulless  si  i,  nor  the  bl  >od  red  rose  of  lust, 
But  a  sweet  white  blossom  of  holy  love  that  grew  in  the  one  green  spot 
In  the  arid  desert  of  Phryne's  life  wnere  all  was  parche  1  and  hot. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIW. 


THOMAS  DE  WITT  TALMAGE. 

Born  Jan.  7, 1832. 

THOMAS  DE  WITT  TALMAGE,  one  of  the  bes.t  known  clergy- 
men in  America,  is  also  a  most  noted  lecturer,  having  deliv- 
ered lectures  not  only  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union, 
but  also  in  England.  His  sermons  are  generally  delivered 
ex  tempore,  and  the  pitch  he  sometimes  works  himself  and 
his  audience  is  ascribed  to  this  fact.  The  sermons  are  report- 
ed and  published  in  many  of  the  leading  religious  and  secular 
newspapers  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 

He  was  born  at  Bound 
Brook,  a  small  town  about 
equidistant  from  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  He  com- 
pleted his  education  at  the 
New  York  University,  and 
graduated  in  1853.  He 
then  entered  the  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  of  New 
Brunswick.  N.  J.,  and  in 
turn  graduated  therefrom 
in  1856,  being  then  in  his 
twenty-fifth  year. 

His  first  appointment 
was  as  pastor  to  the  Dutch 
Reformed  church  at  Belle- 
ville, N.  J.,  subsequently 
becoming  connected  with 
the  Dutch  Reformed  church  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  serving  that 
congregation  about  three  years.  He  was  then,  in  1802,  called 
to  serve  as  pastor  of  the  Second  Reformed  church  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  Talmage  first   became    connected   with    the  Central 
Presbyterian  church  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1869,  and  it  was 


KEY.  TALMAGE. 


60  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

while  serving  as  its  pastor  that  he  became  famous.  In  the 
following  year  the  Brooklyn  Tabernacle,  with  a  seating  ca- 
pacity of  nearly  four  thousand,  was  erected  by  his  congrega- 
tion, but  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  on  December  22,  1872. 
This  was  a  severe  blow  to  Talmage  and  his  congregation, 
but  the  same  year  a  new  structure  arose,  phoenix-like,  from 
the  ashes,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  fully  five  thousand  per- 
sons —  the  largest  protestant  church  in  America.  This  vast 
edifice  is  maintained  solely  by  voluntary  subscriptions,  no 
pew  rents  being  charged. 

Mr.  Talmage  organized  a  lay  college,  open  to  all  denom- 
inations, for  instruction  in  philosophy,  logic,  and  general 
literature;  also  for  instructions  in  natural  and  systematic 
theology,  sacred  history,  the  evidence  of  Christianity,  and  the 
interpretation  of  Scripture  and  sacred  rhetoric. 

In  1874  Mr.  Talmage  became  editor  of  the  "  Christian  at 
Work,"  and  succeeded  in  giving  it  an  extensive  circle  of 
readers.  In  addition  to  the  four  volumes  of  his  sermons  al- 
ready published,  he  has  written  a  number  of  other  books. 
The  more  notable  of  these  works  being  his  ''Abominations 
of  Modern  Society,"  which  appeared  in  1872,  and  in  1875 
"Every  Day  Religion  "  was  published,  both  books  being  ex- 
tensively read  throughout  the  world. 

His  work  on  "Daily  Thoughts"  has  been  widely  read, 
and  it  contains  mucli  food  for  reflection,  being  a  work  that 
has  been  written  in  a  masterly  manner. 

This  eminent  divine's  life  has  not  only  been  a  busy  one, 
but  also  very  useful  in  the  propagation  of  truth.  His  works 
are  highly  appreciated,  from  a  religious  standpoint,  not  only 
in  this  country,  but  also  in  Europe  ;  and  whenever  on  a  lec- 
turing tour,  his  presence  is  always  greeted  by  remarkably 
large  audiences.  Yet,  although  his  years  number  over  three 
score,  he  is  still  a  hearty  and  well-preserved  man,  and  many 
years  he  undoubtedly  will  enjoy  in  ministering  to  his  congre- 
gation, who  regard  their  pastor  with  reverence  and  love. 


THE  niOdRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


61 


SAMUEL  L.  CLEMENS. 

[MARK  TWAIN.] 
Born  Nov.  30, 1835. 

SAMUEL  L.  CLEMENS  is  much  better  known  to  the  reading 
public4  as  ' k  Mark  Twain. "  Over  or  under  the  latter  name  he  has 
provoked  a  greater  number  of  smiles  than  has  any  other  half 
dozen  American  writers.  A  solemn  visaged  person,  no  one 
seeing  him  without  knowing  his  identity  would  ever  suspect 
him  as  being  the  arch  humorist  he  is. 

He  condenses  all  his 
smiles  into  the  point  of  his 
pen,  for  few  are  ever  seen 
to  illumine  his  counte- 
nance. Mr.  Clemens  had 
a  varied  and  trying  expe- 
rience before  he  was  able 
to  turn  his  capital  of  inimi- 
table humor  into  the  very 
handsome  fortune  he  now 
enjoys.  His  birthplace  is 
Florida,  Monroe  County, 
Missouri.  The  pen  name 
of  this  American  humorist 
was  suggested  by  the  tech- 
nical phraseology  of  Miss- 
issippi navigation,  where 
in  sounding  a  depth  of  two 
fathoms  the  leadsman  calls  out  to  "mark  twain."  .His  early 
education  was  meagre,  and  at  thirteen  he  was  apprenticed  to 
the  trade  of  a  printer.  His  restless  American  temperament 
soon  exhibited  itself,  and  he  traveled  from  place  toplace,tind- 
ing  employment  as  a  compositor  for  the  newspapers.  In 


SAMUEL    L.   CLEMENS. 


62  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

18.")5  he  took  service  on  a  Mississippi  river  steamboat,  of 
which  he  became  pilot. 

This  occupation  enabled  him  to  observe  many  strange  and 
picturesque  phases  of  life,  some  of  which  he  has  described  in 
his  volume,  entitled  "Life  on  the  Mississippi." 

In  1865  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  occupying  a  position 
as  reporter  on  the  Morning  Call.  He  then  tried  gold  mining, 
but  having  no  success,  he  returned  to  San  Francisco,  and 
resumed  newspaper  work.  He  then  spent  six  months,  in 
1806,  in  the  Hawaiian  islands,  but  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  delivered  humorous  lectures  in  California  and 
Oregon;  and  then  returning  to  the  East,  he  published  "The 
Jumping  Frog  and  Other  Sketches." 

In  1867  he  joined  a  party  of  religious  tourists,  making  a 
voyage  to  Egypt  and  Palestine,  and  paying  brief  visits  to 
France,  Italy  and  the  Levant.  The  entertaining  record  of 
this  journey  was  published  in  1869  under  the  title  of  "The 
Innocents  Abroad;  or,  The  New  Pilgrim's  Progress."  The 
book  achieved  a  remarkable  success,  and  Mark  Twain  be- 
came famous  the  world  over.  In  five  years  from  the  date 
of  its  publication,  the  aggregate  sale  of  the  author's  works 
exceeded  240,000  copies. 

For  a  time  he  was  editor  of  a  daily  newspaper,  "The  Ex- 
press," published  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  where  he  also  married  a 
lady  possessed  of  a  large  fortune.  In  1872  he  visited 
England,  giving  several  humorous  lectures.  A  London 
publisher  made  a  collection,  in  four  volumes,  of  his  humor- 
ous papers,  adding,  however,  many  which  the  author  asserts 
were  never  written  by  him.  In  1874,  he  produced  in  New 
York  a  comedy, "The  Gilded  Age,"  which  had  a  remarkable 
success,  owing  mainly  to  the  personation,  by  Mr".  Raymond, 
of  the  leading  character,  "Col.  Mulberry  Sellers."  Mark  Twain 
is  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  magazines,  and  in  addition  to 
the  books  mentioned  above,  has  published,  "Roughing  It" 
(1872),  "Adventures  of  Tom  Sawyer"  (1876),  "Punch,  Broth- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  63 

ers,  Punch" (1878), -'A  Tramp  Abroad"  (1880), -The  Prince 
and  the  Pauper"  (1882),  " The  Stolen  White  Elephant"  and 
other  tales  in  1882,  and  "  Life  on  the  Mississippi"  in  1883. 
He  has  been  a  resident  of  numerous  cities  of  the  United 
States,  but  now  resides  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  where  he 
does  his  literary  work,  and  superintends  the  publication  of 
his  numerous  books. 

In  1885  he  brought  out  Gen.U.  S.  Grant's  "Memoirs,"  the 
share  in  the  profits  accruing  to  Mrs.  Grant  from  the  pub- 
lication, under  a  contract  signed  by  Gen.  Grant  before  his 
death,  amounted  in  1886  to  $350,000,  which  was  paid  to 
her  in  two  checks,  of  $200,000  and  $150,000. 

In  speaking  of  the  late  Benjamin  Franklin,  he  misquotes 
him  as  saying  "Never  put  off  till  to-morrow  what  you  can 
do  after  to-morrow  just  as  well,"  and  says  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin early  in  life  prostituted  his  talents  to  the  invention  of 
maxims  and  aphorisms  calculated  to  inflict  suffering  upon 
the  rising  generation  of  all  subsequent  ages.  "  His  maxims 
were  full  of  animosity  towards  boys.  Nowadays  a  boy  can- 
not follow  out  a  single  natural  instinct  without  tumbling 
over  some  of  those  everlasting  aphorisms,  and  hearing  from 
Franklin  on  the  spot. 

"If  a  boy  buys  two  cents' worth  of  peanuts,  his  father 
says,  '  Remember  what  Franklin  has  said,  my  son:  A  groat 
:i  day  's  a  penny  a  year,'  and  the  comfort  is  all  gone  out  of 
those  peanuts.  If  he  wants  to  spin  his  top  when  he-  has  work 
to  do,  his  father  quotes:  'Procrastination  is  the  thief  of 
time.'  If  he  does  a  virtuous  action,  he  never  gets  anything 
for  it,  Because  'Virtue  is  its  own  reward;'  and  that  boy 
is  hounded  to  death  and  robbed  of  his  natural  rest,  because 
Franklin  once  said,  in  one  of  his  inspired  flights  of  maligni- 
ty: 'Early  to  bed  and  early  to  rise  makes  a  man  healthy  and 
wealthy  and  wise." 

Mark  Twain's  works  have  been  re-published  in  England, 
and  translations  of  the  principal  ones  in  Germany. 


THE  Bl  0  OKA  PHICA  L  RE  \  'IE  W. 


GEN.  PHILIP  HENRY  SHERIDAN. 

Born  March  6,  1831. 

THIS  great  warrior  and  statesman,  the  present  commander 
of  the  United  States  army,  is  of  small  stature.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  dashing  officers  during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
and  was  the  idol  of  his  men,  to  whom  he  imparted  much  of 
his  vim. 

Born  of  Irish  parents  at  Somerset,  Ohio,  Sheridan,  as  a  boy, 
had  but  few  opportunities.      The  family  was  poor  and  his 

school  days  were    few. 

He  was  always  a  leader 
among  his  associates,  how- 
ever. His  time  when  not 
at  school  or  engaged  in  do- 
ing chores,  "was  largely  de- 
voted to  the  juvenile  show 
business,  where  a  charge 
of  from  three  to  five  pins 
constituted  the  admission 
fee.  Phil  was  invariably 
the  * '  slack-rope  perf orm- 
eiv"  and  if  a  menagerie  was 
attached  he  performed  the 
feat  of  going  into  the 
"lion's  den,"1'  which  was  a 
large  box  with  wooden  slats 
nailed  on  the  front  side  and 
generally  contained  two  or  three  dogs  and  a  number  of  cats. 
He  also  took  a  great  fancy  to  drilling,  and  had  a  company  of 
eighteen  or  twenty  of  his  playmates.  His  old  playmates  and 
the  older  people  generally  say  he  has  a  mania  for  riding  vic- 
ious horses,  and.  although  young  and  small  for  his  age,  he 
never  found  a  horse  he  could  not  manage.  Phil  was  known 
as  a  good-dispositioned,  manly  boy,  but  was  as  wild  as  any 


GEN.  PHILIP  HENRY  SHERIDAN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  65 

of  them,  and  stood  ready  to  assert  his  boyhood  at  any  time 
with  bare  knuckles  if  necessary,  though  he  was  by  no  means 
quarrelsome.  An  old  resident  who  is  full  of  reminiscences 
of  Phil  tells  this  story  of  his  early  days: 

<'  Phil  was  a  little  bit  of  a  fellow,  but  I  guess  he  whipped 
«very  fighting  lad  in  Somerset.  He  became  early  in  life  a 
most  daring  horseback  rider.  His  first  experience  as  a  cav- 
alryman was  on  the  bare  back  of  an  ugly  beast  without  a 
•4 rap  of  leather  anywhere  about  him.  The  horse  started  in- 
to a  terrible  run  and  did  not  halt  until  he  came  to  a  tavern 
some  miles  away.  There  he  ran  in  the  stable-shed.  Sher- 
idan hung  on  like  an  Indian  and  did  not  seem  to  be  in  the 
least  frightened.  When  asked  how  he  had  managed  to  stick, 
the  five-year  old  answered:  'I'd  been  told  how  to  do  it.  I 
just  hugged  his  neck  and  stuck  my  knees  in  his  side.'  No 
one  had  ever  before  succeeded  in  clinging  to  the  horse's 
back." 

At  the  age  of  twelve  Phil  went  to  work,  being  employed 
as  a  clerk  in  the  dry  goods  business  until  1847. 

While  preparing  himself  for  the  academy  he  came  near 
never  seeing  West  Point.  While  lying  on  his  bed  at  night, 
tired  out  after  his  day's  work  iu  the  store,  he  was  hard  at  his 
studies,  a  lighted  candle  standing  near  the  bed.  Gradually 
his  eyes  grew  heavy,  the  book  slipped  from  his  grasp,  and 
he  fell  asleep.  In  some  way  the  candle  fell  and  set  the 
bed  on  fire,  and  he  barely  awakened  in  time  to  save  himself 
and  the  building. 

At  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  was  admitted  to  West  Point. 
While  there  he  was  put  back  a  year  for  whipping  a  higher 
classman.  Thus  it  took  him  five  years  to  graduate,  but  still 
he  was  only  22  when  he  came  out, graduating  in  isr>;>.  After 
graduation  he  was  assigned  to  the  frontier  in  Texas,  whence 
he  was  transferred  to  Oregon,  where  he  was  stationed  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war. 

He  was  then  appointed  quartermaster  of  the  army  of  South- 


66  THE  HHHiKAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

western  Missouri,  and  in  April,  1862,  chief -quartermaster  of 
the  western  department.  The  following  May  he  was  made 
colonel  of  the  second  Michigan  volunteers  cavalry;  was  com- 
missioned brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  July  of  the 
same  year;  and  after  a  brief  period  he  was  put  in  command 
of  the  eleventh  division  of  the  army  of  the  Ohio.  A  divi- 
sion of  the  army  of  the  Cumberland  was  commanded  by  him, 
and  at  Stone  .River  saved  the  army  from  rout  by  his  stubborn 
resistance.  For  his  gallant  conduct  he  was  made  major-general 
of  volunteers,  and  on  the  fourth  of  August  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  middle  military  division,  and  sent  to 
operate  against  the  Southerners  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
His  assaults  upon  the  army's  position  at  Five  Forks  (April  1 1, 
1864)  and  Sailors  Creek,  being  particularly  brilliant. 

In  November,  he  was  made  major-general  of  the  United 
States  army.  Then  joining  General  Grant's  army  at  City 
Point,  whence  he  started,  March  25,  1865.  to  strike  the  final 
blow  for  the  overthrow  of  Lee's  army.  On  June  3d  of  the 
same  year,  Sheridan  was  assigned  the  command  of  the 
military  division  of  the  southwest,  and  on  June  1  7  that  of 
the  Gulf. 

In  1867  he  was  assigned  to  the  fifth  military  district  by 
Johnson,  and  to  the  department  of  the  Missouri  shortly  after. 
In  1869  he  became,  by  promotion,  lieutenant-general;  and 
upon  the  retirement  of  Sherman,  became  commander- in - 
chief. 

The  recent  outbreaks  among  the  Indians  of  the  southwest 
necessitated  his  presence,  with  Gen.  Miles,  upon  the  field  of 
hostilities. 

The  name  of  Gen.  Philip  Sheridan  has  been  put  forward 
as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States.  The 
gallant  general,  however,  does  not  wish  to  figure  at  all  in  the 
coming  contest;  but  he  is  assuredly  very  popular,  and  a  man 
that  could  be  implicitly  trusted  with  so  important  an  office  as 
that  of  President  of  the  United  States. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  67 

Gen.  Sheridan's  serious  sickness  of  1888  tilled  many  a 
veteran's  heart  with  sadness,  for  he  was  a  general  favorite 
everywhere  in  the  army.  While  commanding  his  regiment, 
the  second  Michigan  cavalry,  he  showed  the  mettle  of  which 
he  was  made. 

He  was  a  fighter,  and  that  is  why  he  was  so  popular.  His 
motto  was  as  Irish  as  his  heart:  "  Whenever  you  see  a  head 
hit  it,  and  hit  it  hard."  His  methods  were  most  simple  in- 
deed, and  were  generally  devised  on  the  spur  of  the  moment 
and  to  suit  the  occasion.  No  doubt  he  had  studied  the 
science  of  war,  as  he  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point  and  had 
been  in  continual  service,  but  he  went  on  the  field  to  whip 
somebody,  arid  not  to  demonstrate  theories  of  old  masters. 

While  he  was  with  the  army  of  the  Cumberland  he  acquir- 
ed the  title  of  Little  Phil.  It  was  not  because  he  was  a  dim- 
inutive creature,  but  when  in  company  with  Pap  Thomas, 
Garfield  and  Rosecrans,  he  was  the  smallest  of  the  lot.  They 
were  all  large  men,  which  made  him  look  slender,  if  not 
small.  Then  the  term  little  is  often  applied  to  a  favorite  as 
a  sort  of  pet  name.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  he  was 
a  much  smaller  man  than  they  when  he  became  lieutenant- 
general. 

When  in  the  army  of  the  Cumberland  he  was  one  of  the 
boys  in  camp,  yet  lie  never  became  familiar  with  the  men. 
He  was  not  a  dandy  by  any  means,  as  far  as  his  clothes  were 
concerned.  Indeed,  his  superior  officers  and  boon  com. 
panions  often  lectured  him  for  looking  so  shabby.  He  would 
answer  that  he  felt  better  in  his  old  clothes.  In  addition  to 
feeling  better  he  also  looked  better  in  a  common  fatigue 
uniform  than  in  a  dress-parade  suit. 

When  he  went  into  a  fight  he  went  in  to  win.  It  was  for 
that  reason  that  he  never  made  any  provision  for  a  retreat. 
His  men  were  always  confident  of  victory,  or  at  least  iir\ri 
feared  defeat.  At  Stone  river  his.  men  stood  like  statues, 
and  held  positions  that  were  seemingly  forlorn  hopes. 


63 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


THOMAS  H.  HUXLEY. 

Born  in  1825. 

PROFESSOR  HUXLEY  has  received  nearly  all  the  honors  us- 
ually offered  to  learned  men  in  his  line  of  research.  He  has 
been  president  not  only  of  the  Royal  Society,  but  of  the 
Geological  Society  and  of  the  British  Association,  and  Lord 
Rector  of  the  Aberdeen  University.  Breslau,  Dublin,  Ed- 
inburgh and  Cambridge  have  conferred  on  him  their  honora- 
ry doctorates. 

Thomas  Henry  Huxley, 
F.R.S. ,  LL.IX,  the  natural- 
ist, was  born  at  Ealing, 
Middlesex,  England, where 
his  father  was  master  of  a 
school.  After  receiving 
his  preliminary  education, 
he  studied  medicine,  and 
in  1846,  he  took  the 'diplo- 
ma of  M.R.C.S.,  in  or- 
der to  qualify  himself  for  J| 
the  medical  service  of  the 
royal  navy,  which  he  en- 
tered as  assistant  surgeon. 
He  was  next  appointed  to 
a  ship  commissioned  for 
tli  e  STirvC-j  of  the  Austra- 
lasian coast.  His  next  appointment  was  as  assistant  surgeon 
to  H.  M.  S.  "Rattlesnake,""  and  he  spent  the  greater  part 
of  his  time  from  1847-51  on  the  eastern  and  southern  coasts 
of  Australia.  The  results  of  his  studies  in  natural  history, 
for  which  the  cruise  afforded  facilities,  appeared  in  a  work 
entitled  "Oceanic  Hydrozoa." 

Upon  his  return  to  England,  in  1854,  Professor  Huxley 
found  himself  a  man  of  some  note  in  the  scientific  world. 


PROFESSOR  HUXLEY. 


•/•///•:  HinailM'llK'AL  REVIEW.  69 

He  now  left  the  navy,  and  succeeded  Edward  Forbes  in  the 
natural  history  chair  of  the  School  of  Mines,  and  from  that 
day  he  continued  to  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  the  public 
life  of  the  country. 

Honor  after  honor  has  fallen  to  him,  and  had  he  cared 
for  political  distinction,  it  is  certain  that  the  popularity 
which  secured  his  election  to  the  first  school  board  of  Lon- 
don, would  have  carried  him  into  parliament,  and  doubtless 
into  the  ministry. 

In  the  next  few  years  which  followed,  Mr.  Huxley  en- 
riched zoology  with  numerous  memoirs;  and  in  1857,  the 
same  year  that  he  joined  Dr.  Tyndall  in  studying  the  nature 
of  glaziers,  he  delivered  his  able  lecture  on  ''The  Theory  of 
the  Vertibrate  Skull.''  In  ls60,  he  delivered  a  series  of 
lectures,  which  were  published  under  the  title  of  ."Lectures 
on  our  Knowledge  of  the  Causes  of  the  Phenomena  of  Or- 
ganic Nature."  Mr.  Huxley  also  contributed  largely  to  the 
English  Cyclopedia;  published  his  lectures  on  "Comparative 
Anatomy  "  in  lsf>4;  "Lessons  in  Elementary  Physiology" 
in  1866;  an  introduction  to  the  "Classification  of  Animals'11 
in  1869,  and  numerous  other  works. 

"When  the  Darwinian  theory  was  first  promulgated,  Pro- 
fessor Huxley  immediately  ranged  himself  on  its  side.  It 
may.  indeed,  be  doubted  whether  without  his  powerful  sup- 
port the  doctrines  of  the  great  English  naturalist  would  have 
found -so  ready  an  acceptance  in  the  highest  scientific  circles. 

No  one  has  ever  excelled  Mr.  Huxley  in  expressing  in  a 
clear,  masculine  language  the  facts  which  he  desired  to  en- 
force. Hence,  not  only  his  "Hume"  in  the  English  Men 
of  Letter  series,  font  his  "Lay  Sermons,"  Addresses.  Reviews, 
etc..  may  be  taken  as  models  for  the  imitation  of  every  one 
desirous  of  acquiring  a  correct  English  style. 

He  has  been  made  a  member  of  scientific  societies  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  and  is  the  author  of  many  popular  sci- 
entific works. 


70 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HENRY  GEORGE. 

Born  in  1839. 

BORN  at  Philadelphia,  he  entered  a  counting  house  in 
1853,  then  learned  printing,  and  afterward  took  to  the  sea. 
In  1858  he  settled  in  California,  and  in  1866  joined  the  staff 
of  a  San  Francisco  paper  as  reporter,  subsequently  becoming 
editor  of  the  San  Francisco  ''Times"  and  "Post"  in  succes- 
sion. His  attention  had  already  been  directed  to  the  land 
question,  and  his  views  are 
embodied  in  •'•Our  Land  and 
Land  Policy,"  published  in 
1871.  In  1876  he  became 
state  inspector  of  gas  met- 
ers for  San  Francisco,  and 
in  1879  a  trustee  of  the  San 
Francisco  Free  Public  Li- 
brary. 

While  visiting  Ireland  he 
was  arrested  as  a  "  suspect' 
under  the  coercion  act  thenj 
in  force;  and  although  he! 
was  immediately  released, 
the  event  directed  attention 
to  the  work  "Progress  and 
Poverty,"  which   appeared 
in   1876,    having  an  enor- 
mous sale.     The  charm  of 
"Progress  and  Poverty"   is  the  simplicity  of  its  style,  and 
the  drastic  remedy  proposed  for  an  exasperated  people. 

Mr.  George,  maintaining  that  the  "  unearned  increment " 
is  rent,  as  Mill  had  called  it,  was  rightfully  the  property  of 
the  nation,  proposes  to  "  appropriate  rent  by  taxation/' which 
he  argues  would  be  no  injustice,  for  "it  is  not  necessary  to 
confiscate  land;  it  is  only  necessary  to  confiscate  rent." 


HKNRY    GEORGE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  71 

Tin-  falacies  in  Mr.  George's  reasoning  seem  to  be  due  to 
a  mistaken  notion  of  the  real  causes  of  poverty,  and  a  some- 
what superficial  acquaintance  with  economic  works  and  eco- 
nomic history.  In  a  lecturing  tour  throughout  the  United 
States  in  1 883-4,  Mr.  George  was  enthusiastically  received 
in  many  districts. 

In  1880  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  mayoralty  of  New 
York.  l»ut  was  defeated. 

Though  Henry  George  has  acquired  such  large  celebrity, 
his  wife's  name  has  hardly  been  mentioned  in  the  papers  that 
speak  of  him  so  often  and  so  much.  She  is  a  thorough  home 
body,  devoted  to  her  husband  and  their  four  children.  She 
is  one  of  the  small,  plump,  cheery  bodies  that  never  get  down- 
hearted, and  people  who  have  known  them  a  long  time  say 
that  but  for  her  unflagging  devotion  and  enthusiastic  belief 
in  him,  Mr.  George  would  never  have  been  able  to  come 
triumphantly  through  the  long  period  of  straitened  means 
and  hard  work  which  preceded  his  sudden  success. 


JOHN  CHARLES  FREMONT. 

Horn  'Inn  21,  1813. 

AT  Los  Angeles,  California,  on  Jan.  21,  1888,  upwards  of 
two  thousand  people  were  present  at  the  reception  of  Gen. 
.lohn  (.  Fremont  and  his  wife,  given  on  the  general's  sev- 
enty-fifth birthday.  It  is  the  intention  of  the  general  to  set- 
tle down  in  that  beautiful  city,  where  the  general  and  his 
wife  are  the  objects  of  much  respectful  admiration  and  love. 

He  was  detailed  in  1842  by  the  government  to  make  a 
survey  of  California,  with  instructions  to  pick  his  own  men. 
and  to  seize  the  country  if  the  Knii'lish  made  any  hostile 
demonstrations;  he  subsequently  took  possession  of  Califor- 
nia in  the  name  of  the  Knifed  State-. 

••Memoirs  of  My  Life,'"  which  was  issued  in   February. 


72 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


1887,  by  Gen.  Fremont,  with  the  aid  and  assistance  of  his 
wife,  Jessie  Benton  Fremont,  abounds  in  breezy  sketches 
and  incidents  of  far  western  life.  John  Charles  Fremont 
was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  his  father  having  been  a  French 
emigrant  to  this  country.  Though  left  an  orphan  at  the 
early  age  of  four  years,  he  received  a  good  education,  grad- 
uating at  Charleston  College  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  He 
taught  mathematics,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  en- 
gineering, having  received 
a  commission  as  lieutenant 
of  engineers  in  the  United 
States  army. 

Subsequently  most  of  his 
time  was  for  several  years 
occupied  in  government 
surveys  and  explorations  in 
the  Kocky  Mountains.  In 
1842  he  explored  the  South 
Pass,  and  his  exploits  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war  gave 
him  much  distinction. 

Col.  Fremont  was  one  of 
the  first  two  senators  from 
California,  serving  from 
1849  until  1851.  In  the  year  1856  he  was  the  republican 
candidate  for  the  president  of  the  United  States  in  opposition 
to  James  Buchanan,  the  democratic  candidate.  In  1861  and 
1862  he  was  a  major-general  of  the  United  States  army,  and 
became  governor  of  the  territory  of  Arizona  from  1878  to 
1882.  No  man  can  claim  the  glory  of  the  true  American 
by  a  better  title  than  Col.  Fremont,  who  has  made  the 
knowledge  and  the  development  of  the  resources  of  this  con- 
tinent the  great  end  of  all  his  exertions,  and  has  pursued  it 
with  a  self-sacrificing  devotion.  His  name  is  stamped  in- 


FREMONT. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  78 

delibly  with  an  imprint  that  can  never  be  obliterated  over  the 
whole  breadth  of  its  geography.  Gen.  Fremont's  personal 
history  is  in  many  essential  particulars  (especially  in  refer- 
ence to  western  affairs,  and  most  particularly  California,)  the 
history  of  the  country. 

Gen.  Fremont,  though  his  hair  and  beard  are  as  white  as 
snow,  is  as  bright  and  active  as  a  boy  in  his  teens.  When 
relating  his  experiences  his  eyes  sparkle  and  dance,  and 
his  voice  is  as  strong  as  that  of  many  a  man  half  his  age. 

Mrs.  Jessie  Ben  ton  Fremont  was  born  in  1825,  and  was 
married  to  Gen.  Fremont  when  she  was  a  little  over  twenty 
years  of  age.  Mrs.  Jessie  is  a  plump  and  well-preserved 
matron,  almost  as  vivacious  and  lively  ar>  she  was  when  she 
captivated  the  heart  of  the  young  soldier-scholar,  who  dared 
to  steal  away  the  daughter  of  ''Old  Bullion''1  (Col.  Benton), 
whom  it  grieved  so  sorely  that  his  daughter  should  run  away 
with  and  wed  a  young  teacher  of  mathematics  and  surveying. 
who  had  only  two  years  before  been  appointed  a  second  lieu- 
tenant of  topographical  engineers.  But  these  events  occurred 
over  forty -five  years  ago,  and  Mrs.  Jessie  Benton  Fremont's 
enthusiasm  for  her  husband  has  never  abated  in  all  this  time. 


JOHN  P.  ST.  JOHN. 

Born  in  1833. 

IN  a  lecture  on  "Prohibition."  given  in  Chicago  in  1887, 
ex-gov.  St.  John  said:  "It  is  not  always  to  a  man's  discredit 
to  be  in  the  minority.  I  have  been  there  three  times  —  once 
when  I  voted  for  freedom  in  1856,  then  when  I  ran  for  gov- 
ernor of  Kansas,  and  when  Cleveland  and  Elaine  beat  me  as 
a  candidate  for  the  presidency The  liquor  traf- 
fic must  be  wiped  out.  High  license  is  a  fraud  and  a  sham. 
Why  not  apply  the  license  to  the  marriage  relation?  A  man 
who  marries  one  wife  to  pay  one  hundred  dollars;  two  wives, 
one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars;  three  wives,  two  hundred  dol- 


74 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


lars;  ten  wives,  four  hundred  dollars;  and  the  man  who  mar- 
ries a  whole  seminary,  one  thousand  dollars!" 

St.  John,  the  great  prohibitionist,  was  born  at  Brockville, 
Franklin  county,  Indiana.  Before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age 
he  caught  the  "gold  fever"  and  started  for  California.  For- 
tune, however,  did  not  smile  upon  him,  and  he  was  compelled 
to  do  all  sorts  of  odd  jobs  for  a  living.  He  made  several 

voyages  to  South  America, 
Mexico,  Central  America, 
and  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  in  1852-53  took  part 
in  the  Indian  wars  of  Cal- 
ifornia and  Oregon.  In 
1860  he  returned  to  Illi- 
nois, entering  the  law  office 
of  Starkweather  and  Mc- 
Lean in  Charleston.  He 
was  soon  after  admitted  to 
a  partnership  in  the  firm. 
At  the  opening  of  the  war 
he  did  not  wait  to  be  draft- 
ed, but  voluntarily  entered 
the  army  to  battle  for  his 
country.  He  served  in  the 
sixty-eighth  Illinois  volun- 
teers as  private,  but  was  elected  captain.  He  next  became  as- 
sistant adjutant-general,  later  commanding  troops  at  Mattoon, 
Illinois.  When  the  143d  regiment  was  formed,  he  was  chos- 
en lieutenant-colonel.  He  resumed  his  law  practice  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  at  Charleston,  whence  he  removed  to  Olathe, 
Kansas,  in  1869.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate, 
and  six  years  later  he  was  elected  governor  of  Kansas,  and 
again  in  1879.  Two  years  later  he  was  defeated  for  governor; 
and  in  1884  he  was  defeated  as  prohibition  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  but  polled  25,000  votes  in  New  York  state  alone. 


JOHN  ]'.  ST.  .TORN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


75 


MAJOR  ADOLPHUS  W.  GREELY. 

Born  March  27, 1844. 

MR.  GREELY'S  birthplace  is  Newburyport,  Massachusetts. 
He  enlisted  in  the  army  in  1861,  and  six  years  later  he  was 
detailed  for  duty  in  the  United  States  signal  service. 

In  1880  President  Garfield  appointed  Greely  leader  of  the 
United  States  arctic  expedition,  a  post  which,  although  he 
lacked  a  seaman's  training,  he  was  eminently  fitted  to  occupy 
from  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  metereological  research. 
In  1881,  Lieutenant  Gree- 
ly, at  the  head  of  an  expe- 
dition of  twenty -five  men, 
set  sail  for  the  arctic  re- 
gions. They  were  soon  lost 
.sight  of,  and  nothing  was 
heard  from  them  tillJune, 
1SM.  when  they  were  res- 
cued off'  Cape  Sabine,  by 
the  United  States  explor- 
ing vessels  '-Thetis"  and 
••Bear."  under  Captain 
Schley — the  third  expedi- 
tion that  hud  gone  to  their 
relief. 

In   the   meantime  Gree- 
k's party  had  suffered  ter-  GREELY. 
rible   privations,  and  were 

accused  of  cannibalism,  an  accusation  that  was  emphatically 
denied.  Twenty  of  the  crew  had  perished.  lie  went  farther 
north  than  any  preceding  expedition,  reaching  to  within 
eight  degrees  of  the  North  Pole,  and  the  good  results  of  the 
expedition  are  numerous;  and  he  suggests  the  North  Pole  a> 
the  habitat  of  primitive  man.  He  is  now  at  the  head  of  the 
signal  service,  being  appointed  to  that  position  in 


76  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  weather  bureau  of  the  signal  office  has  so  far  out- 
grown the  other  divisions  of  the  office,  that  people  are  apt 
to  forget  that  the  signal  service  has  any  other  duty  than  that 
of  weather  predicting.  The  weather  bureau  was  established 
in  accordance  with  a  joint  resolution  of  congress  passed  in 
1870,  which  imposed  on  the  signal  office  the  duty  of  "giving 
notice,  by  telegraph  and  signals,  of  tne  approach  and  force 
of  storms."  The  work  is  now  done  by  the  bureau  as  follows: 
Stations  are  established  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and 
tri-daily  reports  are  sent  to  Washington,  D.  C.  By  means  of 
these  simultaneous  reports,  which  are  very  minute,  the  bureau 
is  enabled  to  keep  an  accurate  weather  map  of  the  entire 
union;  and  by  noting  the  course  of  storms,  to  predict,  from 
one  to  two  days  in  advance,  what  the  weather  in  any  partic- 
ular locality  will  be.  These  predictions  are  not  certain  to  be 
fulfilled,  but  experience  has  shown  that  the  probability  is 
largely  in  favor  of  fulfillment,  so  that  the  announcements  of 
the  bureau  may  be  made  a  guide  to  action. 

The  percentage  of  verification  has  been  given  as  high  as 
eighty-seven  to  ninety  per  cent.  And  in  the  larger  cities, 
when  rain  is  predicted,  people  can  be  seen  carrying  umbrellas 
in  anticipation  of  the  fulfillment  of  the  prediction. 

From  the  bureau  in  Washington,  despatches  are  sent  out 
—  at  least  as  often  as  three  times  a  day —  to  the  signal  offi- 
cers at  all  ports  and  inland  stations;  and   these,  by  the  dis 
play  of  signal  flags  and  by  publication  in  the  papers,  warn 
the  people  what  kind  of  weather  to  expect. 

In  accordance  with  a  recent  order  of  the  war  department, 
a  special  weather  forecast  is  made  for  the  railroads  of  the 
United  States,  and  telegraphed  to  the  managers  of  the  vari- 
ous lines  shortly  after  midnight.  On  many  roads  the  loco- 
motives of  the  morning  trains  display  the  flags  indicating  the 
probable  weather  for  the  next  twenty-four  hours.  These  sig- 
nals are  square  flags  of  white,  bearing  blue  and  red  suns, 
crescents  or  stars  in  the  center. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


77 


WHITELAW  KEID. 

Born  Oct.  27, 1837. 

WHITELAW  REID,  who  edits  the  paper  founded  by  Horace 
Greeley,  was  born  at  Xenia,  Ohio,  and  graduated  at  the 
Miami  University  in  1856.  After  acting  for  a  year  or  BO 
as  superintendent  of  the  graded  schools  at  South  Charleston, 
Ohio,  he  bought  the  Xenia  "News,"  editing  it  for  two  years. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaign  of  1860-1  and  went 
to  the  convention  as  correspondent  for  three  daily  newspa- 
pers. At  the  close  of  the  session  he  became  city  editor  of 

the  Cincinnati  ''Gazette.'' 
and  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  went  to  the  front 
as  war  correspondent  for 
that  journal.  He  served 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Mor- 
ris in  West  Virginia  with 
the  rank  of  captain. 

At  the  close  of  the  first 
AVt-st  Virginia  campaign 
he  returned  to  Cincinnati 
and  wrote  for  the  "Ga- 
zette" until  the  opening  of 
the  second  campaign,  when 
he  again  went  to  the  front 
with  Gen.  Rosecrans.  He 
wrote  letters  over  the  sig- 
nature of  "Agate,"  and 

witnessed  the  whole  of  the  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing. 
His  description  of  this  gave  him  great  distinction  as  a  \vai- 
correspondent. 

In  the  spring  of  1862  he  went  to  Washington,  and  was 
appointed  librarian  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  act- 
ed  80  correspondent  of  the  Cincinnati  "Gazette."  He  was 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  and  his  description  was  a  vivid 


WHITELAW    REID. 


78  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

narration  of  that  engagement.  In  1865.  accompanied  by 
Chief  Justice  S.  P.  Chase,  he  made  a  tour  of  the  south. 
Mr.  Chase  made  the  tour  upon  the  request  of  President 
Johnson  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  condition  and 
interests  of  the  white  and  black  races.  Mr.  Reid  published 
^After  the  War,  a  Southern  Tour,"  as  a  result  of  this  excur- 
sion. In  1865-7  he  engaged  in  the  cotton  planting  business  in 
Louisiana  and  Alabama,  and  published  "Ohio  in  the  War." 
In  1868  he  returned  to  the  Cincinnati  "  Gazette,"  and  be- 
came one  of  the  leading  editors.  Soon  after  Horace  Gree- 
ley  renewed  his  offer  first  made  in  1862  of  a  position  on  the 
N.  Y.  "Tribune."  The  offer  was  accepted,  and  in  1869  Mr. 
Reid  became  managing  editor.  Upon  nomination  of  Gree- 
ley  for  president  in  1872,  Mr.  Reid  became  editor-in-chief, 
and  upon  the  death  of  the  founder  became  the  owner. 


GEN.  GEORGE  ERNEST  BOULANGER. 

Born  in  1837. 

THE  army  in  France  has  from  time  immemorial  been  the 
nation's  pride.  No  Frenchman  can  look  back  into  his  coun- 
try's history  without  a  thrill  of  exultation.  To  this  senti- 
ment has  been  added  since  1870,  one  of  deep-seated  hatred 
and  an  insatiable  thirst  for  revenge;  and  the  army,  though 
beaten,  has  become  a  greater  factor  than  ever  in  the  nation's 
existence.  The  law  by  which  every  Frenchman,  unless  inca- 
pacitated by  bodily  infirmities  or  a  few  other  set  causes,  is 
enrolled  among  the  possible  defenders  of  his  country,  was 
enacted  July  27,  1872.  By  its  provisions  every  unexempted 
citizen  must  render  military  service,  first  for  five  years  in 
the  regular  army,  then  for  four  years  in  the  regular  reserve, 
then  for  five  years  in  the  territorial  army,  and  finally  for 
six  years  in  the  reserve  of  the  territorial  army.  In  other 
words,  France  expects  him  to  be  ready  at  her  call  during 
twenty  successive  years  of  his  life. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


79 


The  scrupulous  enforcement  of  this  law  has  enabled  France 
to  maintain  a  force  of  4(.»i;.  143  men  constantly  under  arms, 
which,  together  with  the  territorial  army  and  regular  troops. 
over  one  and  three-quarters  million  men  could  be  placed  un- 
der arms  in  defense  of  the  country. 

But  where  is  the  man  who  shall  lead  these  brave  soldiers 
against  the  enemy?  Such  is  the  question  modern  French- 
men ask  themselves.  Of  the  living  generals  capable  of  ser- 
vice, there  remain  but  Saussier,  commandant  of  Paris  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the 
French  army;  Negrier,  the 
hero  of  Tonquin;  and  last, 
but  not  least,  Boulanger 
—  all  three  comparatively 
untried  soldiers. 

"And  who  is  Boulan- 
uvr'"  lie  is  the  son  of  a 
lawyer,  and  during  1886-7 
trench  minister  of  war. 
There  was  often  "more 
bread  than  butter''  to  be 
had  in  the  domestic  circle. 
The  mother,  after  whom 
the  son  takes  in  personal 
appearance,  is  an  English- :fl 
woman.  Young  Boulan- 
ger showed  the  lion's  paw 
even  while  yet,  at  St.  Cyr, 
where,  on  free  days,  he 
dined  on  potatoes  in  order  to  buy  a  pair  of  yellow  gloves. 
He  served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Italian  campaign,  and  had 
the  good  fortune  to  be  wounded  and  decorated.  Since  then 
lie  has  been  everywhere  where  Frenchmen  have  been  fight- 
ing, and  once  he  has  been  seriously  wounded.  His  voice 
was  much  feared  by  the  pupils  of  St.  Cyr,  whom  he  used  to 


GEN.   BOULANGER. 


80  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

apostrophize  as  "ignores,"  but  even  at  that  time  he  courted 
popularity.  There  are  two  little  Boulangers,  one  of  whom 
bears  the  romantic  name  of  Yvonne. 

He  was  educated  for  the  army,  and  served  as  an  officer  in 
the  Italian,  Algerian  and  Mexican  campaigns;  and  was  rais- 
ed to  rank  of  colonel  for  gallantry  in  tlie  field  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  war.  He  was  made  division  commander  of 
troops  in  1877,  and  chief  of  the  infantry  department  in  the 
year  following;  he  was  also  sent  to  Tunis  as  chief  command- 
er of  troops  in  1881,  but  was  soon  afterwards  recalled. 

A  Frenchman  who  has  known  him  for  a  long  time  says 
there  is  something  effeminate  in  him;  overstrung  nerves,  un- 
equal temper,  vanity  and  amiability.  "Whenever  he  chooses, 
he  is  a  perfect  soldier.  Often  he  is  cold,  absent-minded, 
swinging  his  pince-nez  like  a  censer.  His  forehead  is  low, 
but  vaulted  like  that  of  a  thinker;  his  head  is  small,  and  his 
face  like  that  of  a  bird  of  prey.  His  beard,  which  is  light- 
er round  his  mouth,  and  his  hooked  nose  confirm  the  im- 
pression. He  looks  like  a  vulture,  with  his  veiled  gray 
eyes,  but  not  like  an  eagle  who  soars  towards  the  sun.  His 
thin,  long  hands  are  adorned  with  jeweled  rings.  And 
when  the  war  begins?  Then  Boulanger  will  mount  his 
horse,  leave  the  white  scarf  of  the  war  minister  to  some- 
body else,  and  call  out,  as  Gambetta  did  before  him.  "The 
general  for  whom  thou  art  waiting  am  I." 

Of  course,  great  opportunities  often  make  great  men,  and 
Boulanger  or  some  as  yet  unknown  officer  may  prove  a  sec- 
ond Napoleon  Bonaparte  before  the  end  of  another  Franco- 
German  war.  But  whatever  the  final  outcome  of  such  a  con- 
flict may  be,  the  Germans  can  rest  assured  that  with  a  huge 
chain  of  forts  to  rend  asunder  and  over  a  million  brave  sol- 
diers to  overcome,  their  task  next  time  will  as  little  resem- 
ble the  "walkover'"  of  1870  as  the  recent  half-breed  rebel- 
lion in  the  Northwest  resembled  our  own  terrible  civil  strife 
a  score  of  years  ago. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


81 


KATE  FIELD. 

Miss  KATE  FIELD,  who  is  so  outspoken  against  the  Mor- 
mons, is  known  to  every  school  boy  by  her  writings.  Her 
sketches  on  the  follies  and  foibles  of  the  human  race  have 
been  widely  read:  and  she  has,  in  her  lectures,  been  listened 
to  by  thousands  of  people.  Her  stand  against  what  she  calls 
*kThe  Mormon  Monster."  has  brought  her  into  prominence. 
Kate  Field  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  was  edu- 

cated  in  Massachusetts  and 
Europe.  She  enjoyed  the 
friendship,  during  the  la- 
ter years  of  his  life,  of 
Walter  Savage  Landor, 
who  was  a  volunteer  in  the 
Peninsular  war  and  there 
attained  the  rank  of  colo- 
nel; he  was  also  an  author 
of  note. 

During  her  stay  in  Eu- 
rope, Miss  Field  was  the 
correspondent  of  the  "Bos- 
ton Courier  and  Tran- 
script" and  the  New  Or- 
leans ••Picayune,"  and  af- 
terwards the  well  known 
"Straws,  Jr.,"  of  the 
Springfield  ••Republican*'  in  1867.  She  was  also  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  New  York  ••  Tribune,"  Chicago  "Tribune," 
Philadelphia  "Press."  and  the  various  London  journals. 

She  is  the  author  of  "Pen  Portraits  of  Dickens'  Read- 
ings." --Ten  Days  in  Spain,"  and  other  works.  Miss  Field 
is  an  able  dramatic  critic,  and  in  1S74  made  her  first  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  as  ••  IVg  Woffington."  in  New  York.  She 
also  excels  in  horsemanship,  of  which  she  is  passionately  fond. 


MISS     KATK     FIELD. 


82 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


KEY.  CHAS.  HADDON  SPUKGEON. 

Born  June  19,  1834. 

THE  "Pall  Mall   Gazette"  exposures,  in  1886,  of  the  in- 
iquities of  the  upper  classes  of  London,  produced  a  sensation 
rarely  equaled  in  journalistic    annals,   and  puUic  opinion 
was  much  divided  as  to  the    advisability  of   publishing   so 
much  obsceneness  in  a  journal  making  pretensions  to  decency. 
The  proprietors  of  the  paper,  however,  asserted  that  they 

had    acted    with    a  moral 
purpose,  and  although  the 
journal   was  ostracized  in 
many  of  the  better  houses 
and  clubs,  its  course  was 
sanctioned  by  many   emi- 
nent   men;    among    these 
was  the  great  London   di- 
vine,  Chas.  II.  Spurgeon, 
whose  fame  is  world  wide. 
and  in  a  sermon  delivered 
by  him,   he   spoke  boldly 
in  defense  of  the  course  of 
the  "Pall    Mall  Gazette/' 
"St.  Paul,"  the  preach- 
er said,  "felt  it  necessary 
to  mention  the  hideous  vi- 
REV.  c.  H.  SPURGEON.  ccs  of  the  heathens,    and 

left  on  record  an  exposure  of  the  sins  of  his  day  which  crim- 
soned the  cheeks  of  the  modest  when  they  read  it  ..... 

Every   secret  sin  is   secret  only  by  a  lying  phantasy  of  the 
imagination.      It  is  public  before  God.     It  is  necessary   for 
the  church  to  warn  men  of  what  will  happen  if  they  continue 
in  their  sins  ......     It  becomes  every  preacher  to 

cry  out,  and  spare  not." 

The  Kev.  C.  II.  Spurgeon  was  born  at  Kelridon,  Essex, 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  88 

and  was  educated  at  Colchester.  He  became  the  usher  in  a 
school  at  New  Market,  at  an  early  age,  and  while  thus  en- 
gaged competed  for  a  prize  offered  by  Mr.  Arthur  Mork-y, 
for  the  best  essay  on  a  religious  topic,  and  although  Mr. 
Spurgeon  did  not  receive  the  prize,  he  was  rewarded  by  a 
grant  of  money  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  treated  his 
subject.  Some  of  his  relatives,  who  were  independents,  pro- 
posed that  he  should  enter  one  of  their  colleges,  and  under- 
go a  training  for  the  ministry,  but  as  he  held  anabaptistic 
views,  he  joined  the  congregation  which  had  been  presided 
over  by  the  late  Robert  Hall,  at  Cambridge.  From  this  pe- 
riod he  became  a  village  preacher  and  tract  distributor  at 
Feversham,a  village  near  Cambridge,  under  the  designation 
of  "The  Boy  Preacher."  Shortly  after  this  he  accepted  a 
pastorship  of  Waterbeach. 

The  lad  of  seventeen  became  a  well  known  c-haracter;  and 
the  barn  in  which  he  preached  was  always  filled  to  overflow- 
ing with  auditors.  Invitations  to  preach  were  sent  to  him 
from  the  surrounding  places,  and  at  last  his  fame  reached 
London.  He  was  offered  the  chapel  in  New  Market  stivrt, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  before  a  London  congregation 
in  1853.  His  success  was  so  great  that  before  two  years 
had  elapsed  the  chapel  had  to  be  enlarged.  His  hearers 
multiplied  so  rapidly  that  it  became  expedient  to  engage  Sur- 
ray  music  hall,  and  his  followers  erected  a  new  chapel  call- 
ed the  "Tabernacle,"  which  was  formally  opened  in  lSt',1. 
Hundreds  of  Mr.  Spurgeon's  sermons  have  appeared  in 
print,  and  extracts  are  published  in  many  of  the  English  pa- 
pers shortly  after  their  delivery.  His  sermons  have  been  ru- 
bied to  America,  and  his  admirers  in  this  country  have  thus 
been  enabled  to  partake  of  his  wisdom.  Mr.  Spurgeon  has 
been  most  zealous  in  the  founding  and  continuance  of  char- 
itable institutions,  especially  such  as  assist  young  men  to 
obtain  an  education.  The  Stock  well  Orphanage,  established 
in  1867,  is  one  of  the  most  enduring  fruits  of  his  labors. 


THE  B10GUAP111CAL  HE  VIEW. 


WILL  CARLETON. 

Born  in  1845. 

AMONG  the  younger  American  poets,  there  is  perhaps  none 
better  known  or  universally  admired  than  Will  Carleton.  It 
is  a  singular  fact  that  the  western  poets  seem  always  to 
strike  a  new  vein  of  thought  or  feeling.  It  is  useless  for  the 
pedagogue  to  pcint  out  the  faults  of  Carleton's  poetry  and 
tell  us  that  his  verses  arc  not  properly  constructed  here  or 

ungrammatical  there,  for 
they  pointed  out  the  same 
errors  inPoe;  they  showed 
us  where  the  great  Dick- 
ens was  at  fault;  in  fact, 
everyone  whom  the  people 
admired  was  faulty  in  their 
eyes.  But  notwithstand- 
this,  Dickens  touched  the 
heart  strings  of  his  read- 
ers—  they  wept  or  laugh- 
ed at  his  bidding.  And  as 
it  was  with  Edgar  A.  Poe, 
so  it  is  with  the  subject  of 
this  sketch. 

Carleton  is  a  master  hand 
in  sounding  the  human 
heartstrings.  He  was  born  near  Hudson,  Lenawee  county, 
Michigan,  and  was  brought  up  as  farmer  boys  usually  are. 
His  desire  for  knowledge,  however,  led  him  to  walk  five 
miles  to  the  district  school,  where  he  studied  Latin,  algebra, 
etc.  In  1805  he  entered  college,  helping  to  defray  his  ex- 
penses by  teaching  school.  Graduating  in  1869.  he  joined 
the  editorial  staff  of  a  Chicago  paper,  and  later  became  edi- 
tor of  the  Detroit  "Weekly  Tribune.''  In  1868  he  wrote  his 
first  poem  "Fax,"  and  at  his  graduation  in  1869,  "-Rifts  in 


WILL    CARLETON. 


•/•///•;   llHHillM'Hli'M.   HK\'IK\\'.  85 

the  ClomU."  Tlie  following  lines  are  taken  from  his  beau- 
tiful poem,  written  in  INTO,  for  Decoration  Day,  entitled 
•'Cover  Them  Over:" 


tin-in  orer  iritli  l>ea  ntifnl  Jlowers; 
/it  <•!,-  tin-in  iritli  yarlnnds,  those  brothers  of  ours; 
l.yiity  xi>  silent.  liy  nujht  and  l>y  <hiy. 
Xleejrimj  the  years  of  their  -i  mm  hood  a  tray: 
Years  tln-y  //>nl  marked  for  the  joyt  <>f  (he  brave; 
Years  they  mutt  irast^  in  tin'  sloth  of  the  grave. 

Cover  them  on  r  —  yes.  eorer  them  orer--- 
Parent,  and  husband,  ami  hrother.  and  lover: 
f'rmrn  in  your  heart  those  ilcail  heroes  of  ours, 
And  eorer  them  oi'cr  iritli   beautiful  flowers." 

In  1871  appeared  his  master  work,  entitled  "•  Betsv 
and  I  Are  Out,"  and  soon  after  "How  Betsy  and  I  Made 
I').."  and  --Over  the  Hills  to  the  Poor-house."  In  1873  he 
produced  "Farm  Ballads."  and  in  1875  "Farm  Legends;" 
"Farm  Festivals"  appeared  in  1881,  all  of  which  were  hand- 
somely illustrated. 

The  works  of  Will  Carleton  are  published  in  a  very  neat 
and  attractive  form.  His  ••  Farm  Ballads"  and  other  poems. 
many  of  which  have  appeared  in  magazines  throughout  the 
ccmntry  from  time  to  time,  have  been  read  and  appreciated  high- 
ly. Indeed,  by  the  American  public  he  is  regarded  as  a 
truly  great  poet:  while  his  ••  Betsy  and  I  Arc  Out"  is 
especially  well  known,  having  become  as  familiar  to  the 
reading  public,  we  might  venture  to  say.  as  any  poem  of 
modern  times. 

Some  of  his  work  gives  evidence  of  hasty  production;  but 
taken  altogether,  Carleton  is  a  poet  of  whom  Americans  can 
justly  be  proud. 

In  his  books,  the  author  has  aimed  to  give  expression  t<> 
the  truth;  and  surely  his  literary  faults  can  be  overlooked 
"for  the  sake  of  the  truths  he  was  struggling  to  tell." 


86  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  It E VIEW. 

ROBERT  TODD  LINCOLN. 

Born  Aug.  1, 1843. 

THE  oldest  and  only  surviving  son  [of  a  family  of  five 
children]  of  the  martyred  Abraham  Lincoln,  is  Robert  Todd 
Lincoln,  who  was  born  in  Springfield,  Illinois.  He  is  as  yet 
best  known  as  the  son  of  his  father,  and  while  he  exhibits 
few  of  the  characteristics  which  made  a  name  (that  will  never 
die)  for  this  illustrious  stateman,  there  seems  to  be  a  certain- 
ty that  the  family  name  will  suffer  no  detraction  through  any 
action  of  Robert  Todd  Lincoln.  He  makes  no  pretentions. 
does  everything  he  undertakes  in  a  quiet  undemonstrative 
way,  and  is  faithful  to  all  the  obligations  of  life. 

His  parents  at  the  time  of  his  birth  owned  no  home,  and 
he  first  saw  the  light  in  the  Globe  tavern,  a  famous  old-time 
hostelrv,  where  thev  boarded.  When  he  was  about  a  year 

m  *  v  */ 

old  the  family  moved  into  the  house  which  continued  to  be 
their  home  until  the  father  became  president. 

Robert  went  to  school  in  Springfield,  but  after  getting 
through  with  his  primary  studies,  was  sent  to  the  Illinois 
State  University,  a  Lutheran  institution  of  very  modest  char- 
acter, which  like  most  small  western  colleges,  rejoiced  in  an 
ambitious  name.  He  went  east  in  1859,  and  one  year  later 
entered  the  Phillips  Academy  of  Exeter.  After  a  brief  at- 
tendance at  this  school  he  was  admitted  to  Harvard  Univer- 
sity as  a  member  of  the  class  of  '64,  having  passed  a  highly 
creditable  examination.  Graduating  in  due  time  he  entered 
the  law  school  of  the  university,  from  which  he  retired  after 
a  brief  stay  to  accept  a  commission  as  captain  in  the  army 
and  assistant  adjutant  general  of  the  staff  of  Gen.  Grant. 

He  witnessed  the  fall  of  Petersburg  and  the  pursuit  and 
capture  of  Lee's  army.  After  Petersburg  W7as  evacuated,  he 
was  sent  with  an  escort  to  City  Point,  to  bring  the  president 
[his  father]  to  the  front,  He  was  at  Appomattox  and 
witnessed  the  surrender  of  Lee.  The  next  day  he  started 


TH K  BIOGRAPHICAL  UK  VIEW. 


87 


with  Gen.  Grant  for  City  Point.  He  arrived  in  Washing- 
ton, April  14,  the  day  of  the  assassination.  Robert  Lincoln 
made  haste  to  reach  the  White  House,  and  was  the  first  to 
give  the  president  news  of  the  surrender  of  the  rebel  army. 
The  murder  of  his  father  threw  upon  Robert  Lincoln  the  re- 
>ponsibility  of  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  family. 
After  the  funeral  he  left 
Washington  with  his  moth- 
er without  waiting  to  wit- 
iie^s  the  grand  review,  and 
hastened  to  Chicago. 

His  service,  though  brief, 
was  severe  and,  as  the  say- 
ing is,  k*  made  a  man  of 
him." 

After  the  war  he  resign- 
ed his  commission  and 
went  to  Chicago,  where  he 
resumed  the  study  of  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1st;;. 

In  1870.  he  was  elected 
supervisor  of  tbe  south 
town  of  Chicago.  He 
\v;i>  an  elector  on  the  republican  ticket  for  the  state  of  Illi- 
nois, and  was  appointed  as  a  trustee  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  by  the  governor.  He  was  at  Springfield  in  the  of- 
fice, of  Gov.  Cullom  in  18*1.  when  he  received  the  news  of 
his  selection  as  secretary  of  war,  which  position  he  occupied 
•hiring  lssl-s4. 

He  was  married  in  18fi8,  to  Mary  Harlan.  a  daughter  of 
ex-senator  Harlan,  of  Iowa;  he  has  three  children —  a  girl 
born  in  1809,  a  boy  born  in  1873,  and  a  girl  born  in 


ROBERT  TODD  LINCOLN. 


88  THE  BIO G HA PHICA  L  RE  VIE  W. 

On  the  accession  of  Vice-President  Arthur  to  the  presiden- 
cy, Mr.  Lincoln  was  the  only  member  of  the  former  cabinet 
who  was  requested  to  retain  his  portfolio,  and  he  did  so  to 
the  end  of  the  administration.  He  performed  the  duties  of 
the  place  with  such  ability  and  fairness,  and  with  such  a 
knowledge  of  the  law,  and  appreciation  of  the  needs  of  the 
army,  as  to  gain  the  warmest  approbation  of  its  officers. 


NORMAN  J.  COLMAN. 

Horn  in  1840. 

NORMAN  J.  COLMAN  was  appointed  commissioner  of  agri- 
culture in  1885.  He  is  a  thorough  and  practical  agricultu- 
rist, and  publisher  and  proprietor  of  "Colman's  Rural 

World,""  a  weekly  agricul- 
tural journal  of  wide  circu- 
lation, published  in  St. 
Louis,  of  which  city  he  is 
a  citizen. 

His  duties  as  commis- 
sioner of  agriculture  are  to 
collect  and  diffuse  useful 
information  concerning  ag- 
riculture as  can  be  acquired 
tli  rough  the  means  of  books, 
correspondence,  and  prac- 
tical experiments;  to  col- 
lect new  and  valuable 
seeds,  and  to  learn  by  ac- 
tual cultivation  their  mer- 
NORMAN  .1.  COLMAN.  ,-,. , 


seeds  as  may  be  deemed  worthy  of  profitable  propagation. 
He  is  assisted  in  his  important  work  by  an  entomologist,  a 
statistician,  a  botanist,  a  chemist,  and  a  microscopist.  The 
efforts  of  Mr.  Column,  during  1887,  to  stamp  out  pleuro- 
pneumonia,  were  highly  creditable  in  their  results. 


THK  mod n A  rnirA  i.  u K  VIP:  ir. 


PORFIRIO  DIAZ. 

Born  $•,]>(.  i~>.  /N.W. 

UNDER  the  administration  of  Gen.  Diaz,  president  of  Mex- 
ico, manufactures  have  increased,  the  resources  of  the  coun- 
try have  been  developed,  commerce  has  multiplied,  .educa- 
tion has  advanced,  the  revenues  have  be<m  appropriated  to 
the  purposes  for  which  they  were  designed,  travel  is  safe, 
bandits  have  been  dispers- 
ed, and  railroads  and  tel- 
egraphs are  extending. 

Diaz  was  born  in  Oaxa- 
cu.  Mexico,  where  he  receiv 
ed  his  education  and  stud- 
ied law.  He  participated 
in  the  war  of  1847,  during 
the  American  invasion, 
and  subsequentlywas  made 
captain  of  artillery.  After 
being  engaged  in  active 
service  for  several  years, 
lie  was  appointed  govern- 1| 
<»r  and  military  command- || 
CM-  of  the  state  of  Yera 
Crux.;  but  was  soon,  at  his 
own  request,  transferred  to 
the  army  of  operation,  and 
later  accepted  command. 

He  was  made  chief  magistrate  of  Mexico  in  May.  1877, 
a  position  that  he  held  until  November,  issn.  being  suc- 
ceeded by  Gen.  Gonzalez.  In  1SSO  he  was  a  second  time 
inaugurated  as  president  of  the  Mexican  republic,  which  of- 
fice he  occupies  at  the  present  time 


PORFIRIO  IMAZ. 


90 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


RUSSELL  SAGE. 

Born  Aug.  4, 1816. 

RUSSELL  SA.GE,  than  whom  there  is  not  a  shrewder  opera- 
tor in  Wall  street,  as  many  unfortunates  who  have  purchased 
j  options  of  him  can  attest,  was  born  in  Oneida  county,  New 
I  York.  He  received  a  common  school  education  and  began 
active  life  as  a  clerk  in  a  dry  goods  store  at  Troy,  New 
York.  Until  1853  he  was  almost  wholly  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits.  In  1841 
he  was  elected  an  alder- 
man in  the  city  of  Troy, 
and  by  annual  elections 
served  for  seven  years  in 
that  capacity;  he  was  al- 
so treasurer  of  Rensselaer 
county  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  was  especially 
popular  in  that  position. 

In  1853  he  was  sent  to 
congress  as  representative 


and  served  until  the  year 
1857.  During  his  congres- 
sional career  he  served  on 
the  committees  of  invalid 
pensions  and  on  ways  and 
means.  He  was  the  first'  RUSSELL  SAGE. 

man  to  advocate,  on  the  floor  of  congress,   the  purchase  by 
the  government  of  Mount   Vernon. 

Mr.  Sage  is  the  most  extensive  dealer  in  options  in  New 
York,  and  at  the  time  of  the  Grant  and  Ward  failure  was  be- 
sieged by  those  who  held  claims  against  him.  .  His  office 
\vas  surrounded  by  a  mob,  and  to  prevent  the  claims  from 
being  presented  too- fast,  hired  men  to  retard  business,  and 
thus  enabled  to  meet  all  his  obligations. 


THE  BWGKAPHK '.  I  /.   UK  I  'IE  1C. 


91 


WALTER  Q.  GRESHAM. 

Born  Min-li  1'r,  /.<«?. 

WALTER,  or  Wat  Gresham,  as  every  man.  woman  and 
cluld  in  Harrison  county  calls  him,  grew  up  on  his  mother's 
farm  with  but  two  or  three  winters'  schooling,  such  as  the 
country  districts  then  afforded,  until  he  was  sixteen  years  of 
age.  A  tall  and  slender  youth,  with  remarkable  fine  hazel 
eyes,  well-formed  features  and  a  complexion  of  beautiful 
pallor —  ' '  the  image  of  his 
father,''  his  mother  was 
wont  to  say.  A  thought- 
ful boy,  desiring  to  study, 
but  without  opportunity, 
and  with  but  littlo  in  the 
way  of  books  to  read.  But 
his  fine  eyes  took  in  a  ho- 
rizon that  extended  far  be- 
yond his  mother's  farm, 
and  he  lived  in  the  hope 
that  one  day  it  might  fall 
to  his  lot  to  attend  an  in- 
stitution of  learning  called 
the  Corydon  Seminary. 

.  He  soon  secured  a  posi- 
tion in  the  county  audi- 
tor's office,  where  he  earn- 
ed enough  to  pay  for  his  board  while  attending  the  seminary. 
Two  years  at  the  Corydon  seminary  and  one  year  at  the 
Bloomington  university  completed  his  education  so  far  as 
schooling  was  concerned;  and  he  returned  to  Corydon.  ob- 
tained a  deputy  clerkship  in  the  county  clerk's  office,  and 
passed  his  leisure  hours  in  the  study  of  the  law  under  the 
guidance  of  Judge  William  A.  Porter,  one  of  the  noted  char- 
acters of  Southern  Indiana.  It  is  doubtful  whether  any  young 


WALTKR    Q.    GRESHAM. 


92  THE  BIOG11APHICAL  REVIEW. 

man  ever  had  a  better  instructor.  After  nearly  three  years 
of  work  by  day  and  study  by  night,  in  the  year  1854  Walter 
Gresham  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Thomas  C.  Slaughter,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  that 
time,  afterward  .judge  of  the  circuit  court. 

In  1858  Mr.  Gresham  married  Miss  Matilda  McGrain,  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  McGrain,  a  man  of  Scotch-Irish  descent, 
long  a  resident  of  Harrison  county.  A  son  and  a  daughter 
have  been  born,  to  them.  Meantime  I860  had  come,  and  the 
country  was  sweeping  on  toward  great  events.  The  death- 
grapple  with  slavery  was  at  hand,  and  the  republican  party, 
rising  like  a  youthful  giant,  was  preparing  for  the  conflict. 

Mr.  Gresham  was  born  near  Corydon,  Indiana.  Just  before 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  began  to  take  an  interest  in  politics, 
and  in  18(50  was  elected  a  representative  in  the  legislature  as 
a  republican,  from  Harrison  county,  which  had  previously 
been  always  represented  by  a  democrat.  During  the  session, 
although  a  very  young  man,  he  became  prominent  in  the 
war  legislation  of  the  period,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
became  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  thirty-eight  regiment.  He 
was  with  it  but  a  short  time  only,  when  he  was  made  colonel 
of  the  fifty-third  regiment,  and  served  with  Grant  before 
Vicksburg  as  a  brigadier-general.  He  was  subsequently 
with  Sherman  before  Atlanta,  commanding  a  division  of 
Blair's  corps,  and  it  was  in  a  battle  at  this  time  (1 864)  that  he 
was  so  seriously  wounded  in  the  leg  as  to  compel  him  to 
leave  the  field  and  return  home.  His  injury  was  so  serious 
as  to  compel  him  to  stop  at  New  Albany,  where  he  remained 
a  year  before  his  final  recovery. 

In  1865  he  was  bre vetted  major-general,  and  subsequently 
made  New  Albany  his  home;  being  appointed  state  agent, 
his  duty  was  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  state  debt  of  New 
York.  He  twice  ran  for  congress  against  the  speaker,  Mr. 
Kerr,  and  although  defeated,  materially  reduced  the  dem- 
ocratic majority.  He  was  held  in  great  esteem  by  General 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  i;i-:\'ll-:\\'.  93 

Grant;  and  \vlu'n,in  1869,  the  latter  became  president,  it  was 
his  desire  to  make  Gresham  secretary  of  the  interior;  but 
that  being  impracticable,  he  offered  him  the  collectorship  of 
NYw  Orleans,  which  was  declined.  Afterward,  upon  the 
death  of  the  late  David  McDonald,  President  Grant  ap- 
pointed him  United  States  judge  for  the  Indiana  district. 
In  the  republican  national  conventions  of  1  Mil  and  1880 
lie  supported  Bristow  and  Grant  respectively;  and  on  the  latter 
occasion  being  one  of  the  celebrated  4>300."  He  was 
appointed  postmaster-general  by  President  Arthur  in  1883, 
to  fill  the  vacant  place  of  the  late  Timothy  Howe;  and  on 
September  25,  1884,  he  was  made  secretary  of  the  treasury 
to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Charles  J.  Folger; 
and  in  the  following  October  he  was  given  a  seat  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  circuit  court.  During  his  career  on  the  bench, 
Gresham  has  heard  and  decided  many  noteworthy  cases,  ma- 
ny of  his  decisions  illustrating  in  a  remarkable  degree  his 
fearlessness,  impartiality  and  judicial  firmness. 

Givsham  has  been  a  man  of  action  more  than  of  study, 
and  yet  he  has  found  time  for  wide  reading.  He  possesses 
a  thorough  and  minute  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  of  the  country,  of  the  measures  of  the  various 
administrations,  of  the  great  debates,  of  the  men  who  shaped 
and  influenced  legislation  in  their  day.  many  of  whom  are 
now  forgotten,  lie  understands  the  relations  of  this  country 
to  foreign  nations,  the  nature  of  the  treaties  in  force  and  the 
government's  diplomatic  history.  He  has  been  a  careful  and 
thorough  student  of  the  decisions  of  chief  justice  Marshall, 
and  understands  the  just  relations  of  federal  and  state  sover- 
eignty. In  other  fields  of  literature  he  may  be  classed  as  a  well- 
informed  man.  without  being  what  one  would  call  profound- 
ly versed  in  books.  What  he  reads  he  makes  his  own,  not 
by  a  mere  effort  of  memory,  but  by  philosophizing  upon  it 
and  getting  at  the  heart  of  the  matter. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


GEOKGE  W.  CHILDS. 

Born  in  1829. 

MR.  CHILDS  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  at  the 
ago  of  thirteen  entered  the  United  States  navy,  spending  fif- 
teen months  in  the  service.  He  then  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  obtained  employment  as  shop  boy  in  a  book 
store.  At  the  age  of  eighteen,  having  saved  a  few  hundred 
dollars,  he  set  up  in  business  for  himself;  and  in  1849,  be- 
fore he  was  twenty-one 
years  of  age,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  publishing 
firm  of  Childs  &  Peterson. 
On  December  5,  1864,  he 
purchased  the  "Philadel- 
phia Ledger,"  a  daily  news- 
paper, which,  under  his 
management,  has  become 
a  very  influential  and 
widely-circulated  journal. 
Mr.  Childs  is  noted  not 
only  for  his  success  as  a 
journalist  and  publisher, 
but  also  for  his  hospitality 
and  liberality.  Men  of 
science  and  learning,  prin- 
ces and  others  of  noble 
blood  have  alike  partaken  of  his  most  genial  hospitality. 
When  Mr.  Childs  purchased  the  "  Ledger,"  it  was  losing 
scores  of  thousands  annually;  but  he  brought  young  blood, 
broad  business  intelligence  and  tireless  energy  to  his  task, 
and  the  newspaper  that  he  bought  for  fifteen  thousand  dol- 
lars twenty  years  ago,  now  pays  four  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars annual  profit.  The  broad  enduring  foundation  of  its 
success  is  its  entire  reliability  in  all  its  departments,  and  in 


GEORGE  W   CHILDS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW.  95 

.that  it  reflects  the  ripe  business  judgment  and  qualities  of  its 
successful  publisher.  What  adds  greatly  in  his  honor  is  the 
quiet  unostentatious  way  in  which  he  helps  the  needy  and 
afflicted.  Between  Gen.  Grant  and  Mr.  Childs  there  was  a 
close  friendship,  and  the  former  when  in  Philadelphia  al- 
most invariably  stayed  at  Child's  house;  indeed,  he  was  one 
«f  the  pall  bearers  at  the  funeral  of  Gen.  Grant. 


DWIGHT  L.  MOODY. 

Horn  Feb.  .5,  1837. 

THE  birthplace  of  Dwight  L.  Moody,  the  great  revivalist, 
is  Northfield,  Massachusetts.  At  seventeen  years  of  age  he 
was  in  the  employ  of  his 
uncle,  in  Boston,  as  sales- 
man; at  twenty  he  obtain- 
ed employment  in  Chi- 
cago, there  joining  the 
Plymouth  congregational 
church. 

The  first  mission  he  start- 
ed in  Chicago  was  in  a  de- 
vrrted  saloon,  the  worst 
characters  of  the  city  be- 
ing invited.  Mr.  Moody's 
success  in  this  undertaking 
was  without  precedent,  and 
he  finally  consented  to  de- 
vote his  whole  time  to  mis-  DWKillT  L.  MOODY, 
sionary  work.  In  1863  Mr.  Moody  was  installed  in  his  new 
church,  now  situated  on  Chicago  avenue,  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago. A  year  prior  to  his  instalment  in  this  church,  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  Ira  D.  Sankcy.  In  1S72  Moody  and 
San  key  conducted  revivals  throughout  the  United  Kingdom. 
which  created,  at  that  time,  a  furore  in  the  religious  world. 


96  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  11EVIKW. 

COL.  THOMAS  E.  ROSE. 

AMONG  all  the  thrilling  incidents  in  the  history  of  Libby 
prison  none  exceed  in  interest  the  celebrated  tunnel  escape 
which  occurred  on  the  night  of  February  !>,  ls<!4.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  thrilling  and  daring  episodes  of  the  civil  war 
—  the  escape  of  Col.  Thomas  E.  Hose  with  one  hundred 
and  eight  other  union  officers,  by  tunneling  from  a  cellar 
fifty  feet  under  a  vacant 
lot,  with  no  other  tools 
than  jack-knives  and  an 
old  chisel,  the  earth  being 
drawn  out  by  means  of  a 
wooden  spittoon  and  a 
rope.  The  difficulty  of 
forcing  air  to  the  digger, 
whose  body  nearly  tilled 
the  tunnel, %  increased  as 
the  hole  was  extended. 

Under  a  standing  rule,| 
the  twelve  hundred  pris-J 
oners  were  counted  twicel 
each  day.  the  first  count 
being  made  about  nine  in 
the  morning,  and  the  last 

about    four    in    the    after-  COL.  THOMAS  E.  KOSE. 

noon.  To  conceal  the  absence  of  the  five  men  who  were 
daily  at  work  at  the  tunnel,  the  comrades  of  the  party  off 
digging  duty  resorted,  under  Hose's  supervision,  to  a  device 
of  "  repeating."  When  the  tunnel  was  completed,  Col.  Hose 
assembled  his  party  (who  had  helped  to  construct  the  tunnel ) 
in  the  kitchen,  through  the  fireplace  of  which  an  opening  had 
been  made  to  the  cellar  that  led  to  the  entrance  of  the  tunnel. 
After  the  last  man  had  gone  down,  Rose  followed,  bidding 
llobart  good-bye.  According  to  arrangement,  Rose  and  his 
party  were  to  have  two  hours'  start,  when  another  party  was  to 
be  allowed  to  escape.  But  before  nine  o'clock  the  knowledge 


THE  "BIOGRAPHICAL  HKV1KW.  97 

of  the  existence- of  the  tunnel  and  of  the  departure  of  the 
first  party  was  Hashed  over  the  crowded  prison,  which  was 
soon  a  convention  of  excited  men.  Col.  Hobart  made  a  brave 
effort  to  restore  order,  but  the  frenzied  crowd  that  now 
fiercely  struggled  for  precedence  at  the  fire-place  was  beyond 
human  control.  At  tin's  moment  a  sound  as  of  tramping  feet 
was  heard,  and  some  idiot  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  mob 
startled  them  with  the  cry.- -The  guards,  the  guards!"  . 
(iivat  was  the  panic  in  Libhy  when  the  next  morning's 
roll  revealed  to  the  astonished  confederates  that  one  hun- 
dred and  nine  of  their  captives  were  missing;  and  as  the 
tire-place  had  been  rebuilt  by  some  one  and  the  opening  of 
the  hole  in  the  yard  had  been  covered  by  the  last  man  who 
went  <)irt.  no  human  trace  guided  the  keepers  toward  a  solu- 
tion of  the  mystery.  Of  the  ln'.t  men  fifty-nine  reached  the 
Union  lines,  forty-eight  were  re-captured  and  two  drowned. 

Rose  passed  out  of  Richmond,  and  at  daybreak  coming 
Unexpectedly  upon  a  camp  of  confederate  cavalry,  he-  crawled 
into  a  large  hollow  >ycamore  log.  The  February  air  was 
keen  and  biting,  but  he  kept  his  cramped  position  until  late 
in  the  afternoon.  Toward  night  he  cautiously  came  forth, 
and  waded  acro>s  the  Chicahominy  river,  the  bed  of  which 
being  uneven,  and  full  of  holes,  he  was  thoroughly  soaked 
before  he  reached  the  other  shore.  His  limbs  became  stif- 
fened, and  he  made  a  brave  effort  to  throw  off  the  horrible 
ague.  1'y  day  he  had  to  hide  from  the  confederates.  II  i> 
tattered  clothes  were  fro/en  stiff,  but  lie  pushed  on  resolutely, 
wading  through  deep  and  treacherous  morasses  that  proved 
such  dangerous  fever  pool.;  to  Meridian's  army  in  ls»;^. 

After  days  of  suffering  he  was  again  captured  and  sent 
back  to  Libby  prison.  However,  a  few  months  afterward  he 
was  exchanged  for  a  confederate  colonel,  and  on  Julv  (\, 
!>>»'•  4.  he  rejoined  his  regiment. 

Col.  Ro>e.  niice  the  war.  has  -erved  with  the  Itith  United 
States  infantry,  in  which  he  holds  a  captain's  commission. 


THE  HIOGRAPHWAL  REVIEW. 


MKS.  ELIZABETH  CADY  STANTON. 

Born  Nov.  12,  1815. 

ONE  of  the  most  celebrated  exponents  of  woman's  rights' 
doctrines,  is  Mrs.  '-Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton.  Adverse  deci- 
sions in  some  of  the  states  seem  now  tending  gradually  to- 
ward removing  every  theoretical  objection  to  woman's  par- 
ticipation in  public  affairs.  Mrs.  Stanton  was  not  the  pio- 
neer in  this  field  in  America  to  openly  discuss  female  suf- 
frage, but  she  was  the  first 
woman  to  formulate  the 
doctrines  that  have  since 
been  adopted.  Some  par- 
agraphs from  the  woman's 
convention,  at  which  she 
was  the  head  and  main- 
spring, read  as  follows: 
"The  object  of  the  con- 
vention is  to  discuss  the 
social  and  religious  rights 
of  woman.  He  (man)  has 
never  permitted  her  to  ex- 
ercise her  inalienable  right 
to  the  elective  franchise. 
He  has  denied  her  the  fa- 
cilities for  obtaining  an  ed- 
ucation, all  colleges  being 
closed  against  her.  He  has  created  a  false  public  senti- 
ment by  giving  to  the  world  a  different  code  of  morals  for 
men  and  women,  whereby  moral  delinquencies,  which  ex- 
clude women  from  society,  are  not  only  tolerated,  but  deem- 
ed of  little  account  in  man. 

"Therefore,  it  is  resolved,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  women 
of  this  country  to  secure  to  themselves  the  sacred  right  to 
the  elective  franchise." 


MRS.   CADY   STANTON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  99 

Elizabeth  Cady  Stan  ton  was  born  at  Johnstown,  New 
York,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Judge  Daniel  Cady  and  Mar- 
garet Livingston.  Elizabeth  Stanton  had  her  attention  early 
turned  toward  the  disabilities  of  her  sex.  She  married,  in  the 
year  of  1840,  Henry  B.  Stanton,  and  accompanied  him  to 
the  world's  anti-slavery  convention  at  London.  There  she 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Lucretia  Mott,  signing  with  her 
the  call  for  the  first  woman's  rights'  convention,  which  met 
July  19-20,  1848,  on  which  occasion  the  first  formal  claim 
of  suffrage  for  woman  was  made. 

After  her  return  to  America,  she  addressed  the  New  York 
legislature  in  1854  on  the  rights  of  married  women,  and  in 
1860  in  advocacy  of  divorce  for  drunkenness;  and  again  in 
1867,  both  the  legislature  and  the  constitutional  convention, 
maintaining  that  during  the  revision  of  the  constitution,  the 
state  was  resolved  into  its  original  elements,  and  that  all  the 
citizens  had  a  right  to  vote  for  members  of  that  convention. 

Since  1869,  she  has  frequently  addressed  congressional 
committees  and  state  constitutional  conventions.  She  can- 
vassed the  state  of  Kansas  in  the  year  1867,  and  Michigan 
in  1874,  when  the  question  of  woman's  suffrage  was  submit- 
ted in  those  states.  She  was  one  of  the  editors  of  a  work 
entitled  "The  Revolution."  Mrs.  Stanton  was  also  the  pres- 
ident of  the  national  committee  from  the  year  of  1855  until 
that  of  1865,  in  which  position  and  duration  of  time,  she  dis- 
played extraordinary  knowledge  of  the  management  of  pub- 
lic affairs.  She  was  also  president  of  the  Woman's  Loyal 
League  in  1863,  and  of  the  National  Association  until  1873. 
Mrs.  Stanton  is  a  smooth  and  polished  writer  and  is  indefa- 
tigable in  her  efforts  for  securing  for  her  sex  the  right  of  the 
franchise  and  the  revision  of  many  laws. 

Through  the  untiring  efforts  of  such  noble  women  as  Eliz- 
abeth Cady  Stanton,  the  woman's  rights'  doctrine  now  com- 
mands great  respect,  and  numbers  among  its  adherents  many 
leading  men  of  the  day. 


100 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CYRUS  W.  FIELD. 

Born  Nov.  30.  1819. 

THE  birthplace  of  Cyrus  West  Field  is  Stockbridge,  Mass- 
achusetts, where  lie  was  educated.  Entering  a  counting  house 
in  New  York,  he  became  in  a  few  years  the  proprietor  of  a 
large  mercantile  establishment.  Retiring  from  business  in 
1858,  he  traveled  for  a  while  in  South  America,  and  on  his 
return  in  1854  he  gave  his  attention  to  the  subject  of  ocean 
telegraphs,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  procuring  a  char- 
ter from  the  legislature  of 
Newfoundland  to  establish 
a  telegraph  from  the  con- 
tinent of  America  to  that 
colony,  and  thence  to  Eu- 
rope. 

For  the  next  thirteen 
years  he  devoted  himself 
exclusively  to  the  execu- 
tion of  this  undertaking. 
He  was  actively  engaged 
in  the  construction  of* the  ':$ 
land  line  of  telegraph  in 
Newfoundland,  and  in  the 
two  attempts  to  lay  the 
submarine  cable  between 
Cape  Ray  and  Cape  Breton,  lie  crossed  the  ocean  more 
than  fifty  times  with  the  expeditions  for  laying  the  cable  un- 
der the  Atlantic,  the  success  of  which  was  mainly  due  to  his 
exertions.  He  received  the  unanimous  thanks  of  congress, 
with  a  gold  medal,  in  commemoration  of  the  successful  en- 
terprise; and  at  the  Paris  exposition  he  received  the  grand 
medal.  Since  1877  he  has  been  prominently  connected 
with  the  elevated  railways  in  New  Yrork  city,  and  has  been 
president  of  one  of  the  companies. 


CYRUS    W.    FIELD. 


•/•///•;  nio<ii!Ai>iii<'AL  HEVIEW.  101 

JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER. 

Horn  Da-.  /;.  /,vo;. 

WHO  is  the  best  American  poet  (  Shortly  after  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War,  this  question  was  asked  (when  conversa- 
tion on  politics  and  finance  began  to  lag)  by  one  among  a 
group  of  prominent  men.  Horace  Greeley,  who  was  one  of 
the  party,  replied  with  the  name  of  Whittier;  and  his  judg- 
ment was  instantly  approved  by  all  present.  This  shows  his 
standing  with  typical  Americans  of  his  own  times. 

On  the  primitive  homestead  in  the  beautiful  Merrimack 
valley,  about  five  miles  distant  from  the  market  town  of 
Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born, 
descended  from  Quakers  and  Huguenots. 

Although  when  young,  he  had  but  little  to  read  —  the  Bi- 
ble, ''Pilgrim's  Progress,"  and  the  weekly  newspapers;  and 
a  little  schooling  in  the  district  school  house  —  yet  the  boy's 
poetic  fancy  and  native  sense  of  rhythm  were  not  inert.  A 
great  stimulus  came  in  the  way  of  Burn's  poems,  a  cheap  edi- 
tion of  which  fell  into  his  possession.  Of  our  leading  poets 
he  was  almost  the  only  one  who  learned  Nature  by  working 
with  her  at  all  seasons, -under. the* sky_and  in  the  wood  and 
field. 

A  piece  of  verse  sent  by  young  Whittier  to  the  Newburv- 
port  "Free  Press"  led  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  its  editor, 
to  look  up  his  contributor  and  to  encourage  him  with  praise 
and  counsel.  From  that  time  we  see  the  poet  working  up- 
ward in  the  old-fashioned  way.  Supplementing  his  training 
by  a  year  or  more  in  the  academy,  and  by  a  winter's  practice 
as  a  teacher,  he  entered  upon  a  journalistic  career  of  varied 
experiences.  His  first  work  was  a  book  of  legends,  in  prose 
and  verse.  He  now  was  doomed  to  years  of  disfavor  through 
his  efforts  for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  he  should  be 
crowned  as  poet  laureate  by  all  anti-slavists.  Whittier  was  the 
secretary  of  the  first  anti-slavery  convention.  We  are  told 


102 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


that  from  1832  to  the  close  of  our  dreadful  war  in  1805,  hi* 
harp  of  liberty  was  never  hung  up.  Not  an  important  occa- 
sion escaped  him,  and  every  significant  incident  drew  from 
his  heart  pertinent  and  often  very  impressive  verses. 

In  1831  Garrison  had  begun  the  "Liberator,"  with  the 
watchword  of  unconditional  surrender,  and  he  was  re-inforeed 
by  Whittier,  with  lyre  and  pen.  "Snow  Bound''  was  received 
with  a  warm  welcome.  <  /?  --^r^ . 

He  supplied  his  verse  on 
the  instant,  and.  of  course, 
were  not  polished  so  finely 
as  Longfellow  and  his  com- 
peers; slight  changes  would 
have  made  that  eloquent 
.lyric,  "Randolph  of  lio- 
anoke,"  a  perfect  one. 
Skilled  in  prose,  the  best 
articles  and  essays  from 
his  pen  are  written  with  a 
true  and  direct  hand, 
though  rather  barren  of 
the  epigram  which  enrich- 
es  the  prose  of  Lowell, 
Emerson  and  Holmes. 

Johnson's  tribute,  a  com- 
plement to  Parkson's  paid 
honor  is  "  The  poet  of  free-       JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER. 
dom,humanity,  religion;  whose  words  of  holy  fire  aroused  the 
conscience  of  a  guilty  nation,  and  melted  the  fetters  of  slaves." 

He  has  tried  to  make  the  world  a  little  better, 
to  awaken  a  love  of  freedom,  justice  and  good  will,  and  his 
name  will  be  enrolled  "as  one  that  loved  his  fellow  men." 
In  this  person  a  grace  is  added  to  his  poetry  by  the  avowal, 
UI  set  a  higher  value  on  my  name  as  appended  to  the  Anti- 
Slavery  Declaration  than  on  the  title  page  of  my  books." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


103 


EGBERT  BONNER. 

•     Born  April  28,  1824. 

BOKN  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  near  Londonderry,  Robert 
Bonner  was  brought  to  America  whilst  yet  a  child,  and  was 
educated  in  Connecticut.  Showing  a  liking  for  the  printers' 
trade  ho  was  placed  in  the  office  of  the  Hartford  "  Courant," 
where  he  learned  to  set  type.  He  soon  became  known  as 
the  best  and  quickest  workman  in  Hartford,  and  upon  one 
occasion  set  the  astonish- 
ing number  of  seventeen 
hundred  "ems"  in  one 
hour.  In  1844,  he  went 
to  New  York,  and  worked 
on  the  American  "Repub- 
lican;" and  after  the  col- 
lapse of  that  journal, on  the 
Evening  "  Mirror."  Here- 
reived  charge  of  the  "Mer- 
chants1 Ledger,"  which  be- 
came the  New  York  "  Led- 
ger "  of  to-day.  After  su- 
perintending the  "Ledger" 
for  a  short  time,  it  was 
bought  by  him.  At  that 
time  New  York  had  no  lit- 
erary journal,  Philadel-  ROBERT  BONNER. 
phia  and  Boston  being  recognized  as  the  literary  centers. 
When  Mr.  Bonner  announced  his  intention  to  make  a  liter 
ary  weekly  of  tho  "  Ledger,"  his  failure  was  predicted  by 
all  his  friends. 

Fanny  Fern  was  at  the  height  of  her  popularity  at  that 
time;  Mr.  Bonner  engaged  her  to  write  for  the  "Ledger"  at 
one  hundred  dollars  a  column.  lie  advertised  the  fact  ev- 
erywhere. The  announcements  of  his  paper  were  in  almost 


104 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


every  journal  in  the  land.  The  method  was  new  and  the 
sales  of  the  "Ledger"  were  enormous.  Mr.  Bonner  engag- 
ed the  foremost  writers  of  the  day;  and  stories  by  Edward 
Everett,  Alice  and  Phoabe  Gary,  H.  W.  Beecher,  James 
Gordon  Bennett,  Henry  J.  Raymond,  Horace  Greeley  and 
others,  appeared  regularly  in  the  ;i  Ledger." 

Mr.  Bonner  is  a  noted  lover  of  horses  and  owned  "Dex- 
ter," the  crack  trotter  of  a  generation  ago;  "Ranis  "and 
'•Maud  S.v  He  has  an  elegant  country  seat  at  Morrissania, 
New  York,  in  addition  to  a  fine  residence  in  New  York  city. 


DANIEL  S.  LAMONT. 

Born  in  1851. 

THE  private   secretary  of  President  Cleveland,  Ool.  Dan- 
iel 8.  Lament,  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  is 

the  only  child  of  a  country 
merchant.  He  was  deputy 
clerk  in  the  New  York  as- 
sembly for  several  years, 
and  was  afterward  employ- 
ed in  the  state  department. 
In  1878  he  became  legis- 
lative reporter  to  the  Alba- 
ny "Argus,  "and  for  a  time 
was  managing  editor  of 
that  publication,  having  al- 
so a  pecuniary  interest 
therein. 

Mr.  Lament    has    filled 
many   important   political 
positions  with  great  credit. 
DANIEL  s.  LAMONT.  So  great  are  his  perceptive 

powers,  that  he  was  called  upon  for  advice  by  S.  J.  Tilden, 
when  that  astute  politician  was  governor  of  the  Empire  state. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


105 


TERENCE  V.  POWDERLY. 

Born  in  1849. 

THE  general  master  workman,  Terence  V.  Powderly,  is  a 
native  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  machinist  by  trade.  He  is  op- 
posed to  strikes  and  boycotting,  and  has  gained  the  respect 
of  all  classes,  having  shown  himself  to  the  public — through 
his  open  letters  to  the  daily  press  of  the  country — to  be  an 
earnest  student  of  capital  and  labor. 

As  general  master  work- 
man of  the  knights  of  la- 
bor he  commands  the  at- 
tention and  confidence  of 
the  workingmen  of  the 
country. 

The  leading  political 
principles  of  the  knights 
of  labor  are  embodied  in 
the  state  ownership  of  rail- 
roads, telegraphs,  and  the 
like  means  of  transporting 
intelligence,  passengers, 
and  freight;  a  graduated 
income  tax;  that  public 
lands  be  reserved  for  actual 
settlers,  and  all  lands  now 
held  for  speculative  pur- 
poses to  be  taxed  to  their 
TERENCE  v.  powDEKLY.  fuii  value,  and  the  doing 
a\\ay  with  banks  of  issue.  Mr.  Powderly  says:  "The  legisla- 
ture a  few  years  ago  would  not  have  paid  the  slightest  atten- 
tion to  a  labor  organization,  but  now  the  knights  of  labor 
could  defeat  any  candidate.  I  do  not  believe  in  boycotting, 
or  in  blacklisting:  I  believe  in  arbitration,  and  T  would  make 
arbitration  compulsory." 


106 


THE  BIOOBAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILKIE  COLLINS. 

Born  in  1824. 

WILLIAM  WILKIE  COLLINS,  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
William  Collins,  the  well  known  painter  of  rustic  scenes, 
was  born  in  London.  After  being  educated  at  a  private 
school  and  spending  two  years  with  his  parents  in  Italy,  he 
was  articled  for  four  years  to  a  firm  in  the  tea  trade,  but  soon 
gave  up  the  mercantile  position  to  study  law. 

His  first  literary  produc- 
tion was  a  biography  of 
his  father,  published  in 
1848. 

From  that  time  he  de* 
voted  himself  entirely  to 
literature,  and  published 
successively  "  Antonina  " 
in  1851,  "Basil "in  1852, 
"Mr.  Kay's  Cash  Book" 
in  1852 ,  »  Hide  and  Seek  " 
in  1854,  etc.  Soon  after- 
wards he  became  a  con- 
tributor to  "Household 
Words;"  and  his  "After 
Dark"  and  "The  Dead 
Secret  "  are  reprints  of  the 
tales  which  orginally  ap- 
peared in  that  periodical.  In  1859  he  published  "Queen 
of  Hearts,"  and  in  1860  his  masterpiece,  "The  Woman  in 
White."  In  1862  "No  Name"  appeared,  followed  in  1863 
by  "My  Miscellanies,"  and  in  1866  by  "  Armadale,"  "The 
Moonstone,"  "Man  to  Wife,"  and  many  other  works  fol- 
lowed in  rapid  succession.  Of  late  years  he  has  contributed 
largely  to  "Harper's  Magazine." 

Mr.  Collins'  works  have  been  translated  into  almost  every 


WILKIK    COLLINS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  107 

modern  language,  and  have  run  through  several  editions. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Guild  of  Literature  and  Art.  He 
wrote  "The  Lighthouse,"  first  played  in  private  at 
"Tavistock  House,"  and  afterwards  produced  at  the  Olym- 
pic Theatre.  In  1857  "The  Frozen  Deep"  was  produced 
at  "Tavistock  House"  by  a  company  of  amateurs,  among 
whom  was  Charles  Dickens.  Mr.  Collins  dramatized  "  The 
Moonstone "  in  1877;  but  his  play  "Rank  and  Riches,"  pro- 
duced in  1883,  was  a  complete  failure. 


WILLIAM    DEAN  HOWELLS. 

Born  March  1, 1837. 

i 

IN  William  D.  Howells,  America  has  an  author  of  whom 
she  can  well  be  proud.  Not  only  are  his  works  most  pop- 
ular in  America,  but  in  England  and  on  the  continent  they 
are  received  most  enthusiastically.  In  choosing  his  sub-! 
jects,  Mr.  Howells  has  always  taken  those  with  which  he  i& 
thoroughly  familiar,  and  therefore  most  competent  to  write; 
and  in  this  he  has  followed  the  example  set  him  by  the 
masters  of  fiction. 

His  works  are  characterized  by  the  cleanliness  and  freedom 
from  those  debasing  subjects  of  the  times,  with  which  many 
writers,  notably  those  of  the  French  school,  deem  it  neces- 
>ary  to  introduce  to  their  readers. 

William  Dean  Howells  was  born  at  Martinsville,  Ohio.  In 
1840  he  removed  to  Hamilton.  Ohio,  with  his  father,  who  was 
a  printer  and  journalist.  Mr.  Howells  learned  the  printers' 
trade  of  his  father,  and  was  afterwards  editorially  connected 
with  the  Cincinnati  "  Gazette  "  and  "Ohio  State  Journal." 
From  1861  to  1865  he  was  United  States  consul  at  Venice. 
Returning  to  America  he  engaged  in  literary  labor,  and  in 
1871  became  editor  of  the  "Atlantic  Monthly,"  a  position 
which  he  retained  until  1870,  when  he  relinquished  it  to  de- 


108 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


vote  himself  exclusively  to  writing.  Besides  his  papers  in  that 
magazine  and  other  periodicals,  he  has  published  "Poems  of 
Two  Friends"  (himself  and  J.  J.  Piatt)  in  1860,  "Venetian 
Life"  in  1806,  followed  by  "Italian  Journeys,"  "No  Love 
Lost,"  "Suburban  Sketches," -'Their  Wedding  Journey," 
"A  Chance  Acquaintance."  --The  Undiscovered  Country, 'r 
••A  Modern  Instance,"  and  a  long  list  of  other  works. 

Mr.  Howells  is  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  the  Ameri- 
can, novelist.  Hen  ry  James, 
and  the  enthusiasm  with 
which  each  admires  the 
other's  style,  has  made  them 
the  subjects  of  many  jokes, 
and  they  are  frequently 
called  "The  Mutual  Ad- 
miration Society." 

Mr.  Howells,  according 
to  the  tenor  of  his  novels, 
does  not  apparently  ap- 
prove of  talent  in  woman, 
for  he  makes  one  of  his 
characters  say,  "Talent  is 
a  trouble  and  vexatious 
even  to  men,  but  to  women  it  is  nothing  but  misery."  Sum- 
ming up  the  case  against  professional  and  working  women, 
he  makes  Cornelia  Root  say, "I  don't  know  whether  I  want 
to  join  in  any  cry  that'll  take  women's  minds  off  of  gettin" 
married.  It's  the  best  thing  for  'em,  and  it's  about  all  they're 
fit  for,  most  of  'ein.7' 

Mr.  Howells  gives  us  not  truth  but  a  half-truth.  He  brings 
out  woman's  faults  and  weaknesses;  he  ignores  her  virtues 
—  except  a  general  ineffective  goodness  —  and  her  strength. 
He  has  all  the  outside,  but  there  is  little  or  no  soul  withm. 
But  his  novels  are  highly  entertaining  and  widely  read. 


WILLIAM    D.    HOWELLS. 


THE  BIOOBAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


109 


JOSEPH  BENSON  FORAKER. 

Born  in  1846. 

BORN  in  Rainsboro,  a  farm  village  in  Highland  county. 
in  the  state  of  Ohio,  young  Foraker  in  1863  enlisted  as  a 
volunteer,  being  at  the  time  but  sixteen  years  of  age.  In  all 
the  active  service  of  his  regiment  he  participated,  and  rose 
successively  from  orderly  sergeant  to  the  rank  of  first  lieu- 
tenant. Late  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1863  he  was  sent 
home  on  recruiting  duty. 
On  his  return  to  the  army 
he  reached  his  regiment 
just  as  it  was  going  into 
the  battle  of  Mission  Ridge. 
Taking  charge  of  his  com- 
pany, he  led  them  to  the 
assault,  and  was  the  first 
man  of  the  regiment  to 
scale  the  enemy's  works. 

After  this  he  participat- 
ed in  the  charge  of  Rocky 
Face,  in  the  Atlanta  cam- 
p  a  i  g  n  ,  Buzzards'  Roost, 
Resaca, Burnt  Hickory  and 
other  places. 

After  the  fall  of  Atlanta 
he  was  detailed  for  duty  in  JOSEPH  B.  FORAKER. 

the  signal  service  corps.  He'  marched  with  Sherman  to  the 
sea,  and  served  to  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  was  mus- 
tered out  at  the  age  of  nineteen. 

He  then  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1879 
he  was  elected  to  Hamilton  county  superior  court.  In  1883 
he  was  nominated  for  governor,  in  1884  ied  the  Ohio  dele* 
gation  for  Blaine,  and  in  1885  he  was  elected  governor. 


110 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HENRY  M.  STANLEY. 

Born  in  1840. 

THIS  noted  explorer  and  traveler  is  a  native  of  Denbigh, 
Wales.  At  fifteen  years  of  age  he  ran  away  to  sea,  and  go- 
ing to  New  Orleans,  he  was  there  helped  and  befriended  by 
a  wealthy  gentleman,  whose  name  Stanley  took,  his  real 
name  being  John  Rowland. 

He  enlisted  in  the  confederate  service,  but  was  taken  pris- 
oner; he  then  became  sailor  in  the  United  States  navy.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  began  news- 
paper correspondence  with 
success,  and  in  1867-68 
was  sent  by  the  New  York 
"Herald"  to  report  the 
British  invasion  of  Abys- 
sinia. 

In  1870-72  he  went 
in  search  of  Dr.  Living- 
stone, and  in  the  past  fif- 
teen years  he  has  made 
himself  famous  by  his  ex- 
plorations of  the  Congo 
river,  and  as  founder  and 
general  manager  of  the 
Congo  Free  State,  a  quasi- 
commercial  enterprise,  es- 
tablished under  the  direct 
protection  of  Belgium,  and 

HENRY  M.  STANLEY.  by  the  consent  of  the  Euro- 

pean powers,  and  of  which  so  much  has  been  said  during  the 
years  1886-87.  In  1886  he  was  in  America  with  a  view  of  de- 
livering a  course  of  lectures,  but  was  recalled  to  conduct  a 
relief  expedition  to  Africa  to  institute  a  thorough  search  for 
Emin  Bey,  who  led  a  part  of  the  Khedive's  troops  in  the  war 
with  El  Mahdi,  being  at  that  time  edged  in  by  the  enemy. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


Ill 


WILHELM  II,  GERMAN  EMPEROR. 

Born  in  1860. 

DURING  the  year  of  1888  two  German  emperors  have  died 
within  four  months  of  each  other  —  the  father  and  grand- 
father of  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

The  grandfather,  Wilhelm  I,  had  a  long  and  eventful  reign, 
first  as  king  of  Prussia,  and  then  as  emperor  of  Germany. 
He  was  over  ninety  years 
of  age  at  his  death.  His 
son  Frederick,  the  father 
of  the  new  emperor,  was 
at  once  crowned  Emperor, 
but  died  of  cancer  in  the 
throat,  after  a  reign  of  but 
a  few  months. 

The  mother  of  the  pres- 
ent emperor  is  Victoria, 
daughter  of  Queen  Victoria 
of  England,  to  whom  his 
father  was  married  in  1858. 

This  new  emperor  is  the  _ 
pride  of  the  military  par-j 
ty.  was  the  favorite  of  his  I 
grandfather,  and  is  the) 
hope  of  Prince  Bismarck. 
But  the  young  man  hates" 
everything  that  is  not  Ger- 
man, and  much  fear  has 
been  expressed  that  he  will  be  a  source  of  danger  to  the 
peace  of  Europe.  At  a  banquet  a  few  years  ago  he  refused 
to  drink  champagne,  saying:  UI  drink  nothing  but  German 
wine/'  However,  his  proclamation  to  the  army  on  his  accession 
to  the  throne  was  favorably  received,  being  of  a  peaceful 
nature.  The  emperor  was  married  in  1881,  and  the  following 
year  a  son  was  born,  Prince  Wilhelm,  now  the  heir-apparent. 


WILHELM  II. 


112  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

It  is  impossible  to  conceive  a  more  unruly,  noisy,  and 
rough  lot  than  the  young  men  and  boys  who,  for  the  purpose 
of  acquiring  foreign  languages,  have  been  placed  under  the 
care  of  some  private  tutor — generally  a  declasse  English 
clergyman  —  in  one  of  the  provincial  towns  of  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  France,  many  of  whom  have  been  expell- 
ed for  misconduct  from  the  public  schools  in  England. 

It  is  to  these  English  college.  •'  men"  and  boys  that  is 
mainly  attributable  the  intense  and  notorious  hatred  of  the  em- 
peror of  Germany  for  everything  pertaining  to  Great  Britain. 
They  rendered  his  life  at  Bonn  perfect  misery  and  torture  to 
him.  During  the  whole  period  of  his  school  years  in  that 
pretty  town  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  he  was  a  butt  of  their 
practical  jokes,  an  object  of  their  ridicule  and  contempt. and 
repeatedly  exposed  to  the  grossest  kinds  of  insults  at  their 
hands. 

To  give  a  solitary  instance  thereof  it  will  be  sufficient  to 
state  that  no  matter  what  hour  he  set  aside  for  his  swim  in 
the  river  his  young  English  tormentors  wonld  make  a  point 
of  taki-ng  their  dip  at  the  same  time,  and  indulging  in  the 
roughest  kind  of  horse  play.  Thus,  no  sooner  would  the 
emperor  take  his  header  off  the  -diving-board  than  several  of 
them  would  immediately  plunge,  as  if  by  accident,  on  top  of 
him,  and  prevent  him  from  coming  to  the  surface. 

This  was  all  the  more  cruel  as,  owing  to  the  fact  of  his 
left  arm  being  withered  and  utterly  useless,  the  poor  boy 
was,  and,  in  fact,  still  is  little  better  than  a  cripple.  These, 
and  a  thousand  petty  insults,  he  patiently  bore  in  stoical  si- 
lence, and  without  appearing  to  take  any  notice  thereof,  a 
fact  which  enraged  his  tormentors  and  always  stimulated 
them  to  the  perpetration  of  fresh  outrages.  That,  however, 
he  has  not  forgotten  or  forgiven  their  behavior  has  been  fre- 
quently and  openly  shown  since  he  has  become  a  power  in 
the  land  by  his  extreme  and  publicly  shown  dislike  for  every- 
thing English. 


THE  BIOORA  PHK '.  I  /.   /,'  /•;  I  'IK  If. 


118 


ADMIRAL  DAVID  DIXON   PORTER. 

Horn  -f/ti/i  .s.  /N/V. 

ADMIRAL  D.  D.  PORTER  is  ;i  native-  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
is  the  youngest  son  of  David  Porter,  who  commanded  tin- 
Essex  in  the  war  of  IS  12- 14  with  Great  Britain.  Young- 
Porter  entered  the  service  as  midshipman  in  February,  1829, 
and  served  in  the  Mediterranean  until  1835,  when  he  was 
employed  for  several  years  in  coast  survey  and  river  explor- 
ations. At  the  close  of 
1845  hi1  "was  placed  on 
special  duty  at  the  Wash- 
ington observatory,  resign- 
ing in  1846  to  take  part  in 
the  Mexican  war. 

At  the  outbreak  of  tin- 
late  war  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  commander. 
and  in  1862  the  mortal- 
fleet  for  the  bombardment 
of  the  forts  below  New  Or- 
leans was  placed  under  his 
orders.  After  the  capture 
of  Xew  Orleans  he  went 
up  the  river  with  his  fleet, 
and  was  engaged  in  the  un- 
successful siege  of  Ticks-  ADMIRAL  n.  n.  PORTKR. 
burg  in  July.  1X62.  During  the  second  siege  of  that  place, 
in  the  summer  of  ISC)/},  he  bombarded  the  works  and  mater- 
ially assisted  Gen.  Grant,  who  commanded  the  besieging  ar- 
my. For  this  he  was  made  rear  admiral.  He  was  also  en- 
gaged in  the  two  combined  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  which 
commands  the  approaches  to  Wilmington.  North  Carolina. 
The  first  of  these  attempts,  at  the  close  of  1X64,  miscarried; 
the  second,  in  January,  ISO."),  was  completely  successful.  In 
July,  1X66.  he  was  made  vice-admiral,  and  after  the  death 


114 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


of  Farragut.  was  promoted,  October,  1870,  to  the  rank  of  ad- 
miral, which  carries  with  it  the  command  of  the  entire  navy 
of  the  United  States,  subject  only  to  the  order  of  the  president. 
Admiral  Porter  is  urging  the  importance  of  protecting  the 
coast  approaches  to  all  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States, 
with  heavily  armored  monitors,  carrying  the  heaviest  guns. 
He  has  written  to  several  of  the  congressmen  and  is  in  hopes 
that  the  bill  appropriating  five  million  dollars  for  the  nation- 
al defence  will  include  some  of  the  most  urgent  demands  of 
naval  necessities. 


PIERKE  LORILLARD. 

THE  Lorillards  are  known  to  fame  through  their  immense 
tobacco  enterprise,  and  also  as  being  enthusiastic  turfmen. 
The  Lorillard  stables  are 
world-famed,  and  Tuxedo 
Park,  which  Pierre  Loril- 
lard has  instituted  in  Jer- 
sey, is  a  swell  thing  con- 
ducted on  English  plans, 
ideas  and  principles.  Mr. 
Lorillard  spends  lavishly, 
not  only  upon  himself  and 
friends,  but  also  upon  the 
employes  of  his  factory. 
A  recent  addition  to  the 
privileges  enjoyed  by  his 
workmen  is  a  large  library 
erected  for  the  free  use  of 
employes  on  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  factory  card.  A 

school   is   attached  which  PIERRE  LORILLARD. 

seats  three  hundred  children,  and  the  entire  expense  of  the 
establishment  is  borne  by  Pierre  Lorillard  &  Company,  "who 
feel  a  just  pride  in  the  success  of  their  work. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


MRS.  LOGAN. 

Born  in  1838. 

THE  widow  of  the  late  General  John  A.  Logan  was  born 
in  Sturgeon,  Missouri,  and  in  1853  she  was  sent  to  St.  Vin- 
cent college,  and  graduated  two  years  later.  Her  father, 
Captain  John  M.  Cunningham,  served  in  the  fierce  Black 
Hawk  war  and  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Illinois  legislature  in  1845-4:6.  When  still  a  child  Mrs. 

Logan  assisted  her  father 
in  the  duties  of  sheriff  of 
the  county,  and  became 
acquainted  at  that  time 
with  John  A.  Logan,  who 
was  then  prosecuting  attor- 
ney of  the  same  county. 
An  intimacy  sprang  up 
between  them,  which  re- 
sulted in  their  marriage  in 
1855,  when  she  was  but 
sixteen  years  of  age,  being 
twelve  years  younger  than 
her  husband. 

The    young    wife     waa 
MRS.  JOHN  A.  LOGAN.  both  companion  and  help- 

mate to  her  husband,  and  in  1856  saw  him  elected  to  the 
legislature.  During  the  war  Mrs.  Logan  took  every  opportu- 
nity that  offered  to  be  with  the  general  during  his  campaigns. 
At  Cairo,  five  hundred  of  the  general's  regiment  suffered 
from  an  epidemic  of  measles,  whose  wants  and  comforts 
were  nobly  administered  to  by  Mrs.  Logan,  aided  bv  the, 
;i»iMance  of  the  kind-hearted  ladies  of  Carbondale.  She  also 
ministered  to  the  sick  and  wounded  In  the  Memphis  hospital 
in  1863,  and  lent  her  aid  to  her  husband's  cause  on  every 
possible  opportunity.  She  never  failed  to  do  her  first  of  all 
womanly  duties  of  the  wife  and  mother.  Her  children  were 


116 


THE  BIO G KA PHI CA L  HE} 'IE W. 


educated  under  her  direct  supervision,  and  her  household 
duties  were  paramount  to  all  others.  Her  life  has  been  full 
of  adventures  in  war  and  politics  that  few  women  have  expe- 
rienced, and  she  can  relate  them  in  a  most  graphic  way;  in- 
deed, it  is  rumored  that  she  may  be  prevailed  upon  to  write  a 
book  of  her  reminiscences  of  the  war. 


PROFESSOR  S.  STONE  WIGGINS. 

Born  Dec.  4,  1839. 

THE  noted  weather  prophet,  S.  Stone  Wiggins,  was  born 
in  Queens  county,  New  Brunswick,  Canada.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Canadian  and 
United  States  universities, 
having  taken  his  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  at  the 
Philadelphia  University  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery  in 
1868;  and  Bachelor  of 
Arts  and  Doctor  of  Laws 
at  Albert  University,  Onta- 
rio. He  distinguished  him- 
.  self^a&au -educator.  He  is 
the  author  of  several  works 
—  scientific,  educational, 
and  religious. 

As  a  predictor  of  storms 
and  earthquakes  he  has 
won  world-wide  fame.  His 
great  storm  of  March, 
1883,  announced  six  months  before  it  took  place,  was  refer- 
red to  by  the  press  of  all  languages  and  nations  between  the 
polar  circles,  and  although  it  did  not  prove  as  disastrous  as 
predicted,  yet  it  was  a  storm  of  almost  unprecedented  fury. 
He  predicted  the  earthquake  that  appeared  in  England 
in  1884,  and  other  predictions  which  have  been  fulfilled. 


PROFESSOR  S.    S.    WIGGINS. 


THh:  ItloiiliM'IIH'M.   HI:  VIEW. 


117 


ELLA   WHEELER  WILCOX. 

Horn  tt/iii/tf  lx~)0. 

THE  Wisconsin  songstress,  Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox,  was  born 
at  Johnstown,  Rock  county,  Wisconsin.  Her  father  was  a 
Verraonter,  but  settled  in  Johnstown  in  the  year  1848.  Her 
love  for  literature  was  inherited  from  her  mother.  When  thir- 
teen years  of  age  she  began  to  write  poetry,  and  in  time 
found  confidence  to  send 
her  verses  here  and  there 
for  publication.  She  re- 
ceived no  financial  return 
for  these  early  efforts,  but 
gradually  won  the  fame 
which  led  to  handsome  re- 
muneration. At  the  pres- 
ent time  she  is  in  receipt 
of  a  good  income,  and  her 
residence  at  Meriden,  Con- 
necticut, is  one  of  the  pret- 
tiest and  best,  not  to  say 
the  most  luxurious  homes 
in  that  place. 

Ella  has  suffered  from 
critics,  in  common  with 
poets  of  every  degree.  A 
good  story  is  told  of  how 
she  got  even  with  a  news- 
paper editor,  who  begged  that  she,  instead  of  writing  so  ma- 
ny verses  about  babies,  should  devote  a  little  of  her  time  to 
puppies;  Ella,  ever  willing  to  profit  by  suggestions,  immedi- 
ately sat  down  and  wrote  a  pleasant  poem,  where  a  child 
pleads  for  the  lives  of  five  puppies  which  she  owns.  One  by 
one  the  little  animals  are  taken  from  her,  till  finally  but  a 


ELLA   WHEELER   WILCOX. 


118  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

single  creature  is  left.  At  this  juncture  the  child  makes  a 
piteous  appeal,  saying:  "Just. save  this  one,  for  I  want  to 
make  an  editor  of  it."  Ella  had  the  poem  published  in  a  Mil- 
waukee newspaper,  dedicated  to  the  editor  who  had  made  the 
suggestion  upon  which  she  had  acted.  It  is  stated  that  he 
lost  all  interest  in  Ella's  poems  ever  afterward. 

The  book  by  which  Mrs.  Wilcox  is  best  known  is  "Poems 
of  Passion."  When  this  was  first  published  she  was  given  a 
reception  at  the  academy  of  music  in  Milwaukee,  and  five 
hundred  dollars  was  presented  to  her  by  her  admirers.  Her 
volume  of  temperance  poems,  "Drops  of  Water,"  has  many 
admirers.  A  novel  from  her  pen,  "Mal-Monlee,"  is  less 
known,  yet  it  contains  some  of  her  best  verses. 

In  speaking  of  past  events,  she  says:  "I  had  ceased  to  ex- 
pect any  sudden  success  in  literature  when  I  published 
'Poems  of  Passion.'  The  intense  excitement  the  book  caus- 
ed, the  hue  and  cry  raised  against  its  alleged  immorality, 
and  the  consequently  remarkable  sales,  were  all  a  stunning 
surprise  to  me.  I  had  written  of  human  nature  as  I  had 
found  it;  I  had  no  idea  even  that  I  was  saying  anything  un- 
usual. The  abuse  my  book  received  was  very  bitter  for  me 
to  bear,  because  I  felt  it  to  be  unjust.  One  critic  declared 
that  the  book  would  damn  me  socially  and  intellectually.  I 
am  still  a  welcome  guest  in  circles  where  he  could  not  even 
obtain  a  position  as  valet  unless  I  gave  him  a  recommenda- 
tion; and  rny  book  has  brought  me  warm  words  of  praise 
from  the  most  celebrated  people  in  the  land.  And  the  pro- 
ceeds from  its  first  sales  enabled  me  to  build  over  and  en- 
large the  old  home,  rendering  my  aged  parents  comfortable 
for  life.  As  I  read  over  my  works,  and  painfully  realize  their 
defects,  I  am  moved  to  wonder  why  I  have  been  accorded 
such  unusual  success  when  many  writers  who  far  excel  me 
as  poets  have  failed  to  win  recognition  or  remuneration." 

Ella  looks  younger  than  she  really  is.  Her  figure  is  slight 
and  girlish,  and  her  head  is  crowned  with  red-brown  hair. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  It  E  VIEW.  119 

ALEXANDER  GRAHAM  BELL. 

Born  March  3,  1847. 

THIS  well  known  inventor,  Alexander  Graham  Bell,  Ph.D., 
was  horn  in  Edinhurgh,  Scotland,  and  was  educated  in  the 
high  school  and  the  university  of  that  city.  He  also  entered 
a  university  in  London  in  1867,  but  left  on  account  of  his 
health,  and  went  to  Canada  with  his  father  in  1870. 

In  is  72  he  took  up  his  residence  in  the  United  States,  in- 
troducing with  success  his 
father's  system  of  deaf- 
mute  instruction,  arid  be- 
came professor  of  vocal 
physiology  in  Boston  uni- 
versity. 

He  had  been  interested 
for  many  years  in  the 
transmission  of  sound  by 
electricity,  and  had  devis- 
ed many  forms  of  appa- 
ratus for  tin-  purpose;  but 
the  first  exhibition  of 


invention  was  at  Philadel-v 

fa 

phiu  in  1870.  Its  complete9 
HUCCCSS    has    m  a  d  e    h  i  mf 

wealthy. 

His    invention    ot'    the" 
;-  Photophone,"   in  which 
a  vibratory  beam  of  light         ALEXANDER  GRAHAM  BELL. 
is  substituted  for  a  \vire  in  conveying  speech,  has  also  at- 
tracted much  attention,  but  has  never  been  practically  used. 

After  the  shooting  of  President  (iai-Held,  Professor  Bell, 
together  with  Simmer  Tainter,  experimented  with  an  improv- 
ed form  of  Hughes'  induction  balance,  and  endeavored  to 
find  the  location  of  the  ball,  but  failed. 


120 


THE  11 1 0  O  KAPH1 CA  L  HE  VIE  W. 


ADELINA  M.  C,  PATTI. 

Born  in  1843. 

PATTI,  the  sweetest  singer  of  the  age,  was  born  in  Madrid, 
Spain;  her  father  was  a  tenor  singer  of  no  very  remarkable 
ability,  and  her  mother  attained  celebrity  as  a  prima-donna. 

When  t.hoir  child  was  about  a  year  old  her  parents  remov- 
ed to  .New  York,  which  the  great  singer  speaks  of  as  her 
home.  In  an  article  printed  in' the  "Century  Magazine," 
Richard  Grant  White  tells 
of  having  called  upon  her 
mother  when  Patti  was  a 
little  child — t;a  slender, 
swarthy,  bright-eyed  little 
girl,  in  short  skirts,  who 
ran  into  the  r  o  o  m  and 
chirped  at  her  mother,  and 
ran  out  of  it,  carolling  as 
she  went  through  the  pas- 
sage way, 'and  then  ran  in 
and  out  again  in  the  same 
fashion."" 

As   a  matter  of  course, 
Patti's  life  from  the  begin- 
ning was  musical,    and 
while  still  very  young,  she 
became  a  student  of  her 
art.      Her    mother's    influ- 
ence strongly  assisted  her  ADELINA  PATTI. 
progress,  in  which  she  received  technical  instruction   from 
the  eminent  Maurice  Strakosch,  who  had  married   her  elder 
sister. 

When  about  sixteen  she  made  her  first  appearance,  in 
New  York  city,  as  Lucia  in  Donizetti's  "Lucia  di  Lammer- 
moor,"  and  acquitted  herself  in  a  manner  which  was  more 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  121 

than  satisfactory,  her  extreme  youth  being  considered,  and 
promising  of  future  eminence.  She  sang  in  America  during 
the  seasons  of  1859-60.  In  1861  she  made  her  first  appear- 
ance in  London,  and  in  Paris  the  next  year.  Her  course  has 
been  a  triumphant  one.  In  1870  she  received  the  Order  of 
Merit  from  the  emperor  of  Russia. 

Her  first  marriage  was  in  1868,  to  the  Marquis  de  Caux, 
a  French  nobleman,  with  whom  she  was  unhappy,  and  the 
pair  were  legally  separated.  She  is  now  married  to  Nico- 
lini,  the  noted  tenor,  who  has  traveled  with  her  constantly; 
and  they  appear  to  be  an  affectionate  couple.  P-atti  is  con- 
sidered to  be  the  best  prima-donna  of  the  time.  Her  voice  is 
pure  and  perfectly  well  managed,  and  her  taste  unexception- 
able. A  competent  critic  speaks  of  her  as  being  "equally  at 
home  in  the  tenderness  of  deep  passion  and  the  sprightly 
vivacity  of  light  comedy." 


GEORGE  BANCROFT. 

Born  Oct.  3, 1800. 

GEORGE  BANCROFT  is  one  of  those  literary  characters  of 
whom  the  United  States  has  the  best  reason  to  be  proud,  and 
one,  also,  to  whom  his  countrymen  are  indebted  for  having 
redeemed  from  mediocrity  the  literary  standing  of  the  young 
republic.  There  is  no  English  speaking  historian  alive  at  the 
present  day  who  is  anything  like  his  equal  in  the  two  most 
important  characteristics  of  a  faithful  historian,  devoted  re- 
search and  rigid  impartiality. 

George  Bancroft  was  born  during  the  last  year  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  and  was  a 
scion  of  one  of  the  most  respectable  and  highly  esteemed 
families  in  that  section  of  the  state.  His  parents,  like  most; 
of  the  natives  of  New  England,  looked  upon  a  good  educa- 
tion as  the  one  thing  needful  to  a  young  man  in  order  to  ena- 
ble him  to  work  out  his  own  salvation  in  the  world  of  strug- 


122 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


gles  and  hand  to  hand  conflicts.  George  graduated  with 
high  honors  at  Harvard  college,  and  soon  after  his  gradua- 
tion he  continued  his  education  by  a  long  European  tour, 
ending  with  some  years  of  study  at  the  Gottingen  and  Berlin 
universities,  at  the  latter  of  which  institutions  he  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.  His  parents  had  intended  that  he  should 
study  for  the  ministry,  but  having  had  a  taste  of  what  liter- 
ary life  and  activity  really 
was,  and  shrinking  from  the 
dull  monotony  of  a  New 
England  parson's  life,  he 
at  last  decided  to  devote 
his  whole  time  to  making 
for  himself  a  prominent 
place  in  the  world  of  let- 
ters. He  held  for  a  short 
time  the  position  of  Greek 
professor  at  h  i  s  alma 
mater. 

His  first  literary  venture 
was  the  publication  of  a 
volume  of  poems,  some  of 
which  were  very  beautiful, 
on  the  politics  of  ancient 
Greece,  which  were  very 
well  received  by  American  scholars.  Soon  after  this  time  he 
opened  a  very  large  school  for  the  instruction  of  youth.  Dr. 
Bancroft's  greatest  work,  and  the  one  which  has  given  him 
a  position  at  the  head  of  America's  prose  writers,  is  his  "His- 
tory of  the  United  States."  This  historian  has  been  a  well 
known  contributor  to  the  u  North  American  Review  "and 
other  periodicals,  and  has  brought  out  a  history  of  the  form- 
ation of  the  United  States  constitution.  In  1871  Dr.  Bancroft 
was  appointed  minister  to  Berlin,  but  resigned  in  1874.  He 
is  a  most  genial  gentleman,  and  resides  at  Washington. 


GEORGE  BANCROFT. 


THE  BIOGRAPHH '.  I  /.   ItK  VI K  W.  123 

REV.  W.  H.  MILBURN. 

Born  in  1823. 

THE  recent  prayers  of  the  blind  chaplain  of  the  house  of 
representatives,  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Milburn,  has  provoked 
much  discussion.  One  of  the  prominent  New  York  journals 
calls  it  an  abuse  of  prayer.  The  prayer  in  question  was  direct- 
ed against  the  stock  brokers  and  others  of  that  ilk.  "  Deliver 
us,"  the  chaplain  prayed,  "from  the  influence  and  power  of 
robbers,  who,  enticing  their  victims  to  boards  of  trade,  stock 
exchanges  and  bucket  shops,  name  their  practices  of  plunder 
•shearing  the  lambs." 

The  chaplain's  prayer  against  the  brokers  was  so  telling, 
that  he  next  treated  the  labor  question  in  the  same  way.  He 
said:  '••But  now  the  many  have  learned  the  secret  of  organ- 
ization, of  drill  and  dynamite.  Rouse  the  rich  of  the  world 
t<>  understand  that  the  time  has  come  for  the  grinding,  self- 
ish monopoly  to  cease.  Teach  the  rich  men  of  this  country 
that  great  fortunes  are  lent  them  by  Thee,  for  other  pur- 
poses than  to  build  and  decorate  palaces,  to  found  private 
collections  of  art,  to  stock  wine  cellars,  to  keep  racing  studs 
and  yachts,  and  to  find  better  company  than  hostlers,  grooms 
and  jockeys,  pool-sellers  and  book-makers."  In  accordance 
with  the  views  of  many  members  of  the  house,  Mr.  Milburn 
has,  however,  moderated  the  language  of  his  prayers. 

When  five  years  of  age  he  received  an  accidental  cut  in 
the  left  eye  from  a  sharp  missile  from  the  hands  of  a  play- 
mate. The  injury  was  not  a  fatal-  one,  and  if  the  doctors 
had  treated  him  properly,  he  would  have  had  the  use  of  two 
good  eyes  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  But  after  the  wound  was 
healed,  it  was  covered  by  a  slight  scab,  which  the  physician 
said  must  be  removed  by  the  use  of  nitrate  of  silver.  This 
was  applied  in  so  large  a  quantity  that  the  eye  was  seared  as 
by  a  hot  iron,  and  the  sight  went  out  forever.  But  by  the 
use  of  a  shade  over  the  eye,  the  middle  finger  of  the  right 


124 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


hand  under  it,  to  make  a  kind  of  artificial  pupil,  the  book 
near  the  end  of  his  nose,  in  a  strong  daylight  he  could  see  a 
single  letter  of  good  print,  and,  slowly  bringing  every  letter 
of  the  line  to  the  point  on  which  the  sight  was  fixed,  he  man- 
aged to  spell  his  way  through  school  and  partly  through 
college. 

Speaking  of  the  events  that  resulted  in  his  election  as 
chaplain  of  congress,  he  writes:  "  We  left  Cincinnati,  in  the 
steamer  Ilibernia,  on  a 
Friday  morning  in  Novem- 
ber, 1845,  the  captain 
promising  to  land  us  at 
Wheeling  by  Saturday 
night.  The  boat  was  crowd- 
ed, and  among  the  passen- 
gers was  a  number  of  con- 
gressmen, members  of  both 
houses,  on  their  way  to  the 
capital  to  take  their  seats. 
I  cannot  say  how  I  was 
shocked  nor  how  indig- 
nant I  became  at  discover- 
ing that  not  a  few  of  these 
representatives  of  the  sov- 
ereign  people  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  swore  outrage- 
ously, played  cards  day  and  night,  and  drank  villainous 
whiskey  to  excess. 

"The  river  was  low.  Fogs  came  on.  Sunday  morning 
arrived;  we  were  yet  eighty  miles  below  Wheeling,  and  there 
was  no  place  where  we  could  land  to  spend  the  Lord's  day. 
At  breakfast-time  a  committee  of  the  passengers  waited  upon 
me  to  know  if  I  would  preach  to  them.  Never  did  I  say  yes 
more  gladly;  for  never  had  I  been  so  anxious  to  speak  my 
mind.  A  congregation  of  nearly  three  hundred  persons  as- 


REV.    W.    H.    MILBTJRN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIE  W.  12-5 

sembled  at  half-past  ten  o'clock,  and  I  took  my  stand  be- 
tween the  ladies'  and  gentlemen's  cabins.  Seated  in  the 
places  of  honor  upon  my  right  and  left  were  the  members  of 
congress.  At  the  close  of  the  discourse  I  could  not  resist 
the  impulse  to  speak  a  straightforward  word  to  the  men  on 
my  right  and  left;  turning  to  them,  therefore,  I  said:  'I  un- 
derstand that  you  are  members  of  the  congress  of  the  United 
States,  and  as  such  you  are,  or  should  be,  the  representatives 
not  only  of  the  political  opinions  but  also  of  the  intellectual, 
moral,  and  religious  condition  of  the  people  of  the  country. 
As  I  had  rarely  seen  men  of  your  class,  I  felt  on  coming 
aboard  this  boat  a  natural  interest  to  hear  your  conversation 
and  to  observe  your  habits.  If  I  am  to  judge  the  nation  by 
you.  I  can  come  to  no  other  conclusion  than  that  it  is  com- 
posed of  profane  swearers,  card-players,  and  drunkards. 
I  must  tell  you  that  as  an  American  citizen  I  feel 
disgraced  by  your  behavior;  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  I  am 
commissioned  to  tell  you  .'  At  the  close  of  the 

M-rvice  I  retired  to  my  state-room.  Soon  after  there  was  a 
tap  at  the  door.  A  gentleman  entered,  who  said  he  had 
been  requested  to  wait  upon  me  by  the  members  of  congress. 
They  desired  him  to  present  me  with  a  purse  as  a  -token  of 
their  appreciation  of  my  sincerity  and  fearlessness  in  reprov- 
ing them;  they  had  also  desired  him  to  ask  if  I  woifid  allow 
my  name  to  be  used  at  the  coming  election  of  chaplain  to 
congress.  My  new  friends  went  on  to  Washington,  and  I 
tarried  in  Wheeling  to  preach;  they  secured  my  election, 
and  I  entered  upon  my  duties  as  chaplain  to  congress." 

Forty  years  have  passed  since  the  date  of  his  first  chap- 
laincy, being  called  to  the  place  again  in  1853.  The  Mexi- 
can war  broke  out  during  his  first  term;  the  republican  par- 
ty was  born  in  his  second.  He  is  there  again,  after  an  inter- 
val of  more  than  thirty  years.  Not  a  maw  lias  a  seat  in  con- 
gress who  filled  it  when  he  was  first  there,  and  but  two  or 
three  when  he  was  there  the  second  time.  Three  generations 
of  public  men  have  passed  away  since  his  first  election. 


126 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  TECUMSEH  SHERMAN. 

Born  Feb.  8. 1820. 

ONE  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  Union  commanders  of  the 
war  of  the  rebellion  is  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  a  native  of 
Lancaster,  Ohio.  In  1840  he  graduated  from  West  Point, 
and  served  during  the  Indian  wars  in  Florida  in  1840-42.  In 
1847  he  went  to  California,  and  was  active  assistant  secretary 
there  till  1850.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1853,  and 
became  a  banker,  carrying  on  his  business  in  New  York  and 
San  Francisco.  In  1858-9 
he  practiced  law  at  Leav- 
enworth,  Kansas. 

On  May  14,  1861,  he 
was  re-appointed  to  the 
army  with  the  rank  of 
colonel,  and  on  the  17th 
of  the  same  month  was 
made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers.  He  command- 
ed a  brigade  at  Bull  Run 
on  July  21.  In  October  he 
was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of*  the  army  of  the 
Cumberland.  He  directed 
a  division  in  the  Tennessee 
and  Mississippi  operations, 
and  bore  a  prominent  part  before  Vicksburg.  From  Memphis 
he  received  an  order  from  Grant,  who  had  succeeded  Rose- 
crans,  to  cease  all  work  and  hasten  to  Chattanooga,  where, 
on  November  25,  1863,  he  succeeded  in  defeating  Bragg. 
On  February  4,  1864,  Sherman  moved  to  Meridian,  the  great 
railway  center  of  the  southwest,  destroying  all  the  confeder- 
ate stores,  but  was  compelled  to  return  on  account  of  the 
failure  of  the  cavalry,  under  Smith,  to  perform  its  duty. 


GEN.    SHERMAN, 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  127 

In  March,  1864,  Sherman  was  made  commander  of  the 
military  division  of  the  Mississippi,  which  gave  him  com- 
mand of  more  than  a  hundred  thousand  effective  troops  with 
whom  to  operate  against  Gen.  Johnston. 

On  the  6th  day  of  May,  Sherman  set  out  for  Atlanta;  at 
Dalton  he  defeated  Gen.  Johnston  on  May  13,  and  again  on 
May  loth  at  Resaca.  On  June  1  Alatoonowas  occupied  by 
Gen.  Sherman,  and  later  he  compelled  Johnston  to  evacuate 
Kenesaw  On  September  2,  after  a  severe  engagement, 
he  captured  Atlanta,  occupying  the  city  with  his  army  for 
ten  weeks,  when  he  commenced  his  march  to  the  sea  with 
sixty  thousand  men,  having  previously  dispatched  some  forty 
thousand  men  under  Gen.  Thomas  to  repel  Gen.  Hood's  ad- 
vance into  Tennessee.  In  less  than  a  month  they  had  march- 
ed three  hundred  miles  without  resistance,  but  later  captured 
Fort  McAllister  after  some  severe  fighting. 

In  the  middle  of  January,  1865,.  Gen.  Sherman  began  his 
invasion  of  the  Carolinas,  the  march  lasting  six  weeks.  In 
North  Carolina  he  encountered  considerable  opposition,  and 
fought  two  pitched  battles. 

On  April  26,  1865,  Gen.  Johnston  surrendered  his  army  to 
Sherman  on  the  same  terms  as  had  been  granted  to  Gen.  Lee 
by  Gen.  Grant.  This  surrender  virtually  closed  the  war. 

He  continued  in  command  of  the  military  division  of  the 
Mississippi  a  year  after  the  end  of  the  hostilities,  with  the 
rank  of  major-general  in  the  regular  army.  He  was  promoted 
to  lieutenant-general  when,  in  July,  1866,  Grant  had  been 
made  general  of  the  army. 

On  the  election  of  Grant  to  the  presidency,  Sherman  suc- 
ceeded him.  in  March,  1869,  as  general  of  the  army.  In 
1871-72  he  visited  Europe;  and  upon  his  return  he  made  his 
headquarters  at  Washington,  but  removed  to  St.  Louis  in 
1874.  The  following  year  he  contributed  to  the  historical 
literature  of  this  country  by  the  publication  of  his  memoirtt. 
Gen.  Sherman  is  now  upon  the  retired  list. 


128  THE  BIO  OR  A  PHICA  L  HE  I  rIE  W. 

Gen.  Sherman  is  famous  for  kissing  girls  at  every  opportu- 
nity, it  is  alleged,  and  although  there  have  been  some  exag- 
gerated accounts  of  his  doings  in  that  line,  it  is  nevertheless 
asserted  that  his  fatherly  kisses  are  apt  to  be  bestowed  upon 
the  slightest  provocation.  He  and  Gen.  Sheridan  once  visit- 
ed a  private  boarding  school  for  girls.  The  misses  did  not 
dissemble  their  interest  in  the  two  warriors,  but  gazed  on 
them  after  the  manner  of  the  aesthetic  maidens  at  Grosvenor 
in  ''Patience."  Sherman  bore  it  with  adamantine  fortitude, 
and  even  seemed  to  enjoy  it,  but,  the  story  goes.  Sheridan 
seemed  diffident  and  rather  ill  at  ease.  After  awhile  a  matron 
presented  her  daughter  to  Sherman.  He  took  her  hand  and 
said,  "  I  am  very  glad  to  know  you." 

•'Oh,  the  gladness  is  all  on  the  part  of  my  daughter,  lam 
sure,"  the  effusive  dame  is  reported  to  have  said.  ''Now, 
general,  if  you  would  give  her  one  of  those  celebrated  kisses 
Sherman  needed  no  further  invitation.  He  kissed  the 
not  unwilling  girl  with  a  smack  on  her  cheek.  There  was 
some  laughter  and  well-bred  exclamations  at  this,  and  Sher- 
man turned  to  Sheridan,  introducing  the  very  pretty  recipient 
of  his  kiss. 

"Now,  Gen.  Sherrdan,"  said  a  gentleman,  "you  surely 
won't  let  Sherman  get  an  advantage  of  you."  Sheridan 
had  to  kiss  the  girl  or  run.  She  stood  demurely  ready  for 
the  contact.  He  reddened  visibly,  and  then,  they  say,  in- 
stead of  kissing  the  girl  on  the  cheek,  as  Sherman  had  done, 
he  lifted  her  hand  to  his  lips.  It  was  something  of  a  disap- 
pointment, at  least  to  the  spectators  if  not  to  the  girl. 

At  an  Indiana  school  were  a  number  of  southern  girls,  whose 
rebel  proclivities  they  were  always  ready  to  make  known 
upon  the  slightest  provocation,  and  the  result  was  that  there 
was  a  constant  feud  between  them  and  the  northern  girls. 
Among  the  latter  no  one  was  more  pronounced  in  hatred  of 
the  rebel  cause  than  Miss  Minnie  Sherman,  now  the  wife  of 
Lieut.  Thackera  of  the  United  States  navy. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


129 


GEORGE  W.  CABLE. 

Born  Orf.12,l*-ti. 

THE  distinguished  novelist,  Geo.  W.  Cable,  was  born  in 
New  Orleans.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  lost  his  father,  and 
the  family  was  left  in  such  reduced  circumstances  that  young 
Cable  was  compelled  to  leave  school  in  order  to  aid  in  their 
support.  From  this  time  until  1863,  he  was  usually  employed 
as  clerk.  In  that  year  he  entered  the  confederate  army,  and 

served  therein  until  the 
close  of  the  civil  war.  Re- 
turning to  New  Orleans, 
he  made  such  a  living  as 
he  could,  at  first  as  an  er- 
rand boy,  although  he  was 
then  almost  twenty  -  one 
years  of  age;  then  in  sur- 
veying, and  finally  secured 
a  position  in  a  prominent 
house  of  cotton  factors. 
He  stayed  here  until  1879, 
when  he  left  to  devote  him- 
self entirely  to  literature. 

His  first  work  in  this 
direction  was  in  the  form 
of  contributions  to  the  New 
Orleans  ••  Picayune."  over  the  signature  of  "Drop  Shot."1 
His  work,  however,  did  not  attract  any  very  general  attention. 
In  this  new  capacity  he  was  compelled  to  hunt  up  the  docu- 
ment* of  tin-  Creole  settlers,  and  to  this  fortunate  circum- 
stance does  he  ascribe  his  present  success. 

The  first  noted  work  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Cable  was  "Old 
Creole  Days."  which  appeared  in  1870  in  k<  Seribner's  Mag- 
azine." the  story  being  subsequently  published  in  book  form. 
This  was  followed  by  the  '•  Grandissimes  "  in  1880,  and 


<;KO.  \\ .  CAULK. 


130  THE  .UOOEAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

"Madame  D^lphine  "  in  1881.  In  all  these  novels  Mr.  Ca- 
ble has  shown  such  a  mastery  of  the  Louisiana  dialect,  and 
such  a  deep  insight  into  the  Creole  character  as  to  give  him 
at  once  a  prominence  among  American  writers  which  few 
are  fortunate  enough  to  obtain  in  so  brief  an  experience. 

In  fact,  his  success  is  mainly  due  to  his  constant  effort  to 
excel.  Even  during  his  camp  life  Mr.  Cable  employed  his 
leisure  time  in  study,  but  yet  saw  his  share  of  active  service. 
Indeed,  he  is  described  as  a  good  and  daring  soldier,  and  he 
was  wounded  in  the  arm,  narrowly  escaping  with  his  life. 

In  addition  to  his  permanent  residence  in  New  Orleans, 
he  has  also  a  house  in  Hartford,  Connecticut.  He  is  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  Mark  Twain;  and  at  the  instigation  of  Cable, 
all  of  Mark  Twain's  friends  applied  simultaneously  for  his 
autograph.  The  autograph  fiend  is  particularly  objectionable 
to  Mark  Twain,  and  the  effect  of  receiving  several  thousand 
requests  for  an  autograph  can  better  be  imagined  than  de- 
scribed. The  author  of  "  Innocents  Abroad  "  has  intimated 
his  intention  of  profiting  by  the  joke,  in  publishing  in  book 
form  the  letters  thus  received. 

He  has  opened  a  new  field  in  fiction,  introducing  to  the 
outside  world  a  phase  of  American  life  hitherto  unsuspected 
save  by  those  who  have  seen  it.  He  has  been  the  means, 
through  his  publications,  of  effecting  reforms  in  the  contract 
system  of  convict  labor  in  the  southern  states. 

He  has  successfully  entered  the  lecture  field,  reading  selec- 
tions from  his  own  writings,  and  unaffectedly  singing  to 
northern  audiences  the  strange,  wild  melodies  current  among 
the  French-speaking  negroes  of  the  lower  Mississippi. 

In  1883  he  wrote  the  popular  novel  -'  Dr.  Sevier;"  and  in 
1884  appeared  ikThe  Creoles  of  Louisiana,"  followed  a  year 
later  by  -The  Silent  South." 

He  has  also  prepared  for  the  government  elaborate  reports 
on  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Teche  and  Atta- 
kapas  country  in  western  Louisiana. 


TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


131 


JACOB  SCHAEFEK. 

Born  Feb.  2, 1855. 

THE  champion  billiardist,  Jacob  Schaefer,  is  a  Western 
man  of  German  descent.  He  first  came  into  prominence 
about  1880,  since  which  time  he  has  made  great  progress  in 
his  mastery  of  the  game. 

Cool  and  daring,  he  never  plays  so  well  as  when  elated  by 
success,  and  his  boldness 
often  leads  him  to  attempt 
feats  that  other  men  would 
avoid. 

In  the  Chicago  tourna- 
ment of  a  few  years  ago, 
he  defeated  every  oppo- 
nent, in  one  game  making 
an  average  of  forty,  the; 
highest  on  record. 

In  the  game  with  Vig- 
naux,the  French  champion  - 
billiardist,  the  opinion  that  i 
had    generally  prevailed ! 
was  in  favor  of  the  French-  j 
man,  but  Schaefer  disap-j 
pointed    expectation,   and|$|| 
won  the   championship 
the  world. 

In  this  contest  the  first 
fine  playing  was  made  by  Vignaux  in  the  fifth  inning,  when 
he  ran  up  to  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine,  and  displayed  mar- 
velous coolness  and  skill  in  driving  and  holding  the  balls  in 
position.  At  this  Schaefer  was  fairly  aroused  and  went  in 
for  business,  making  a  run  of  two  hundred  and  twenty  before 
taking  his  seat;  he  won  the  championship  of  the  world  and 
a  fivc-hundred-dollar  gold  emblem. 


JACOB  SCHAEFER. 


132 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


MRS.  JULIA  WARD  HOWE. 

Horn  in  18W. 

MRS.  JULIA  WARD  HOWE  is  a  strong  advocate  of  woman's 
suffrage.  She  is  a  native  of  New  York  city;  has  bright  au- 
burn  hair,  a  florid  complexion,  and  a  peculiarly  mobile  and 
expressive  face,  set  off  by  dark  sad  eyes.  Her  father  was  a 
man  of  wealth  and  culture,  and  early  perceiving  signs  of  ge- 
nius in  his  talented  young  daughter,  gave  her  every  advan- 
tage for  improving  her  lit- 
erary and  artistic  tastes. 
Like  many  of  her  temper- 
ament, she  abhorred  math- 
ematics, but  delighted  in 
music  and  philosophy.  She 
acquired  the  German  and 
Italian  languages  with  per- 
fect ease,  and  Goethe  and 
Schiller  became  her  divini- 
ties. She  married  Samuel 
G.  Howe,  of  Boston, sailing 
immediately ,.  for  Europe. 
She  was  twenty-three  years 
of  age  at  this  time,  but  was 
received  merely  as  the  wife 
of  the  "  New  Bayard,"  who 
had  aided  Greece  so  effec- 
tively in  her  struggles  for  independence.  Mr.  Howe  became 
editor  of  the  u  Commonwealth  "  in  1851,  when  Mrs.  Howe 
began  her  career  as  a  journalist.  She  wrote  editorials,  poetry, 
stories,  and  witty  paragraphs,  and  otherwise  gave  life  and 
tone  to  the  paper.  Her  first  book,  "  Passion  Flowers," 
was  followed  by  "Words  of  the  Hour;"  and  later  on  appear- 
ed "A  Trip  to  Cuba,"  after  having  visited  that  country. 

During  the  civil  war  she  was  strongly  interested  in  the 
cause  of  the  north,  and  worked,  lectured,  and  wrote  in  aid  of 


JULIA  WARD  HOWE. 


TllK  HKXlHAPltK'M.   EEVIEW.  ISS 

the  federal  government  Her  ••  Marching  On. "  sung  to  the 
John  Brown  chorus,  became  the  battle-hymn  of  the  republic. 
Her  stirring  "Appeal  to  Womanhood  Throughout  the  World  " 
is  pronounced  the  ablest  peace  manifesto  ever  written,  and 
has  been  translated  into  French,  German.  Italian,  and  Swed- 
ish. She  is  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Woman's  Journal."1 

Mrs.  Howe  resides  in  Boston  in  winter,  but  in  summer  re- 
tires to  a  "nook  among  the  mountains,  to  which  none  but 
friends  with  the  password  are  admitted.''  Being  a  most  de- 
voted and  loving  mother,  she  is  adored  by  her  children. 

Mrs.  Howe  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New  England 
women's  club,  of  which  she  has  been  president  since  187'J. 
She  has  also  presided  over  several  similar  associations,  in- 
cluding the  American  woman-suffrage  association.  In  1872 
she  was  a  delegate  to  the  world's  prison  reform  congress  in 
London,  and  in  the  same  year  aided  in  founding  the  wo- 
man's peace  association  there.  In  1884-5  she  presided  over 
the  woman's  branch  of  the  New  Orleans  exposition. 

Mrs.  Howe  has  delivered  numerous  lectures,  and  has  often 
addressed  the  Massachusetts  legislature  in  aid  of  reforms. 
She  has  preached  in  Rome,  Italy,  San  Domingo,  and  from 
Unitarian  pulpits  in  this  country;* she  lias  also  read  lectures 
at  the  Concord  school  of  philosophy. 

In  1876  Mr.  Howe  died,  which  was  a  severe  blow  to  his 
devoted  and  loving  wife.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Mrs. 
Howe  has  the  intellectual  powers  generally  looked  for  in 
the  male  sex.  she  has  lost  none  of  her  womanly  nature.  Her 
literary  productions  rank  with  those  of  the  Boston  and  Con- 
cord literary  men.  In  her  appointment  to  the  presidency  of 
the  Woman's  Association,  tribute  has  been  paid  to  those  traits 
that  have  made  her  pre-eminent  among  her  sex. 

She  has  written  numerous  poems,  dramas,  and  lectures; 
and  the  two  works  from  her  pen."  Life  of  Margaret  Fuller'' 
and  "Sex  in  Education,"  have  especially  received  much 
praise  from  press  and  public. 


134 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ABEAM  STEVENS  HEWITT. 

Born  July  31,  1822. 

THE  expressions  of  Mayor  Hewitt,  in  explaining  his  refusal 
to  permit  the  Irish  flag  to  be  raised  on  the  city  hall  on  St. 
Patrick's  day,  will  strike  a  responsive  chord  in  the  breast  of 
every  true  American.  In  a  communication  sent  to  the  board 
of  aldermen,  Mr.  Hewitt  says  that  he  is  of  the  opinion  that 
no  flag  but  the  American  has  any  right  to  float  from  any 
public  building  in  any  city 
in  the  United  States.  He 
cannot  see,  as  he  indicates, 
why,  if  Germany  is  to  be 
ruled  by  Germans  and 
France  by  Frenchmen, 
America  ought  not  to  be 
ruled  by  Americans.  Fur- 
ther on  he  says:  "I  invite 
your  careful  study  of  the 
facts  presented,  which  will 
serve  to  show  why  candi- 
dates for  office  are  so  anx- 
ious to  secure  the  foreign 
vote,  and  to  prove  also  that 
the  danger  line  has  been 
reached  when  it  must  be 
decided  whether  American 
or  foreign  ideas  are  to  rule  in  this  city."  The  mayor  seems 
to  have  located  the  danger  line  with  remarkable  exactness. 
It  is  refreshing  in  these  days,  when  American  politicians  are 
ready  to  bespangle  themselves  with  shamrock  in  order  to 
catch  the  Irish  vote,  or  to  wear  thistles  in  their  boots  if  nec- 
essary, to  secure  the  Scotch  vote,  to  know  that  there  is  at 
least  one  public  man  in  America  who  is  .not  afraid  of  offend- 
ing the  foreign  element  of  our  population.  The  mayor's  atti- 


ABRAM   STEVENS  HEWITT. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  135 

tude  cannot  be  construed  as  resulting  from  any  hostility  to- 
ward the  Irish.  As  he  himself  indicates,  Mr.  Hewitt  has  al- 
ways sympathized  with  the  Irish  in  their  struggle  for  home 
rule.  And  Americans  will  be  glad  to  know  that  he  also  sym- 
pathizes with  them  in  their  efforts  for  home  rule. 

Mr.  Hewitt  was  born  in  Haverstraw,  New  York,  and  was 
educated  first  at  a  public  school  in  New  York  city,  whereby 
a  special  examination  he  gained  a  scholarship  at  Columbia 
college,  and  graduated  in  1842,  at  the  head  of  his  class. 
During  his  college  course  he  supported  himself  by  teaching, 
and  after  his  graduation  he  remained  as  an  assistant,  being 
in  1843  acting  professor  of  mathematics. 

In  1844  he  visited  Europe  with  his  class-mate,  Edward 
Cooper,  whose  partner  he  afterward  became,  and  whose  sis- 
ter he  married  in  1855.  Meanwhile  he  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845. 

He  soon  gave  up  the  profession  on  account  of  impaired 
eyesight,  and  became  associated  with  Peter  Cooper  in  the 
iron  business,  a  firm  that  now  controls  and  owns  the  Tren- 
ton, Ringwood,  Pequest,  and  the  Durham  iron  works.  He 
was  elected  mayor  of  New  York  in  1886,  as  a  democrat,  re- 
ceiving ninety  thousand  votes,  against  seventy  thousand  for 
Henry  George,  and  sixty  thousand  for  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

His  management  of  the  municipal  government  has  been 
marked  by  a  rigid  enforcement  of  the  various  departments 
to  a  strict  accountability. 

He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1887  from  the  Col- 
umbia college,  and  many  other  honors  have  been  bestowed 
upon  him. 

SIR  JOHN  ALEXANDER  MACDONALD. 

Born  Jan.  11,  1815. 

THK   subject   of   this    sketch  was  born  and  educated  at 
Kingston,  Ontario,  and  in  1835  was  admitted  to  the  bar.    In 
he  was  sent  to  parliament  from  Kingston,  being  elect- 


130 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


cd  as  a  conservative.  He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
executive  council  and  receiver-general  in  May,  and  commis- 
sioner of  crown  lands  in  December,  1847.  The  cabinet  of 
which  he  was  a  member  resigned  in  March,  1850. 

Mr.  Macdonald  again  became  minister  of  militia,  which 
office,  with  that  of  attorney-general  of  Upper  Canada,  lie  con- 
tinued to  hold  until  the 
confederation.  This  union 
of  the  province  of  British 
North  America  he  was 
m  a  i  n  1  y  instrumental  in 
bringing  about. 

In  1871  Sir  John  was 
one  of  her  majesty's  joint 
high  commissioners  and 
plenipotentiaries  to  act  in 
connection  with  the  com- 
mission named  by  the  pres- 
ident of  the  United  States 
for  the  settlement  of  the 
Alabama  claims,  resulting 
in  the  treaty  of  Washing- 
ton, May,  1871. 

In  1865  Mr.  Macdonald 
received  the  honorary  de- 
SIR  JOHN  A.  MACDONAI^D.         gree  of  D.  C.  L.  from  the 
university  of  Oxford,  and  in  1867  was  made  K.  C.  B. ;   in 
1872  he  was  created  knight  of  the  royal  order  of  Isabel  la 
Catolica  (of  Spain). 

In  1878,  on  the  fall  of  the  Mackenzie  reform  government, 
Mr.  Macdonald  was  entrusted  with  the  task  of  forming  a 
new  administration,  taking  himself  the  position  of  minister 
of  the  interior  and  premier  of  the  Dominion. 

For  over  forty  years  Sir  John  has  been  the  acknowledged 
leader  of  the  conservative  party  of  Upper  Canada. 


THE  BI<><;  HA  I'/l/t  'A  /.  HE  VIE  W. 


137 


ALFRED  TENNYSON. 

Born  Aug.  6,  1809. 

TENNYSON  is  a  born  poet;  that  is,  a  builder  of  airy  palaces 
and  imaginary  castles.  But  the  individual  passion  and  ab- 
sorbing preoccupations  which  generally  guide  the  hands  of 
such  men  are  wanting  to  him;  he  found  in  himself  no  plan 
of  a  new  edifice;  he  has  built  after  all  the  rest;  he  has  sim- 
ply chosen  amongst  all  forms  the  most  elegant,  ornate,  exqui- 
site. Of  their  beauties  he 
has  taken  but  the  flower. 
At  most,  now  and  then,  he 
has  here  and  there  amused 
himself  by  designing  some 
genuinely  English  and  mo- 
dern cottage.  If  in  this 
choice  of  architecture,  ad- 
opted or  restored,  we  look 
for  a  trace  of  him,  we  shall 
find  it,  here  and  there;  but 
we  only  find  it  marked  and 
sensible  in  the  purity  and 
elevation  of  the  moral 
emotion  which  we  carry 
away  with  us  when  we  quit 
his  gallery  of  art. 

Alfred  Tennyson  was 
born  at  Somersby,  a  village  in  Lincolnshire,  England.  He 
was  one  of  a  family  of  twelve  children,  the  father  of  whom 
was  the  Rev.  G.  Clayton  Tennyson,  LL.D.,  rector  of  Somers- 
by and  vicar  of  Grimsby.  Alfred  was  taught  the  rudimentary 
subjects  partly  at  home  and  partly  at  the  village  school.  His 
first  verses  were  written  upon  the  model  of  Thomson's  ••  Sea- 
eons."  In  18X27  he  went  to  Trinity  college,  and  the  following 
year  gained  a  gold  medal  for  a  poem  on  "Timbuctoo." 


ALFRED  TENNYSON. 


138  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  story  of  Tennyson's  life  can  be  little  else  than  the 
story  of  his  successive  poems,  though  some  glimpses  of  his 
pleasant  family  and  personal  life  and  of  the  slight  eccentrici- 
ties of  his  character  maybe  gleaned  from  a  charming  article 
in  a  recent  number  of  "  Harper's  Monthly." 

Bibliomaniacs  are  eager  to  give  a  high  price  for  the  little 
anonymous  volume  of  "Poems  by  Two  Brothers,  "published 
in  1827,  the  earliest  published  verses  of  Alfred  and  Charles 
Tennyson.  In  1830  appeared  "Poems,  Chiefly  Lyrical, "  and 
from  that  time  on  Tennyson's  fame  as  a  poet  grew  rapidly. 
The  "Mort  d' Arthur,"  "Locksley  Hall,"  the  "May  Queen," 
and  "Two  Voices"  followed  each  other  in  rapid  succession. 

"In  Memoriam,"  the  laureate's  greatest  poem,  recently 
called  by  a  competent  critic  "the  most,  some  say  the  ONLY 
influential  poem  of  the  century, "was  suggested  by  the  death 
of  young  Arthur  Hallam.  It  is  a  series  of  marvelously  touch- 
ing monodies,  is  resplendent  with  religious  and  philosophical 
speculation,  and  was  the  work  of  many  years.  In  this  work 
appear  the  well-known  lines: 

'Tis  better  to  have  loved  and  lost, 
Than  never  to  have  loved  at  all. 

And  also  appears  in  the  same  work  that  beautiful  refrain 
commencing  — 

Ring  out  wild  bells  to  the  wild  sky. 

Tennyson  succeeded  Wordsworth,  in  1850,  as  poet  laureate 
of  England,  and  the  noble  poems  as  that  on  the  death  of  the 
Prince  Consort,  and  the  famous  "Charge  of  the  Light  Brig- 
ade," show  that  the  laureate  did  not  consider  his  office  an 
idle  honor.  The  "  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade  "  is  by  many 
regarded  as  Tennyson's  most  famous  production;  and  as  a 
lyric  it  is  unsurpassed  in  any  language. 

At  the  present  time,  this  notable  poet,  who  is  a  man  of 
studious  and  industrious  habits,  is  still  living  at  Peterslield, 
Hampshire,  England. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


139 


CHARLES  A.  DANA. 

Born  Aug.  8, 1819. 

PERHAPS,  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  the  case  of  any  other 
conspicuous  journalist,  Mr.  Dana's  personality  is  identified 
in  the  public  mind  with  the  newspaper  that  he  edits — the 
New  York  "Sun." 

This  great  American  journalist  was  born  at  Hinsdale, 
New  Hampshire,  spending  his  boyhood  in  Buffalo,  New 

York,  where  he  worked  in 
a  store  until  he  was  eight- 
een years  of  age.  At  that 
age  he  first  studied  Latin 
grammar,  and  entered 
Harvard  college  in  1839, 
but  was  compelled  to  leave 
after  two  years  because  of 
a  serious  trouble  with  his 
eyesight.  He  received  an 
honorable  dismissal,  and 
was  afterward  given  his 
bachelor's  and  master's 
degree. 

In  1842  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Brook  Farm 
association,  being  associa- 
ted with  George  and  So- 
phia Ripley,  George  William  Curtis,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne, 
Theodore  Parker,  William  Henry  Charming,  John  Sullivan 
Dwight,  Margaret  Fuller,  and  other  philosophers  more  or  less 
directly  concerned  in  the  remarkable  attempt  to  realize  at 
Roxbury  a  high  ideal  of  social  and  intellectual  life. 

Mr.  Dana's  earliest  newspaper  experience  was  gained  in 
the  management  of  the  "Harbinger,"  which  was  devoted  to 
social  reform  and  literature.  Then  after  two  years  of  editorial 


CHA.RLES    A.    DANA. 


140  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

work  on  a  daily  newspaper,  the  Boston  "Chronotype,"  Mr. 
Dana  joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York  ''Tribune"  in  1847. 
The  next  year  lie  visited  Europe,  and  on  his  return  became 
managing  editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  "Trib- 
une," a  position  which  he  held  until  1862.  The  extraordi- 
nary circulation  attained  by  that  newspaper  during  the  ten 
years  preceding  the  war,  was  in  a  degree  due  to  the  devel- 
opment of  Mr.  Dana's  genius  for  journalism. 

The  great  struggle  of  the  "Tribune"  under  Greeley  and 
Dana  was  not  so  much  for  the  overthrow  of  slavery  where  it 
already  existed,  as  against  the  further  spread  of  the  institu- 
tion over  unoccupied  territory. 

Resigning  his  position  on  the  "Tribune,"  he  was  engaged 
by  Secretary  Stanton  in  special  work  of  importance  for  the 
war  department,  and  in  1863  was  appointed  assistant  secre- 
tary of  war. 

Mr.  Dana  was  in  the  saddle  at  the  front  much  of  the  time 
during  the  campaigns  of  northern  Mississippi  and  Vicks- 
burg,  the  rescue  of  Chattanooga,  and  the  marches  and  bat- 
tles of  Virginia  in  1864-65. 

He  next  edited  the  Chicago  "Republican,"  a  new  daily, 
which  failed  through  causes  not  under  his  control. 

In  1867  he  organized  the  stock  company  that  now  owns 
the  New  York  "Sun,"  a  democratic  paper,  and  became  its 
editor.  The  first  issue  appeared  January  27,  1868,  and  for 
the  past  twenty  years  he  has  been  actively  and  continuously 
engaged  in  its  management. 

Mr.  Dana  has  written  numerous  works.  He  planned  and 
edited  ••The  American  Cyclopedia,"  which  has  since  been 
revised  and  issued  in  a  work  of  sixteen  volumes.  In  1808 
he  wrote,  with  Gen.  James  H.  Wilson,  a  "Life  of  Ulysses 
S.  Grant,"  and  in  1883  edited  "Fifty  Perfect  Poems."  He 
has  also  translated  several  books  into  English;  and  aside 
from  his  newspaper  woik,  he  has  contributed  to  and  edited 
numerous  miscellaneous  works. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  141 

QUEEN  VICTORIA. 

Born  May  24,  1819. 

THE  happiest  and  most  popular  of  English  queens,  is 
Victoria  Alexandrina,  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Empress 
of  India.  She  was  born  within  the  homely  brick  walls  of 
Kensington  palace,  England.  Her  father  died  when  she  was 
but  a  few  months  old.  Brought  up  with  the  strictest  econo- 
my —  as  children  of  much  lower  position  rarely  are,  —  she 
was  taught  at  an  early  age 
to  restrain  her  expenditure 
within  the  limits  of  her  in- 
come, even  when  that  in- 
come was  but  a  child's 
pocket  money. 

One  of   the  first  things 
she  did  on  hearing  that  she 
had  succeeded  to  the  throne 
was   to   call    one    of   her 
mother's  ladies-in-waiting, 
and  excitedly  asked:   "Ami 
I  really  queen,  and  I  can! 
do  what  I  choose  by  right?"| 
4 'Certainly,  your  majesty."} 
uThen,"  said    the   you 
queen,  "  get  me  a  cup  of' 
green  tea.     Mamma  never 
would  let  me  have  it;  now 

I  mean  to  know  what  harm  QUEEN  VICTORIA. 

it  can  do  me."    And  she  drank  three  cups,  had  a  violent  fit 
of  the  shivers,  and  has  never  liked  tea  since. 

She  became  queen  in  1837,  and  on  February  10,  1840, was 
married  to  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  by  whom 
she  had  nine  children  —  four  sons  and  five  daughters.  The 
union  was  one  of  unalloyed  happiness, 

Several  unsuccessful  attempts  have   been   made   upon  her 


142 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


life.     The   jubilee  of  her  great  and  glorious  reign  of  half  a 
century  was  reached  in  18 87,  when  she  was  feted  far  and  wide. 


ALBERT  EDWARD,  PRINCE  OF  WALES. 

Born  Nov.  9,  1841. 

THE  heir-apparent  to  the  throne  of  England,  Albert  Ed- 
ward, Prince  of  Wales,  has  been  at  all  times  regarded  as  the. 
first  subject  in  the  realm.  His  education  has  indeed  been 
thorough;  in  the  languages, 
classics, natural  philosophy 
mathematics,  j  urisprudence 
and  other  branches  of  study 
he  has  been  assisted  by  tu- 
tors of  great  ability. ' 

In  1860  he  visited  Can- 
ada and  the  United  States, 
and  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm  every- 
where. In  1862  he  visited 
Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land, 
and  other  countries  in  the 
East, being  accompanied  ini 
his  travels  by  learned  men, 
whose  instructions  to  the  I 
young  prince  gives  the  ex- 
ception to  the  well  known 
rule  that  ' '  There  is  no  roy- 
al road  to  learning."  PEINCE  OF  WALES. 

In  1863  he  was  married  to  Princess  Alexandra  of  Den- 
mark, a  beautiful  and  loving  wife  and  mother,  by  whom  he 
has  two  sons  and  three  daughters.  The  future  king  of  Eng- 
land is  a  practical  agriculturist  of  much  ability,  and  rarely 
fails  to  carry  off  several  of  the  chief  prizes  at  the  Smithfield 
cattle  show.  He  is  very  popular  with  his  tenantry. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


143 


JOHN  BRIGHT. 

Born  in  1811. 

AMONG  the  great  orators  of  the  house  of  commons  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  no  one  stands  out  more  prominently  than 
John  Bright,  with  the  exception  of  Mr.  Gladstone.  Bright's 
twenty-five  years  of  representation  for  Birmingham  was  cel- 
brated  at  the  time  with  great  enthusiasm. 

This  great  statesman  was  born  at  Greenbank,  England,  and 
after  receiving  an  ordinary 
education,  he  entered  the 
business  of  his  father  —  a 
firm  of  wool  spinners. 

In  1839  he  distinguished 
himself  by  becoming  a  vig- 
orous member  of  the  anti- 
corn-law  league.  He  was 
representative  for  the  city 
of  Durham  from  1843  to 
1847,  after  which  he  was  re- 
turned to  parliament  from 
Manchester. 

The  indignation  which 
was  felt  against  the  k'peace- 
at-any-price  ""  party  led  to 
his  rejection  by  Manches- 
ter,but  was  soon  after  elect- 
ed  to  represent  Birming- 
ham, which  position  he  still 
holds.  During  the  civil  war  in  this  country,  Mr.  Bright  was 
pro:ninent  among  English  statesmen  as  a  champion  of  the 
Union,  and  to  this  day  he  holds  the  gold-headed  cane  of  Lin- 
coln as  a  token  of  the  esteem  the  martyred  president  felt  for 
him.  His  views  on  politics  at  home  have  been  largely  incor- 
porated in  recent  -legislation.  So  averse  to  war  is  he  that  he  re- 
signed from  the  cabinet  prior  to  Alexandria's  bombardment. 


BRIGHT. 


141 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEN.  O.  O.  HOWARD. 

Horn  A'ov.  8  18HU. 

THIS  great  Indian  tighter  was  born  at  Leeds,  Maine.  He 
graduated  at  Bowden  College  in  1850,  and  in  1854  at  the 
military  academy  at  West  Point,  where  in  1857  lie  was  made 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics. 

Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  ;war  he  was  made  colo- 
nel of  a  regiment  of  volunteers,  and  commanded  a  brigade 

at  the  first  Bull  Run.  He 
lost  his  right  arm  at  the 
battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  May 
31,  1862.  November  21) 
of  the  same  year  he  was 
made  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers, and  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  division  under 
Bnrnside.  besides  other  im- 
portant commands. 

In  the  fall  of    1863  he 
was  sent  with  his   corps  to 
the  West,  and  took  part  in 
the    campaign    which   fol- 
lowed down  to  the  capture 
of  Atlanta,  and  command- 
""      ed   the   right  wing  of    the 
army  during  Sherman's  fa- 
in  1864  he  was  promoted  to 


mous 


GEN.  O.  O.  HOWARD. 

March  to  the  Sea.' 
brigadier-general,  and  in  the  following  year  brevet-general 
in  the  regular  army.  During  1869-73  he  was  president  of  the 
Howard  University.  In  1872  he  was  sent  as  special  com- 
missioner to  the  Indians  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and 
from  1873  to  1881  served  on  the  frontier.  During  the  latter 
year  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  military  academy  at 
West  Point.  In  1886  he  was  made  major-general,  succeeding 
Gen.  Pope,  who  has  been  placed  on  the  retired  list. 


THK 


AL  KKVIKW. 


CHRISTINE  NILSSON. 

Born  Any.  3,  1843. 

THE  sweet  Swedish  songstress,  Christine  .Nilsson,  was  born 
at  Hussaly,  near  Wexio,  Sweden.  Her  father  was  a  peasant, 
but  a  musician  likewise,  leader  of  the  choir  in  the  parish 
church  and  a  performer  on  the  violin.  He  taught  his  son 
Carl  how  to  play,  and  Christine  while  a  child  would  pick 

out  for  herself  on  the  in- 
strument the  tunes  she 
heard  her  brother  play.  In 
the  course  of  time  her 
voice  and  musical  intelli- 
gence became  an  attrac- 
tion in  the  neighborhood 
of  her  home,  and  Chris- 
tine was  soon  heard  sing- 
ing in  country  fairs  whith- 
er her  father  had  taken  her 
for  that  purpose.  Thorner- 
hjelm,  magistrate  of  Lj ail- 
by,  having  heard  her  sing, 
offered  to  provide  her  a 
musical  education.  She  was 
accordingly  placed  under 
the  instructions  of  Mile. 
Valerius,  who  afterward 


OHKISTIXK     NILSSON. 


became  a  baroness. 


Her  debut  was  made  in  October,  1864,  in  Paris,  in  Verdi's 
"Traviata,"  which  was  a  success.  Her  first  appearance  in 
London  was  in  1867,  in  the  opera.  Her  marriage  to  a  mer- 
chant of  Paris  took  place  at  Westminster  Abbey,  London,  in 
July,  IST'J.  A  few  months  later  she  began  her  career  of  tri- 
umph in  St.  Petersburg.  During  the  winter  of  1873-74, 


146 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


Mile.  Nilsson  sang  in  the  United  States,  where  her  uElsa" 
in  "Lohengrin"  was  hailed  as  a  surpassing  success.  Her 
latest  visit  to  the  United  States  was  in  the  season  of  1882-83, 
subsequent  to  her  widowhood.  Her  husband  died  in  1881. 
Mile.  Nilsson's  voice  is  a  high  soprano,  with  considerable 
breadth  and  remarkable  firmness  of  tone.  Her  academical 
training  was  of  the  best,  and  she  sings  with  perfect  ease. 


T.  B.  BARKY. 

THE  growth  of  the  knights  of  labor  has  been  unprecedent- 
ed, and  it  now  has  a  membership  approximating  650,000, 
and  is  steadily  increasing.  Mr.  Barry  is  one  of  the  most 
prominent  men  among  the 
working  classes  of  Michi- 
gan, and  the  labor  party 
have  intimated  that  they 
would  nominate  him  for 
governor  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Barry  is  a  resident 
of  East  Saginaw,  and  was 
the  defendant  in  the  fa- 
mous conspiracy  trial, 
which  was  instigated  by 
the  lumber  houses  of  the 
northwest.  The  lumbermen 
were  working  eleven  hours 
a  day  and  wanted  their 
employers  to  reduce  the 
time  to  ten  hours.  Failing 
to  secure  their  demands, 
Mr.  Barry  advised  them  to  strike,  which  they  accordingly 
did.  It  was  on  that  account  that  an  action  for  conspiracy 
was  based  against  him.  He  was,  however,  acquitted  of  the 
charge.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  executive  board  of 
the  knights  of  labor  for  several  years. 


T.   B.   BARRY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


147 


O'DONOVAN  KOSSA. 

Born  tn  1832. 

FEW  men  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  receive  the  amount 
of  gratuitous  advertising  that  O'Donovan  Rossa  has.  Al- 
though the  journals  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  almost  with- 
out exception,  treated  him  and  his  pretentious  with  contempt- 
uous indifference,  he  is  in  England  considered  as  the  instiga- 
tor of  all  schemes  intended  to  further  the  cause  of  Ireland. 
For  years  the  English 
press  clamored  for  the 
punishment  of  Rossa  as 
the  only  effectual  means 
of  putting  a  stop  to  the 
dynamite  outrages  that  oc- 
curred in  England. 

His  real  name  is  Jerry 
Donovan,  and  was  born 
in  county  Cork,  Ireland. 
Young  Donovan  started  a 
grocery  store  and  contin- 
ued in  that  business  until 
1858.  He  was  arrested  in 
1858  for  being  connected 
with  an  organization 
that  was  the  nucleus  of 
the  Fenian  brotherhood.  O'DONOVAN  ROSSA. 

In  1865  he  was  again  taken  into  custody  and  was  not  releas- 
ed until  1870,  when  he  made  his  way  to  New  York  and  there 
went  into  the  hotel  business. 

He  started  the  "United  Irishman,""  a  journal  which  soon 
became  the  recognized  organ  of  the  Irish  party  in  America. 
His  name  was  also  unpleasantly  connected  with  the  Phoenix 
park  murder. 


148 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


"WILLIAM  H.  GILDER. 

Born  Aug.  16, 1838. 

THE  grandfather  of  W.  H.  Gilder  was  a  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  legislature,  and  laid  the  corner  stone  of  Girard 
college,  Philadelphia. 

Col.  William  Henry  Gilder,  the  noted  arctic  explorer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  and  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  civil 
war.  But  during  a  large  part  of  the  war  he  served  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Egan,  and  on 
being  mustered  out  at  its 
close,  was  bre vetted  major. 

Col.  Gilder  is  no  novice 
as  regards  arctic  traveling. 
He  has  made  two  journeys 
to  the  North;  the  first  in 
1878  was  through  King 
William's  Land,  with 
Schwatka,  over  the  route 
of  the  retreat  taken  by  Sir 
John  Franklin,  in  search 
of  the  relics  of  that  noted  - 
man.  This  expedition  was 
marked  by  the  biggest 
sledge-journey  on  record 
—  3,251  statute  miles. 

Gilder's  second  voyage 
was  on  the  Jeannette  search  expedition.  It  was  during  that 
search  that  he  traveled  across  northern  Liberia,  and  for  six- 
ty-nine days  was  alone  in  that  icy  wilderness. 

Gilder  spent  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1883  in  Tonquin, 
where  the  French  and  Anamese  war  was  in  progress;  and  in 
1881  was  one  of  the  first  to  visit  the  scene  of  the  earthquakes 
in  Spain.  On  these  occasions,  as  well  as  in  the  arctic  expe- 
ditions, he  acted  as  a  correspondent  of  the  New  York  "Her- 


WILLIAM  H.  GILDER. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  149 

aid."  He  has  published  "Schwatka's  Search"  in  1881, 
and  '•  Ice-Pack  and  Tundra"  in  1883.  The  latter  work  has 
been  translated  into  French. 

In  a  recent  expedition  (1887)  by  the  Gilder  North  Pole 
exploring  expedition,  in  which  the  redoubtable  Col.  Gilder 
attempted  to  reach  the  pole  by  land,  they  failed  to  reach 
the  object  of  their  perilous  journey,  because  the  Esquimaux 
hunters  had  ceased  their  journeys  northward.  He  returned 
at  once  to  New  York,  which  he  quickly  accomplished,  hav- 
ing traveled  over  six  thousand  miles.  He  will  now  make  the 
attempt  on  a  whaling  schooner. 


JAY  GOULD. 

Born  in  1836. 

IN  most  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  and  especially  in  Eng- 
land, great  wealth  when  .uninherited  is  generally  realized 
through  the  slow  and  patient  channels  of  some  trade  or  call- 
in-.  But  here  a  newly  created  world,  so  to  speak,  possessed 
of  wealth  far  exceeding  that  of  -'Ormus,  and  of  Ind,"*  and 
terming  with  all  the  resources  necessary  to  our  greatness  and 
happiness,  lies  spread  out  before  us  in  boundless  expanses, 
j 'resenting  to  every  species  of  enterprise  fields  for  operation 
so  filled  with  promise,  and  of  such  gigantic  magnitude,  that 
tiiove  of  the  old  world  are  dwarfed  into  insignificance  be- 
•  fore  them. 

Jay  Gould  was  born  at  Stratton's  Falls,  Delaware  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  York.  His  father  was  a  well  to  do  far- 
mer and  small  storekeeper.  Young  Gould  early  betrayed 
symptoms  of  genius  and  self-reliance,  for  he  had  scarcely  got 
well  into  his  school-days  till  he  regarded  himself  already  a 
man  and  invented  a  mouse  trap.  When  sixteen  years  of  age. 
he  made  his  first  move  in  life  and  became  a  clerk  in  a  small 
country  store. 

The  genius  of  Jay  must  have  been  of  no  ordinary  charac- 


150 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ter,  for  before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age  he  appeared  sud- 
denly a  full  blown  engineer,  and  made  a  survey  of  Delaware 
county,  a  map  of  which  was  published  in  1856.  When  Mr. 
Gould  bid  farewell  to  the  home  of  his  youth,  he  went  to 
Pennsylvania  with  Col.  Zadock  Pratt,  and  started  a  tannery 
in  conjunction  with  that  gentleman,  at  a  place  named  Goulds- 
boro.  Evidently  from  this  name,  young  Jay  was  the  lead- 
ing spirit  of  the  enterprise. 

In  1859,  Gould  began 
to  speculate  in  Wall  street, 
in  railroad  stocks,  and 
long  before  the  end  of  the 
war  he  was  said  to  be  a 
millionaire. 

All  through  1876,  and 
up  to  the  close  of  1878, 
he  purchased  large  lines  of 
low  price  stocks  which,  as 
if  by  magic,  began  to  rise 
in  value  the  moment  he- 
touched  them;  so  that  now 
his  wealth  must  be  very 
great  —  some  say  upward 
of  sixty  millions. 

Mr.  Gould  is  a  married 
gentleman,  and  resides  at  his  magnificent  residence,  Irving- 
ton  on  the  Hudson.  A  story  is  told  at  the  expense  of  his 
veracity.  A  speculator  in  a  small  way  of  business  got  points 
from  Mr.  Gould  which,  excepting  on  one  occasion,  he  inva- 
riably reversed,  and  made  money  every  time  by  going  con- 
trary to  his  adviser's  instructions,  on  one  occasion  he  took 
the  great  financier  at  his  word,  however,  and  was  almost 
ruined  by  doing  so.  Mr.  Gould  is  a  small  man,  weighing  less 
than  a  hundred  and  twenty  pounds.  He  has  a  swarthy  com 
plexion,  well  made  features  and  black  eyes. 


JAY  GOULD. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  151 

FRANCES  E.  WILLARD. 

Horn  Sept.  28,  1839. 

"FoR  who  knows  most,  him  loss  of  time  most  grieves,"  is 
the  line  from  Dante  which  confronts  whoever  visits  the  room 
[in  ''Rest  Cottage,"  Evanston,  Illinois,]  where  Frances  Wil- 
lard  writes.  It  is  a  book-lined  room,  a  picture-hung  room, 
a  room  crowded  with  souvenirs  of  places,  people,  and  events. 
One  window  lights  it,  a  broad  lounge  with  inviting  pillows 
stands  in  a  recess,  and  a  stationary  chair,  luxuriously  uphol- 
stered, is  built  in  comfortable  proximity  to  the  cracking  little 
stove  which  supplements  the  heat  of  the  furnace.  Down  stairs 
in  her  little  cottage  is  the  office  where  her  three  associates 
work  —  two  secretaries  and  one  stenographer.  These  young 
ladies  are  imbued  with  much  of  Miss  Willard's  enthusiasm, 
and  conduct  a  wonderful  amount  of  work,  answering,  in  addi- 
tion to  many  other  tasks,  about  thirty  thousand  letters  a  year. 

In  the  United  States  alone  there  are  now  ten  thousand 
women's  christian  temperance  unions,  comprising  a  mem- 
bership of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand.  In  addition  there 
is  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  all  the  foreign  interests  in 
other  countries.  There  are  foreign  departments  in  the  work, 
and  Miss  Willard  keeps  a  close  correspondence  with  the 
heads  of  each  of  these  departments.  Then,  as  a  sort  of  side 
Issue,  Mis-  Willard  is  at  present  engaged  on  a  history  of 
that  part  of  her  life  which  relates  to  temperance  work. 

Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  was  born  at  Churchville,  a  village 
near  Rochester,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  of  New  England 
parents,  and  was  educated  at  schools  in  Wisconsin.  When 
fourteen  \cars  of  age  she  published  several  sketches  of  coun- 
try life,  and  at  eighteen  years  of  age  read  an  essay  before 
the  state  agricultural  society  of  Illinois,  which  took  the  first 
pri/e.  After  that  she  began  the  career  of  a  teacher,  and  in 
IM'M  was  appointed  preceptress  in  Genesee  Wesleyan  college 
at  Lima,  in  the  state  of  New  York.  In  1868  she  went  to 
Europe,  devoting  a  year  to  study  in  Paris  and  spending  eigh- 


152 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


teen  months  in  visiting  the  various  capitals  of  the  continent. 
After  her  return  to  America  in  1870,  Miss  Willard  deliv- 
ered a  series  of  lectures  in  Chicago  on  "The  New  Chivalry," 
or  the  educational  aspect  of  the  woman  question.  In  the 

following    year     she    was 
elected    first    president  of 


the  Woman's  college  at 
Evanston,  which  position 
she  held  until  1874,  when 
she  began  to  turn  her  at- 
tention to  temperance  re- 
form, being  elected  secre- 
tary of  the  womaifs  na- 
tional union,  and  after- 
ward becoming  president 
of  the  Woman's  National 
Christian  Temperance  Un- 
ion. Her  career  as  a  tem- 
perance lecturer  has  been 
a  long  one,  and  she  has 
visited  nearly  every  state 
in  her  endeavor  to  reform 
drunkards. 

In  1878  Miss  Willard 
was  the  editor-in  chief  of  the  Chicago  "Evening  Post,"  and 
since  then  has  contributed  largely  to  American  periodicals. 
"My  home  is  filled  with  gifts,"  Miss  Willard  says,  "all 
you  see  here,  pictures,  books,  desks,  everything,  are  gifts 
from  different  friends."  •  Here  is  a  beautiful  picture  of  the 
president's  wife  with  the  words,  "To  my  honored  friend. 
Frances  Willard,  from  Frances  Cleveland,"  written  on  the 
outside;  here  is  a  souvenir  from  Margaret  Bright  Lucas,  here 
one  from  brave  Josephine  Butler,  here  one  from  Powderly; 
and  on  the  fly  leaf  of  almost  every  book  is  an  inscription  or  a 
line  of  presentation  from  some  friend,  famous  or  humble. 


FKANCES  E.   WILLAED. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


153 


KALAKAUA,  KING  OF  HAWAII. 

Born  Nov.  16, 1836. 

DAVID  KALAKAUA,  descended  from  one  of  the  chief  fami- 
lies of  the  Sandwich  islands,  received  a  good  education,  in- 
cluding a  familiar  knowledge  of  the  English  language. 

In  February,  1874,  Kalakaua  was  made  king.  In  the  au- 
tumn of  1874  he  set,  out  on  a  tour  of  the  United  States. 

On    July  10,  1887,   after  some  political    excitement,   he 
signed  a  new  constitution, 
limiting    the    prerogatives 
of  the  crown. 

The  wife  of  the  king  re- 
ceived a  native  education, 
and  adheres  to  the  nation- 
al customs,  and  founded 
in  Honolula  a  house  for 
the  children  of  lepers. 

In  1887  she  visited  the 
United  States  and  Europe, 
receiving  royal  honors  in 
her  travels,  and  on  the  oc- 
<-a>ion  of  the  jubilee  me- 
morial, was  a  guest  of  the 
ijiieen  of  England. 

There  is  little  in  com- 
mon between  the  royal 
pair,  and  it  is  but  natural 
that  they  should  live  apart,  KING  KALAKAUA. 

though  a  feeble  effort  is  made  toward  preserving  appearan- 
ces. No  children  having  been  born  to  them,  the  king  named 
his  eldest  sister,  the  princess  Lilinokalani,  as  the  heiress-ap- 
parent, and  in  case  of  her  death  occurring  before  Kalakaua's, 
the  throne  will  descend  to  the  little  princess  Victoria,  daught- 
er of  the  late  princess  Likelike  and  the  Hon.  A.  S.  Cleghorn. 


154 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HENRY  LABOUCHERE. 

Born  in  1831. 

IN  the  house  of  commons,  Mr.  Labouchere's  power  of  light 
satire  have  made  him  a  conspicuous  figure;  he  is  a  pronounc- 
ed radical,  and  has  several  times  proposed  the  abolition  of 
the  house  of  lords.  He  is  equally  celebrated  in  the  world 
of  journalism. 

Mr.  Labouchere  was  born  in  London,  and  was  educated 
at  Cambridge.  Soon  after 
leaving  school  he  drifted 
to  Mexico,  becoming  an 
attache  of  a  circus  there. 
From  there  he  went  to 
Minnesota  and  lived  with 
a  band  of  Chippewa  Indi- 
ans for  six  months.  He 
next  wandered  to  New 
York,  and  was  successful 
in  gaining  a  diplomatic  ap- 
pointment, but  was  seldom 
at  his  post.  But  he  was 
sent  to  St.  Petersburg, 
Munich,  Frankfort,  Stock- 
holm, and  Constantinople 
on  government  missions. 

During  the  siege  of  Pa- 
ris he  wrote  for  the  London  "Daily  News"  the  "Diary  of 
a  Besieged  Resident  in  Paris,"  which  created  quite  a  sensa- 
tion. Soon  after  he  became  connected  with  the  '.'  World," 
'  but  left  that  journal  to  found  the  "Truth,"  the  most  auda- 
cious, personal  sheet  published  in  England  to-day;  it  is  a 
perfect  mint  and  is  feared  by  all. 

Labouchere  is  wealthy  and  moves  in  the  best  society.  He 
has  represented  Northampton  in  parliament  for  several  terms. 


HENRY  LABOUCHERE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


155 


JOHN  GRIFFIN  CARLISLE. 

lion/  St'pt.  5,  1835. 

THE  youngest  son  of  a  largo  family,  J.  G.  Carlisle  receiv- 
ed but  a  common  school  education,  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Kentucky  in  1858. 

In  1859  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  house 
of  representatives,  and  in  1866  was  elected  to  the  senate  of 
his  native  state,  and  again  in  1869.  He  was  elected  to  the 

lieutenant-governorship  in 
1871,  serving  until  1875. 
His  fellow-citizens  made 
him  presidential  elector  at 
large  for  Kentucky  in  the 
year  1876,  and  was  subse 
quently  elected  to  the  house 
of  representatives  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Mr.  Carlisle's  "record" 
in  congress  is  that  of  an 
able  and  diligent  man, 
well  informed  and  compe- 
tent to  fill  more  exalted 
positions  than  any  he  has 
occupied  heretofore. 

On  the  vital  question  of 
free  trade  he  has  placed 
himself  on  record  in  the  following  passage,  which  is  quoted 
from  a  speech  made  while  he  was  on  the  floor  of  the  house: 
"In  the  broad  and  sweeping  sense  which  the  use  of  the  term 
generally  implies.  I  am  not  a  free  trader.  In  my  judgment 
it  will  be  years  yet  before  anything  in  the  nature  of  free 
trade  will  be  wise  or  practicable  for  the  United  States.  When 
we  speak  of  this  subject  we  refer  to  approximate  free  trade, 
which  has  no  idea  of  crippling  the  growth  of  home  industries, 


J.   G.   CARLISLE. 


156 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


but  simply  of  scaling  down  the  iniquities  of  the  tariff  sched- 
ule, where  they  are  utterly  out  of  proportion  to  the  demands 
of  that  growth.  ....  It  is  entirely  wrong  to  continue 
these  burdens  on  the  people  for  years  and  years  after  the 
requirements  of  protection  have  been  met  and  the  representa- 
tives of  those  industries  have  become  incrusted  with  wealth." 


MRS.  JOHN  G.  CARLISLE. 

ONE  of  the  leaders  in  Washington  society  is  Mrs.  John  G. 
Carlisle,  the  daughter  of  Major  John  H.  Goodson,  one  of 
the  old  aristocrats  of  Ken- 
tucky. She  was  sent  to 
school  at'  Covington, 
where  she  received  a  clas- 
sical and  society  educa- 
tion. In  temperament  she 
is  vivacious,  genial  and 
pleasant,  with  a  charming 
open  manner. 

During  a  recent  conver- 
sation with  Susan  B.  An- 
thony, she  expressed,  her- 
self as  delighted  with  the 
courage  and  energy  dis- 
played by  the  woman's 
rights  people.  Whereupon 
Miss  Anthony  suggested 
that  Mrs.  Carlisle  ought  to 
know  more  of  the  woman  suffragists,  personally.  To  this 
Mrs.  Carlisle  responded,  that  it  was  doubtless  because  elie 
did  not  know7  them  nearer,  that  she  esteemed  them  so  much. 

As  the  wife  of  John  G.  Carlisle,  she  adds  not  a  little  to 
that  statesman's  popularity.  She  has  two  sons,  both  of  whom 
are  lawyers  at  Wichita,  Kansas. 


MRS.    JOHN   G.    CARLISLE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


157 


SITTING  BULL. 

Born  in  1837. 

IN  presenting  to  our  readers  the  portrait  of  this  wily  and 
merciless  savage,  we  are,  of  course,  sensible  of  the  fact  that 
no  pleasing  interest  attaches  to  the  subject;  but  then,  as  a 
warrior  and  strategist  beyond  the  boundaries  of  civilization, 
this  cruel  and  calculating  Sioux  is  entitled  to  a  place  in  his- 
tory, notwithstanding  that  his  career  has  been  so  marked 
hitherto  with  deeds  of 
treachery  and  blood,  that 
it  were  better  forgotten. 

Sitting  Bull,  the  son  of 
the  chief.  Jumping  Bull, 
and  the  nephew  of  Four 
Horns  and  Hunting  His 
Lodge,  two  chiefs  also, 
was  born  near  old  Fort 
George,  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Cheyenne  river. 

This  sullen  chief  has  two 
wives,  and  has  had  anoth- 


er who  has  *-gone  to  the 
Great  Spirit."  He  has 
nine  children;  and  (what 
fortunately,  for  the  coun- 
try, is  most  rare  among 
his  race)  two  pairs  of  twins. 
He  has  always  been  a  faithless  and  troublesome  customer; 
and  after  his  participation  in  the  massacre  of  the  brave  Cus- 
-ter  and  those  who  fell  with  him,  he  escaped,  with  his  war. 
riors  to  Canada,  where  he  remained  until  1881,  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  United  States  government.  Sitting  Bull  now 
avers  that  he  wants  no  more  blood  spilt,  but  he  appears  to 
be  a  somewhat  sullen  and  ill-satisfied  prodigal  son,  as  he 
complains  bitterly  of  the  treatment  lie  recf'vc  <. 


SITTING  BULL. 


158 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  B E VIEW. 


BRET  HARTE. 

Born  in  1838. 

BRET  HARTE  is  a  thorough  American  poet.  He  represents 
iii  a  strong  degree  the  impulsive,  democratic  and  plain  spc- 
ten  element  of  the  American  people.  That  he  is  a  man  of 
brilliant  wit,  wide  information  and  strong  purposes  is  pro- 
ven by  the  success  he  has  achieved. 

He  was  born  in  Albany,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
inherited  from  his  parents 
English,  German  and  He- 
brew blood. 

In  1854,  the  family  re- 
moved to  California,   and 
in  the  rude    mining  settle- 
ments, surrounded  by  char- 
acters,—  lawless,  immoral 
and  profligate, — the  young 
man  received  impressions 
which  were  stamped  upon 
his    memory     so    forcibly 
that,  in  after  years,  it    be-i 
came  an    easy  task  to  re-; 
produce  them  for  the  pub- 
lic with   his  pen.     During: 
the  first  three  years  in  Cal- 
ifornia,  he  passed  through 
the  varying  hardships  and 
frequent  changes  of  occu- 
pation which  seem  to  attend  invariably  the  earlier  steps  of% 
genius. 

For  a  time  he  was  compositor  in  a  printing  office,  then  he 
mined  for  himself,  with  most' indifferent  results.  The  life  of 
a  school  teacher,  which  followed,  gave  a  new  incentive  to 
the  literary  tastes  which  had  been  awakened  in  the  printing 


BRET  HARTE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  159 

office,  and  a  year's  work  as  express  messenger  threw  him 
into  continual  contact  with  the  various  characters  and  life 
studies  which  he  has  given  to  the  world. 

In  1857,  he  returned  to  the  compositor's  case,  in  the  office 
of  the  "  Golden  Era,"  of  San  Francisco;  and  it  was  here 
that  a  few  Bohemian  sketches,  rapidly  dashed  off  for  copy. 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  editor,  and  he  was  assigned  a 
place  in  the  literary  department. 

Much  of  the  work  which  came  from  his  hand  at  this  time 
bears  all  the  marks  of  keen  wit  and  pungency  of  expression 
wiiich  characterize  the  articles  and  sketches  which  he  has 
retained  in  the  complete  edition  of  his  writings. 

In  1863,  his  first  sketch  appeared  in  the  east,  which  was 
followed  by  frequent  efforts,  until  in  1868  he  became  the  edi- 
tor of  the  "Overland  Monthly."  In  1871  he  came  to  Bos- 
ton and  was  connected  with  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly/' 

His  ''Heathen  Chinee"  did  for  him  what  «  Thanatopsis" 
did  for  Bryant — threw  him  into  the  front  rank  of  competitors 
for  popular  favor.  "The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp,"  "The 
Outcast  of  Poker  Flat,"  "  Higgles,"  and  so  forth,  sketches 
of  California  life  which  he  published  in  the  "Overland 
Monthly,"  established  a  reputation  for  him  which  he  has 
admirably  sustained  by  the  brilliancy  of  his  wit,  his  undeni- 
able ability  and  the  versatility  of  his  genius. 

His  poem  of  the  Heathen  Chinee  is  familiar  to  the  gener- 
ality of  readers,  and  especially  the  following  lines: 

For  ways  that  are  dark. 

And  tricks  that  are  vain, 
The  Heathen   Cliincr  />•  pm/liar, 

Which  the  same  I  am  free  to  maintain. 

With  the  smile  that  ivas  childlike  and  Ma  ml. 

In  "Jim"  there  is  another  hiatus.  A  chum,  inquiring  for 
Jim,  after  a  lapse  of  two  years,  hears  that  the  boy  is  dead. 

Dead?    That  little  cuss? 
Is  all  that  he  can  falter  out.    The  glass,  from'  which  he  was 


160  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

drinking  falls  from  his  hand,  and  there  comes  a  laugh.  It 
jars!  Half  ashamed  of  his  emotion,  and  like  many  another 
and  better  man  trying  to  hide  it  by  bluster,  he  roars: 

What  makes  you  star 
You  over  thar? 
Can't  a  man  drop 
A  glass  in  your  shop 
But  you  must  rar? 
It  wouldn't  take 

J) much  to  break 

You  and  your  bar! 

Relieved  by  this  explosion,  he  goes  on: 

Dead! 

Poor  .  .  .  little  .  .  .  Jim! 
Wliy  there  was  me, 
Jones  and  Sob  Lee, 
Harry  and  Ben: 
No^accoimt  men; 
Then  to  take  him! 

But  little  Jim  had  not  been  taken.  It  was  he  who  had 
"rar'd,"  and  he  is  ultimately  recognized  in  the  following 
characteristic  lines: 

Soldi 

Sold!  Why  you  limb  I 
You  ornery 
Derned  old 
Long-legged  Jim! 

The  whole  poem  contains  fifty-eight  short  lines,  but  deliv- 
ered by  a  good  reader,  it  speaks  volumes. 

The  prose  tales  of  Bret  Harte  teem  with  noble  thoughts, 
and  the  "  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp  "  is  full  of  tender  touches. 


GEN.  JOHN  C.  BLACK. 

Born  Jan.  27,  1839. 

THE  Black  family  were  among  the  earliest  settlers  in 
Pennsylvania.  Gen.  Black,  however,  was  born  in  Lexing- 
ton, Mississippi,  and  received  the  advantages  of  a  classical 
education,  which  was  obtained  from  working  at  odd  jobs 
in  the  intervals  of  his  studies. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


161. 


In  1861  he  enlisted  in  the  thirty-seventh  Illinois  regiment, 
and  was  mustered  out  August  15, 1865,  as  a  brevet-brigadier 
general.  He  was  wounded  at  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge  and 
Prairie  Grove;  in  the  former  battle,  so  severely  as  to  cripple 
his  left  arm.  On  leaving  the  army  he  took  up  the  study  of 
law  in  Chicago,  and  in 
1867  commenced  practice, 
continuing  the  same  until 
his  appointment  as  com- 
missioner of  pensions  in 
1885. 

Mr.  Black  for  eighteen 
years  has  been  an  active 
democrat  and  was  on  three 
occasions  a  candidate  for 
congress,  but  his  district 
being  strongly  republican 
he  was  defeated  each  time. 

He  never  held  a  public 
office  of  profit,   although, 
he  has  been  connected  as 
an  officer  with  many  char- 
itable institutions.  "  He  is  -GEN'  JOHN  c-  BLACK- 
a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  national  home  for 
disabled  soldiers. 

lie  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  governor  at  the  Peoria 
convention  in  1884,  and  although  his  name  was. most  prom- 
inently mentioned  in  democratic  circles  for  the  vice-presi- 
dency on  the  ticket  with  Cleveland,  he  refused  to  allow  his 
friends  to  consider  him  a  candidate. 

As  a  lawyer  Mr.  Black  stands  confessedly  at  the  head  of 
his  profession.  Not  only  is  he  renowned  for  his  great  erudi- 
tion, but  he  is  one  of  the  ablest  speakers  of  his  state.  As  a 
political  speaker  he  has  few  equals,  and  therefore  hi>  services 
have  alwavs  been  in  demand  at  election  times. 


182 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JAMES  G.  ELAINE. 

Born  Jan,  31 ,  18,30. 

SINCE  the  time  when  young  Henry  Clay  was  the  most 
magnetic  of  speakers  and  the  most  charming  of  gentlemen 
in  either  house  of  congress,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  no  man 
except  James  G.  Elaine  has  ever  dared  to  rival  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  sage  of  Ashland. 

James  G.  Elaine  was  born  at   the  Indian  Hill  Farm  in 

Washington  county.  Penn- 
sylvania. His  father  was 
one  of  the  heaviest  land 
proprietors  in  the  state, 
and  the  son  spent  several 
years  in  early  youth  at 
school  in  Lancaster,  Ohio. 
In  1843  he  entered  college 
at  Washington,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  graduated  in 
1847  when  but  seventeen 
years  of  age. 

After  his  graduation, 
Mr.  Elaine  taught  for  some 
years  in  the  schools  of  the 
neighborhood,  at  the  same 
time  making  a  decided 
mark  as  a  magazine  and 
newspaper  writer.  In  1853  he  went  to  Kennebec,  Maine, 
where  he  had  been  asked  to  assume  the  management  of  the 
Kennebec  "  Journal."  Shortly  afterward  he  accepted  the  con- 
trol of  the  Portland  "Advertiser." 

In  1858  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature  and  served  there 
four  years;  at  the  beginning  of  his  last  term  of  two  years,  he 
was  chosen  speaker  and  performed  the  duties  of  that  office 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  law-makers  of  the  Pine  Tree  state. 


JAMES  G.   BLAINE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  163 

It  was  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion  in  1862  that  "Elaine 
of  Maine  "  was  first  sent  to  congress.  He  at  once  devoted 
himself  to  a  careful  study  of  the  rules  of  the  house,  and  it 
was  not  long  before  he  began  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  parliamentarians  in  that  body.  He  was  repeatedly  re- 
elected  from  the  same  district  and  in  1869  was  made  speaker 
of  the  house.  His  rulings  were  always  prompt  and  accurate, 
and  it  was  not  often  that  his  bitterest  enemies  could  find  a 
flaw  in  his  parliamentary  armor.  He  made  the  finest  speech 
in  congress  against  what  was  known  as  the  "Ohio  idea  "of 
paying  the  national  debt  in  greenbacks,  which  was  a  product 
of  Mr.  Pendleton's  fertile  brain. 

Two  days  before  the  republican  convention  of  1876  met, 
a  report  was  presented  to  the  house  of  representatives  attempt- 
ing, falsely,  to  implicate  Mr.  Elaine  in  certain  improper 
transactions  as  speaker;  and  his  manly  outspoken  explana- 
tion and  refutation  of  the  charges  only  partially  removed 
their  effect  on  the  convention,  backed  as  it  was  by  the  elo- 
quence of  Ingersoll.  whose  "plumed  knight"  speech  will  go 
down  to  history  as  his  greatest  effort.  Mr.  Elaine  received 
351  votes  in  the  final  vote  as  against  379  for  the  Hayes  com- 
bination engineered  by  Roscoe  Conkling,  who  had  never  for- 
given the  ••Plumed  Knight"  for  his  severely  vivacious  ref- 
erence to  him  on  the  floor  of  the  house  as  the  "turkey  gob- 
bler member  from  New  York." 

Mr.  Elaine  had  been  chosen  a  member  of  the  senate  and 
entered  uppn  his  duties  in  1877.  He  had  voted  against  the 
electorial  commission  bill  on  the  ground  that  it  was  uncon- 
stitutional. In  1880  he  was  once  more  a  candidate  for  the 
presidential  nomination  and  succeeded  in  so  using  the  influ- 
ence which  he  had,  as  to  defeat  the  third  term  scheme  and  to 
overthrow  the  Conkling-Cameron-Logan  triumvirate.  He 
did  as  much  as  any  other  one  man  worker  to  elect  President 
(iarfit-ld,  and  his  appointment  as  secretary  of  state  was  a 
perfectly  natural  one. 


164  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Upon  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Elaine  from  the  state  depart- 
ment in  1881,  he  was  for  the  first  time  in  twenty  years  out 
of  public  office.  He  soon  entered  upon  the  composition  of 
an  elaborate  historical  work,  entitled  "Twenty  Years  in  Con- 
gress,"-—the  first  volume  being  published  in  1884.  and  the 
second  in  1886.  The  work  had  a  very  wide  sale,  and  secur- 
ed general  approval  for  its  impartial  spirit  and  brilliant  style. 

In  1884  he  was  nominated  for  president  on  the  fourth 
ballot — receiving  541  votes  out  of  a  total  of  813.  The  elec- 
tion turned  upon  the  result  in  New  York,  which  was  lost  to 
Mr.  Blaine  by  1,047  votes,  whereupon  he  promptly  resumed 
the  work  upon  his  history,  which  had  been  interrupted  by 
the  canvass. 

He  visited  Europe  in  1887,  for  health  and  pleasure,  and 
has  received  marked  attention  from  the  leading  statesmen 
of  many  countries. 


JOAQUIN  MILLER. 

Born  Nov.  10,  1841. 

THE  life  of  Joaquin  Miller  has  been  an  interesting  one1. 
His  true  name  is  Cincinnatus  Hiner  -Miller,  and  he  was  born 
in  the  Wabash  district  of  Indiana. 

At  thirteen  years  of  age  he  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Oregon.  He  then  attempted  mining,  and  lived  an  adventu- 
rous life  in  California.  He  served  with  Walker,  in  Nicara- 
gua, and  afterward  sojourned  with  the  Indians.  In  1860  he 
began  to  study  law,  and  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war, 
issued  a  democratic  paper  at  Eugene  City,  Oregon,  in  which 
his  expressions  of  opinion  were  of  so  rank  a  character  that 
the  authorities  saw  fit  to  suppress  it  for  disloyalty.  He  had 
then  achieved  a  reputation  as  the  author  of  poetic  pieces 
marked  by  striking  qualities,  and  was  known  as  the  "Poet 
of  the  Sierras." 

In  1863  his  attention  was  attracted  by  a  series  of  graceful 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


165 


verses  in  the  western  papers,  which  bore  the  signature  of 
<"•  Minnie  Myrtle."  The  name  of  the  writer  was  Miss  Minnie 
Theresa  Dyer.  Mr.  Miller  called  upon  the  lady,  and  after 
a  three  days'  acquaintance  inaivied  her.  Domestic  trouble 
soon  followed,  and  in  1870  the  couple  were  divorced. 

Miller  went  to  England  in  1871,  and  published  a  volume 

of  poems  called  "Songs 
of  the  Sierras,"  a  portion 
of  which  had  already  been 
published  under  the  same 
name  in  the  United  States. 
His  efforts  met  with  bet- 
ter success  in  England  than 
they  had  done  in  America, 
and  from  that  time  for- 
ward his  publications  met 
with  a  ready  sale. 

The  poet  is  a  most  eccen- 
tric   man,   and    for    many 
years   his   long   hair,    red 
shirt,  unpolished  boots  and 
tramp-like  appearance  were 
a  source  of  much  comment. 
After  his  divorce   from 
his  Pacific   coast   wife  he 
JOAQUIN  MILI.KK.  married    into    the    Leland 

family,  of  hotel  fame.  It  is  claimed  that  the  fortune  he  had 
accumulated  from  the  successful  sale  of  his  books  was.  lost 
in  Wall  street,  and  the  fact  that  to-day  he  works  hard  as  a 
New  York  newspaper  man,  for  moderate  pay,  leads  to  a  be- 
lief in  the  report.  His  hair  and  clothing  are  now  of  conven- 
tional cut,  and  he  walks  Broadway  unnoticed,  save  by  those 
who  know  him.  Perhaps  his  most  popular  work  is  "Songs 
of  Italy."  He  is  the  author  of  that  successful  drama,  "The 
Dariites."  Maud  Muller  is  the  daughter  of  his  first  wife. 


166 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW, 


JUSTIN  McCAKTHY. 

Born  in  1830. 

ONE  of  the  sturdiest,  staunchest  friends  that  Ireland  has  is 
Justin  McCarthy.  This  noted  man  advocated  Ireland's 
cause  in  season  and  out;  never  for  a  moment  has  the  weal 
of  his  native  land  been  absent  from  his  mind,  and  to-day  he 
is  idolized  by  the  Irish  masses.  He  was  born  in  Cork,  and 
joined  the  staff  of  a  Liver- 
pool newspaper  in  1853. 
In  1860  he  reported  the 
doings  of  the  house  for  the 
"Morning  Star,"  and  in 
1864:  became  chief  editor 
of  that  sheet.  In  1868  he 
resigned  his  post  and  trav- 
eled in  America  for  three 
years. 

He  has  contributed  ar- 
ticles to  the  leading  Eng- 
lish and  American  period- 
icals; and  is  the  author  of 
various  novels.  In  1880 
he  published  "A  History 
of  Our  Own  Times,"  and 
in  1882  "  The  Epoch  of 
Reform."  He  was  sent  to  parliament  from  Longford,  Ire- 
land in  March,  1879,  and  was  made  vice-president  of  t-he 
Irish  parliamentary  party  in  the  house  of  commons. 

In  a  visit  to  this  country  in  1887,  on  a  lecturing  tour,  Mr. 
McCarthy  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm.  In  one  of  his 
lectures  Mr.  McCarthy  says:  "Out  of  all  the  many  civilized 
communities  or  commonwealths  associated  under  the  British 
crown,  Ireland  was  the  only  civilized,  which  is  at  once  civ- 
ilized and  divided  from  England  by  any  expanse  of  sea, 


JUSTIN  M  CARTHY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  167 

whether  broad  or  long,  which  is  not  allowed  the  priceless 
benefit  of  home  rale.  We  say  to  England:  'You  have  twen- 
ty three  home  rule  communities  already:  we  want  to  know 
why  is  Ireland  alone  to  be  denied  that  privilege.  Canada, 
the  Australasian  colonies,  the  South  African  colonies,  the 
Channel  islands,  the  Isle  of  Man,  are  perfectly  content  with 
their  partnership  with  England,  because  they  are  allowed  to 
manage  their  own  national,  domestic,  and  local  affairs. 
What  is  there  in  Ireland,  in  her  geographical  position,  in 
her  history,  in  her  traditions,  in  the  capacity  of  her  people, 
which  shows  that  she  alone  of  all  civilized  communities  un- 
der the  English  crown  shall  be  denied  the  privileges  of  man- 
aging her  own  domestic  affairs  for  herself  ?'  We  ask  no  right 
to  interfere  with  England,  or  Scotland,  or  Wales;  ask  no 
right  of  undue  influence  as  regards  the  common  affairs  of 
the  whole  imperial  system.  All  we  ask  is  that  Ireland  shall 
be  the  twenty-fourth  of  these  commonwealths  under  the  Brit- 
ish crown  which  are  allowed  to  govern  and  manage  their 
own  affairs  for  themselves." 

Mr.  .McCarthy  is  not  merely  a  member  of  the  British  par- 
liament. He  is  a  distinguished  journalist,  a  graceful  novel 
ist.  an  admirable  speaker,  and  the  raciest  historian  of  "Our 
Own  Times."  He  is  besides  the  trusted  first  lieutenant 
of  the  leader  of  the  Irish  people,  and  ran  speak  with  an  au- 
thority on  the  Irish  question.  Those  who  have  read  his  works 
—  and  they  are  legion  —  need  not  be  told  that  McCarthy 
will  treat  his  subject  lucidly  and  with  argumentative  force. 
He  is  a  sensible,  clear  headed,  big-brained  man,  who  can 
not  be  carried  away  by  passion,  clamor,  .or  even  enthusiasm. 


FERDINAND  DE  LESSEES. 

Horn-  in  lsit">. 

M.  DE  LKSSKPS  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  interesting  men 
of  our  day,  and  if   he  could,  unembarrassed  by  personal,  po- 


168 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


litical,  and  commercial  entanglements,  interests  and  associa- 
tions, write  a  record  of  the  main  events  of  his  life,  it  would 
doubtless  make  a  very  interesting  volume.  The  bulky  and 
not  elegant  English  translation  of  his  "Recollections  of 
Forty  Years,"  almost  does  an  injustice  to  this  man  whose 
name  is  written  ineffaceably  upon  the  surface  of  the  globe — 
u  writ  in  water,"  indeed,  but  not  to  perish.  It  is  always  pleas- 
ant to  read  of  the  inception  of  a  great  project,  and  its  suc- 
cessful realization,  and  the 
story  of  the  Suez  canal  has 
a  special  charm.  In  these 
-  Recollections'  Americans 
particularly  will  find  of  in- 
terest M.  de  Lesseps'  ac- 
count of  the  Panama  canal. 
He  maintains  that  the  "Pa- 
nama will  be  easier  to 
make,  easier  to'  complete, 
and  easier  to  keep  up  than 
the  Suez  canal." 

Versailles,  France,  is  the 
birthplace  of  M.  de  Les- 
seps, the  father  of  the  Suez 
canal.  He  was  educated  as 
a  civil  engineer,but  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  in 
1825.  After  long  service 
in  different  consulates  he 
was  appointed  minister  to  Spain,  and  held  that  position  until 
the  French  revolution  of  1848,  and  was  afterward  sent  to 
Rome  as  representative  of  the  French  republican  government. 
His  commission  to  negotiate  the  construction  of  the  Suez 
canal  was  given  in  1854,  but  it  was  not  until  1864  that  actual 
work  on  the  canal  was  fairly  begun;  and  it  was  completed  in 
1869, — the  greatest  piece  of  engineering  of  modern  times. 


FERDINAND  DE  LESSEPS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


169 


LIEUT. -GEN.  SIR  GAftNET  J.  WOLSELEY. 

Born  July,  4,  1833. 

CREATED  a  baron  by  Queen  Victoria  after  his  quick  and 
triumphant  campaign  in  Egypt  against  Arabi  Bey  in  1882. 
Gen.  Wolseley  had  before  that  time  gained  a  brilliant  repu- 
tation as  an  active  and  almost  invariably  successful  com- 
mander. He  comes  of  an  old  family,  the  Staffordshire  Wol- 
seleys,  of  Wolseley  Hall,  and  is  the  son  of  Major  G.  J.  Wol- 
seley,  of  county  Dublin. 
He  entered  the  British  ar- 
my at  the  age  of  nineteen 
as  an  ensign.  At  the 
storming  of  Myat-toon  he 
led  the  party  that  first  scal- 
ed tin-  walls,  and  was  se- 
verely wounded  in  the  left 
thigh  by  a  rifle  ball. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Crimean  war  he  landed  with 
the  ninetieth  light  infantry 
and  served  in  the  trenches 
as  an  assistant  engineer. 
Conspicuous  services  in  the 
attack  on  the  Quarries,  in 
the  assault  of  June  18, 
and  in  the  third,  fourth  MK  <;AKNKT  .1.  \VOLSELKV. 

and  fifth  bombardments  of  Sebastopol  won  for  him  repeated 
mention  in  dispatches.  He  was  wrecked  in  1857  in  the 
straits  of  Banca  while  proceeding  in  her  majesty's  ship 
"Transit"  to  China.  During  the  Indian  mutiny  he  took  part 
in  the  relief  of  Lucknow,  and  in  the  siege  and  eapture  of  the 
same  place.  Colonel  Wolseley  was  sent  to  Canada  during 
the  period  when  difficulties  were  threatened  with  the  United 
States,  owing  to  the  affair  of  the  Trent,  and  afterward  visit- 
ed the  confederate  camp.  In  December,  lSfi'2.  the  troubles 


170 


THE  BIOGBAPHIGAL  REV  [1  W. 


with  the  Red  River  settlement  broke  out,  which  gave  him 
more  active  work. 

It  was,  however,  his  conduct  of  the  Ashantee  war  that 
brought  him  so  prominently  before  the  public,  and  for  which 
he  received  a  grant  of  twenty-five  thousand  pounds. 

After  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria  in  1882,  he  was  at 
once  sent  against  Arabi  Bey,  completely  routing  the  rebels, 
and  restoring  peace  within  thirty  days.  For  this  service  he 
received,  in  addition  to  other  honors,  fifty  thousand  pounds. 


FRANK  HATTON. 

Born  in  1845. 

FRANK  HATTON  was  born  in  Cadiz,  Ohio,  and  learned  the 
printer's  trade  with  his  father,  who  published  a  paper  in  that 
place.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  rebellion  he  entered 
the  United  States  army, 
being  but  seventeen  years 
of  age;  and.  three  years 
later  was  advanced  to  the 
lieutenaritcy. 

After  the  war  he  returned 
to  Cadiz,  where  he  became 
local  editor  on  his  father's 
paper.  The  family  soon 
after  removed  to  Mount 
Pleasant,  Iowa,  where  the 
elder  Hatton  bought  and 
published  the  "Journal," 
and  at  the  death  of  his  fa-  FRANK  HATTON. 

ther,  Frank  became  the  editor  and  joint  proprietor.  In  1874 
Mr.  Hatton  bought  a  half  interest  in  the  Burlington  "Hawk- 
eye,"  and  at  a  little  later  date  became  sole  proprietor  and 
editor-in-chief.  In  1881  President  Arthur  appointed  him.  as 
assistant  postmaster-general;  and  later,  postmaster-general. 


THE  BIO  OR  A  PHI  ('  A  L   It  K  VIK\V. 


171 


DR.  MARY  WALKER. 

THE  career  of  Dr.  Mary  Walker  has  been  a  checkered  one, 
and  her  notoriety  has  not  been  enviable,  for  her  determina- 
tion to  study  and  practice  medicine  met  with  great  opposition 
in  the  years  when  lady  "M.  P.  V  were  much  more  of  a 
rarity  than  they  are  at  the  present  time;  and  it  placed  her  in 
an  antagonistic  position  to 
the  sterner  sex,  while  her 
adoption  of  trousers,  stiff 
brimmed  hats, and  coat-like 
garments  roused  the  indig- 
nation of  her  less  strong- 
minded  sisters. 

Her  early  life  was  spent 
at  Oswego.  in  the  state  of 
iS'ew  York;  and  her  own 
statements  lead  to  the  in- 
ference that  even  as  a  child 
a  great  portion  of  her  hap- 
pines>  depended  upon  the 
brevity  of  her  skirts. 

During  the  civil  war  she 
distinguished  herself  by  ef- 
ficient service  in  attending 
the  sick  and  wounded  sol- 
diers, often  expending  her 
o\vn  money  for  the  traveling  expenses  to  keep  up  with  the 
army.  A  medal  was  awarded  her  for  these  services,  and  had 
Lincoln  lived  he  would,  undoubtedly,  have  bestowed  upon  her 
a  position  of  trust,  as  a  recompense  for  her  earnest  and 
praiseworthy  labors.  In  I860  she  visited  Kurope.  hoping 
that  her  reformatory  ideas  would  meet  with  more  encourage- 
ment. But  in  this  she  was  doomed  to  disappointment, 

In  conversation  she  is  agreeable  and  entertaining,  though 


DK.  MARY  WALKER. 


172 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


better  liked  among  men  than  among  women.  Those  of  her 
own  sex  to  whom  she  is  well  known,  speak  of  her  in  the 
highest  terms  of  praise,  and  insist  that  her  motives  are  mis- 
understood, and  that  her  efforts  are  against  the  unhealthiness 
of  tight  lacing,  French  heeled  boots  and  cumbersome  skirts, 
and  not  prompted  by  a  desire  for  a  share  in  the  governing 
of  the  country.  Her  motives  are  pure,  and  her  desire  is  for 
the  physical  and  moral  development  of  her  sex. 


CARTEK  HARRISON. 

Born  Feb.  15,  1825. 

THE  late  democratic  mayor  of  Chicago,  Carter  Harrison, 
was  born  in  Fayette  count}-  Kentucky.   He  received  a  classi- 

cal education,  graduating 
at  Yale  college  in  1845. 
Although  he  studied  law 
he  followed  the  occupation 
of  a  farmer  in  his  native 
county  until  1855,  graduat- 
ing in  that  year  at  Transyl- 
vania law  school. 

After  a  while  he  removed 
to  Chicago,  becoming  a 
real  estate  operator.  He 
represented  Illinois  in  the 
forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth 
congresses,  his  second  term 
expiring  in  1877. 

Ever  since  his  terms  in 
congress,  Carter  Harrison's 
name  has  almost  intennittingly  been  in  the  public  prints. 
He  was  elected  as  mayor  of  Chicago  for  three  terms,  his  last 
term  ending  in  1887.  His  second  wife  dying  about  this  time, 
he  suddenly  started  out  on  a  tour  of  the  world. 


CARTER  HARRISON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ITS. 


HENRY  SMITH. 

Born  in  1838. 

HENRY  SMITH  is  a  native  of  the  city  of  Baltimore,  in  the 
state  of  Maryland.  He  was  but  an  infant  when  his  parents 
removed  to  Marshalltown,  Stark  county,  Ohio.  And  in  J  ^4r> 
the  family  removed  to  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  in  which  city 
young  Henry  received  a 
common  school  education, 
afterward  learning  the 
trade  of  mill-wright. 

When  he  was  about  thir- 
ty years  of  age  he  began 
public  life  as  a  member  of 
the  common  council  of  the 
city  of  Milwaukee. 

After  four  years'  service 
in  this  capacity, he  resumed 
work  as  a  private  citizen. 
In  1878  he  took  his  seat 
as  a  member  of  the  Wis- 
consin legislature.  He  was 
again  a  member  of  the 
common  council  of  the 
city  of  his  residence  from 
1880  till  1882.  The  next 
two  yt  ars  he  was  city 
comptroller  at  Milwaukee. 

From  1884  to  1887  he  was  for  a  third  time  a  member  of 
the  common  council.  Then  followed  his  election  to  the  fif- 
tieth congress  as  a  representative  from  his  district. 

Mr.  Smith  is  highly  respected  as  a  man  of  distinguished 
abilities  and  unblemished  character.  As  a  friend  of  the 
workingman  he  has  at  all  times  proved  himself  to  be  entitled 
to  their  praise. 


HENRY  SMITH. 


174 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


SARAH  BERNHARDT. 

Born  Oct,  22,  1844. 

SINCE  "The  divine  Sarah  "  made  her  first  tour  of  the  Tin: 
ted  States  in  1880,  she  has  grown  stouter.  She  still  posses- 
ses the  remarkable  knack  of  dressing  unlike  other  women, 
yet  dressing  well,  and  the  materials  of  her  gowns  are  very 
handsome  and  costly.  Her  place  at  the  head  of  her  profes- 
sion she  still  retains.  Speaking  of  her  recent  appearance  in 
Washington,  a  correspon- 
dent says:  "She  is  still 
lithe  and  surpassingly 
graceful,  soft,  loving, 
fierce  as  a  tiger,  alluring 
as  a  siren,  fitful,  capri- 
cious, intense,  everything 
that  is  gracious,  ravishing, 
sad  and  terrible  in  human 
nature."  There  is  and  can 
be  but  one  Sarah  Bern- 
hardt. 

She  is  fresh  from  tri- 
umphs in  South  and  Cen- 
tral America,  by  which 


nearly  seven  hundred 
thousand  dollars  were  ta- 
ken into  the  managerial 
treasury.  Her  art  has  been  SARAH  BERNIIARDT. 

rewarded  with  munificent  public  liberality,  but  she  says  she 
never  has  any  money.  At  the  present  time  she  is  trying  to 
remember  that  the  time  will  come  when  she  will  not  be  able 
to  earn  more.  She  is  no  longer  young. 

She  was  one  of  eleven  children  of  a  wandering  Jewess  who 
lived  in  Paris  at  the  time  of  Sarah's  birth;  and  was  christen- 
ed in  the  Roman  catholic  church,  receiving  her  early  educa- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  175 

tion  in  a  convent.  While  a  young  girl  she  was  sent  to  Am- 
sterdam to  be  reared  by  her  maternal  grandmother.  In  her 
teens  she  was  taken  back  to  Paris,  where  it  is  said  she  lived 
in  a  wretched  set  of  rooms  in  the  top  story  of  an  old  house 
in  the  Rue  St.  Honore,  and  had  for  her  neighbors  the  family 
of  a  costumer  in  the  theater  Francais.  Her  first  efforts  at  the 
Francais  were  unsuccessful,  and  it  is  said  that  she  was  think 
ing  of  committing  suicide  when .  she  received  encouraging 
advice  and  assistance  from  George  Sand  of  the  Odeon;  but 
becoming  disgusted  with  her  experience  she  ran  away  from 
the  theater.  Eventually,  after  more  than  eighteen  years  of 
intercession  on  the  part  of  George  Sand,  Sarah  Bernhardt 
was  cast  in  "Hernani,"  to  be  put  on  at  the  Odeon.  Her 
appearance  was  a  complete  triumph,  and  the  press  of  Paris 
over-rated  her  as  much  as  it  under-rated  her  before  Since 
that  time  she  has  interpreted  many  of  Victor  Hugo's  dramas 
and  other  masterpieces  of  the  French  stage. 

In  June,  1879,  she  made  her  first  appearance  in  London, 
which  was  a  great  success.  Her  visit  to  this  country  was  a 
great  event  in  the  story  of  its  amusements.  In  1883  she 
bought  a  theater  in  Paris,  her  management  of  which  did  not 
prove  successful.  Arrangements  for  the  tour,  of  which  that 
in  the  United  States  is  a  part,  were  made  in  the  spring  of 
1886.  Sarah  Bernhardt  was  the  mother  of  several  children 
prior  to  her  marriage  to  M.  Damala,  a  Greek,  in  1882,  and 
from  whom  she  soon  separated. 


GEORGE  M.  PULLMAN. 

Born  March  3,  1831. 

IN  both  the  Old  and  the  New  World,  the  name  of  G.  M. 
Pullman  is  honored  as  that  of  a  man  who  has  reduced  greatly 
the  inevitable  weariness  and  discomfort  of  railroad  traveling. 
He  was  not  the  inventor  of  the  sleeping-car,  but  the  improve- 
ments in  its  structure  originated  by  him,  and  the  large  num- 


176 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


her  of  cars  made  by  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company  give 
his,  perhaps,  the  first  place  in  the  records  of  the  invention. 
He  was  born  in  Chautauqua  county,  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  where  his  father  was  known  as  a  good  mechanic.  The 
boy  received  a  common  school  education,  and  in  due  time 
was  placed  at  work  in  a  furniture  establishment.  The  length- 
ening of  the  Erie  canal,  begun  soon  afterward,  gave  him  the 

opportunity  of  securing  the 
appointment  of  contractor 
for  the  erection  of  the 
buildings  needed  along  the 
course  of  the  extension. 

When  twenty-eight  years 
of  age,  Mr.  Pullman  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  and 
busied  himself,  very  suc- 
cessfully, in  raising  build- 
ings of  the  city  to  grade 
without  the  interruption  of 
business.  This  great  un- 
dertaking was  justly  cited 
as  a  triumph  of  mechani- 
cal ingenuity.  Many  large 
GEORGE  M.  PULLMAN.  stone  and  brick  buildings 

were  raised  several  feet  without  serious  injury  or  loss  of 
time  to  owners  or  occupants.  In  1860  Mr.  Pullman  left 
Chicago  to  mine  in  Colorado,  from  which  occupation  he  re- 
tired in  1863,  and  henceforth  devoted  himself  to  the  aug- 
mentation of  comfort  in  travel.  The  use  of  the  Pullman 
sleeping,  parlor  and  dining  cars  is  now  general  on  this  con- 
tinent, and  is  also  seen  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Its  maker 
resides  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  near  which  city  is  the  new  town 
of  Pullman,  where  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company  have 
located  all  their  works.  This  town  is  a  model  of  neatness 
and  is  considered  the  workingman's  paradise. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


177 


SUSAN  B.  ANTHONY. 
Bom  Feb.  15, 1820. 

OF  all  the  little  band  of  men  and  women  who  have  gained 
respect  from  their  bitterest  enemies  by  taking  and  holding  a 
very  positive  opinion  on  the  rights  of  women  to  vote,  and 
the  expediency  of  conceding  that  right  in  the  United  States, 
Susan  B.  Anthony  is  perhaps  the  most  prominent.  Her  birth- 
place was  the  little  village  of  South  Adams,  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  almost  under 
the  shadow  of  the  Hoosac 
mountains. 

After  reaching  woman- 
hood, Miss  Anthony  be- 
came a  school  teacher,  and 
at  the  end  of  fifteen  years 
of  hard  work,  this  lady 
found  herself  with  three 
hundred  dollars  in  her 
]><><-ket  and  a  determination 
in  her  heart  to  do  some- 
thing to  right  the  wrongs 
which  women  had  to  suffer 
and  which  she  had  herself 
experienced.  Conventions 
were  called,  societies  were 
organized,  and  Miss  An- 
thony became  a  fairly  well- 
known  figure  among  radical  agitators  in  every  field  of  so- 
cial development. 

With  Wendell  Phillips  and  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  she 
was  very  actively  identified  in  the  movement  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery.  The  movement  in  favor  of  stopping  the  man- 
ufacture and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  has  also  received 
her  wannest  support. 


SUSAN  B.    ANTHONY. 


178 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEN.  NELSON  A.  MILES. 

Born  Aug.  8, 1839. 

THE  commander  of  the  military  department  of  the  Arizo- 
na, Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  is  a  soldier  with  an  excellent  re- 
cord—  a  hard  fighter,  no  "vain  carpet  knight/' 

He  was  engaged  in  a  civil  occupation  prior  to  the  war  of 
the  rebellion,  and  joined  the  twenty- second  Massachusetts 
volunteers,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  in  1861.  After  several 
promotions  he  was  made  a 
brigadier-  general  of  the 
United  States  volunteers 
"  for  distinguished  services 
during  the  recent  battles  of 
the  Old  Wilderness  and 
Spottsylvania  Court  House 
in  Virginia/1  This  was  on 
May  12,  1864.  preceded  by 
only  a  few  months  his  be- 
ing bre vetted  a  major-gen- 
eral "•for  highly  meritori- 
ous and  distinguished  con- 
duct throughout  the  cam- 
paign, and  particularly  for 
gallantry  and  valuable  ser- 
vices in  the  battle  of 
Ream's  Station, Virginia. " 

o 

On  October  21,  1805,  Gen.  Miles  became  a  major  general, 
and  on  September  1,  1866,  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  vol- 
unteer service.  On  March  2,  1867,  he  was  brevetted  a  brig- 
adier-general and  a  major-general  in  the  United  States  army, 
that  "for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  in  the  battle  of 
Chancellorsville,  Virginia,"  and  this  for  his  exhibition  of  the 
superior  military  qualities  in  the  battle  of  Spottsylvania.  He 
was  promoted  to  his  present  rank  on  December  15,  1880. 


GEN.    MILES. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


179 


Gen.  Miles  served  in  the  department  of  Dakota  in  1876, 
when  he  did  excellent  service  in  subjugating  the  rebellious 
Sioux.  He  has  proved  himself  a  hard  fighter,  and  consequent- 
ly his  services  have  been  and  still  are  of  great  value  to  the 
country. 

SAMUEL  WHITE  SMALL. 

Horn  July  :i.  1851. 

BORN  at  Knoxville.  Tennessee,  Sam  Small  received  his 
primary  education  in  that  city,  but  graduated  from-  the  high 
school  in  New  Orleans.  To 
finish  his  education  he  was 
sent  to  Emory  and  Henry 
college,  graduating  there- 
from with  high  honors. 
His  father  was  a  journalist 
aiid  was  also  a  rich  and  in- 
fluential man.  But  the 
wealth  of  his  father  pr<  >ved 
Sam's  bane.  lie  was  led 
into  all  kinds  of  exee>se>. 
The  young  man  started  out 
in  life  as  a  lawyer,  and 
next  became  a  journalist, 
and  aNo  learned  to  be  an 
expert  stenographer. 

He  has  lived  in  most  of 
our  large  cities,  and  spent 
some  years  in  Europe,  where  his  father's   wealth   opened   to 
him  all  avenues  of  enjoyment  and  dissipation. 

Since  his  conversion.  Sam  Small  joined  Sam  Jones  in 
a  series  of  revival  meetings  throughout  the  country;  and  they 
have  thereby  become  almost  as  popular  revivalists  as  were 
the  world-renowned  Moody  and  Sankey.  Mr.  Small  has  a 
wife  and  several  children. 


SAM  SMALL. 


180 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEORGE  FRANCIS  TRAIN. 

Born  March  24,  18M. 

ONE  of  the  most  eccentric  men  in  America  is  George 
Francis  Train,  who  was  born  in  Boston,  in  the  state  of  Mas 
sachusetts.  In  1833  his  parents  and  three  sisters  died  of 
yellow  fever  in  New  Orleans.  In  1842  he  was  at  college 
in  Cambridge;  in  1844  established  the  Liverpool  packet 
firm  of  Train  and  Company,  and  was  married  in  1851. 

In  1853  he  established 
the  house  of.  George  Fran- 
cis Train  .and  Company, 
shippers,  in  Melbourne, 
Australia;  and  during  the 
same  year  declined  the 
presidency  of  the  Austra- 
lian republic.  In  1860-61 
he  devoted  himself  to  the 
introduction  of  street  rail- 
ways in  London.  He  re- 
turned to  America  in  1862 
and  ^became  noted  as  a 
public  speaker  on  the  is- 
sues of  the  day.  Many  of 
his  speeches  have  been 
published;  and  he  has  also 
written  various  works, 
among  others,  "  An  American  Merchant  in  Europe,  Asia  and 
Australia,"  "Young  America  in  Wall  Street,"uSpread  Eagle- 
ism,"  and  so  forth.  In  the  same  year  Train  was  assaulted 
in  Boston,  Dayton  and  elsewhere  on  account  of  his  utteran- 
ces, and  an  attempt  was  made  to  assassinate  him  at  Alton, 
Illin;is.  He  obtained  the  original  capital,  about  two  mil- 
lion dollars,  to  construct  the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  In  1864 
he  organized  the  Credit  Mobilier,  with  a  capital  of  ten  mil- 


GEOKGE  FRANCIS  TRAIN. 


THK  HtonilArmCAL  REVIEW.  181 

lion  dollars,  und  obtained  donations  of  land  grants  for  the 
company  at  Omaha.  In  1869  he  began  an  active  canva-- 
for  the  presidency  of  the  greenback  party.  In  1872  he  went 
To  Europe  and  delivered  many  public  speeches;  on  his  return 
he  published  some  alleged  obscene  literature,  and  Antho- 
ny Comstock  put  him  in  the  Toombs.  Train  was  also  ad- 
judged a  lunatic,  but  after  a  year's  confinement  was  released. 
In  1874  he  became  the  champion  of  the  working  man; 
and  about  the  same  time  quit  eating  animal  food,  butter  and 
condiments.  He  refused  the  greenback  presidential  nomina- 
tion in  ls~»i.  also  refusing  invitations  to  lecture.  In  1877 
In- began  u  psychological  conversations  "  in  Madison  Square, 
.New  York  city.  It  was  in  this  year  that  he  became  disgusted, 
evidently,  with  the  world  and  everybody  in  it  (except  chil- 
divin  and  stopped  talking  with  adults.  Train  is  said  to  be 
very  rich,  and  owns  much  real  estate  in  Omaha  and  other 
parts  of  the  West.  He  again  came  into  prominence  as  the 
'champion  of  the  anarchists  in  1887,  and  gave  a  series  of  lec- 
tures in  their  behalf  throughout  the  country. 


M.  M.  POMEROY. 

Born  itlmiit  iw>. 

" BRICK"  POMEROY,  as  he  is  popularly  termed,  is  one  of 
the  best  known  men  on  our  continent.  His  quaint  sayings 
made  his  name  a  household  word,  and  his  incisive  language 
made  him  feared  by  both  parties.  In  the  city  of  La  Crosse, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river,  he  built  up  a  sensa- 
tional newspaper,  which  reached  a  circulation  of  one  hun- 
dred thousand  copies;  and  money  came  to  him  very  rapidly 
in  the  years  of  1867-68. 

At  La  Crosse  he  erected  the  finest  building  of  that  section, 
including  an  opera  house  and  accommodations  for  his  great 
printing  interests.  He  was  worth,  perhaps,  a  quarter  of  a 
million  of  dollars;  and  it  was  a  poor  day  when  the  mails 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


182 


did  not  bring  him  at  least  one  thousand  dollars.  But 
he  became  ambitious  for  a  larger  field,  and  went  to  Cincin 
nati  to  look  around;  at  last  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
that  city  would  be  the  place  for  him.  Washington  McLean, 
the  father  of  the  present  owner  of  the  "Enquirer,"  then  pub- 
lished that  paper,  and  gave  Pomeroy  a  dinner,  which  was 
attended  by  a  number  of  prominent  democrats.  At  the  table 

McLean  made  a-  speech 
eulogizing  Pomeroy,  and 
wound  up  by  saying  that 
Cincinnati  was  altogether 
too  small  for  Pomeroy, that 
he  should  go  to  New  York 
—  and  Pomeroy  went. 

In  1868  during  the  heat 
of  the  Grant  campaign,  he 
started  a  daily  paper,  and 
so  curious  were  the  people 
to  see  it  that  over  thirty 
thousand  copies  were  sold 
on  the  first  day. 

But  the  genius  of  Pom- 
eroy was  erratic,  and  the 
people  soon  tiring  of  the 
paper,  the  circulation  fell 
to  six  or  seven  thousand  and  stayed  there;  but  he  stuck  res- 
olutely to  his  enterprise,  and  in  the  course  of  three  or  four 
years  lost  his  entire  fortune.  He  started  a  weekly  which 
was  a  failure;  he  then  tried  Chicago,  his  old  home  La  Crosse, 
and  Denver,  with  but  indifferent  success.  He  drifted  to 
New  York  again,  and  started  another  weekly,  which  had  a 
fair  circulation. 

Although  advanced  in  years,  this  old-time  journalist  is  still 
as  sanguine  as  when  he  made  his  first  grand  success;  and 
his  career  has,  indeed,  been  a  varied  one. 


M.    M.    POMEROY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


183 


LORD  RANDOLPH  CHURCHILL. 

Born  about  1x4:,. 

RANDOLPH  CHURCHILL  is  a  son  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  inherits  the  courage,  if  none  of  the  other  great  qualities 
of  the  illustrious  soldier  who  won  the  battle  of  Blenheim. 
His  prominence  is  mainly  due  to  his  attacks  on  the  govern- 
ment and  the  Gladstone  ministry.  He  is  often  compared  with 
Disraeli;  but  the  great  difference  is  that  while  Disraeli  had 
a  great  party  behind  him. 
Churchill  has  not. 

Tin1  dashing  young  states- 
man is  well  known  in  New 
York,  the  home,  in  her 
maiden  years,  of  his  lovely 
wife  —  a  daughter  of  Mr. 
Leonard  Jerome.  He  is 
popular  in  society,  being  a 
genial  and  accomplished 
man.  with  a  bright  and  fas- 
cinating wife  to  assist  his 
sprightly  genius  for  enter- 
tainment. 

His  course,  naturally.  is 

regarded    with    particular 

interest  in  this  country, 
and  his  many  admirers 
cherish  the  opinion  that  he 
\vill  yet  attain  reputation 
in  the  councils  of  a  great  party,  which,  on  -.>me  occasions, 

lias  thought  it  expedient  to  honor  him  with  extraordinary 
distinction. 

A  recent  writer,  Mr.  Anderson,  who  has  produced  an  inter- 
esting book  of  pen  sketches  ,,f  British  statesmen,  draws  the 
following  description  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill:  ••  He  is 


KAMiol.l'll  CHURCHILL. 


184 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


scarcely  above  the  middle  height,  of  slight  build  and  appar- 
ently delicate  constitution,  and  has  smooth  dark  brown  hair, 
parted  down  the  middle  and  thin  at  the  crown.  The  head  is 
small,  the  eyes  large,  the  nose  short,  and  the  cheek  bones 
rather  high.  Churchill  is  not  eloquent  with  the  eloquence  of 
Gladstone  or  Bright.  He  has,  indeed,  a  slight  lisp, —  an  im- 
perfection of  vocal  delivery  which  spoils  his  pronunciation 
of  some  of  the  consonants,,  particularly  the  letter  's." 


LADY  RANDOLPH  CHURCHILL 

UNDOUBTEDLY  Mr.  Churchill's  popularity  has  been  greatly 
increased  by  the  influence  of  his  wife,  an  American  lady, 
well  known  in  society  cir- 
cles of  New  York. 

As  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Leonard  Jerome,  her  pros- 
pects in  life  were  very  en- 
couraging; and  when  she 
married  the  young  Eng- 
lish statesman  -  -  and  a 
lord  !  —  it  was  considered 
by  "soctety"  as  a  most 
brilliant  match. 

However,  had  she  been 
to  the  manor  born,  she 
could  not  have  filled  the 
titled  position  with  greater 


credit  than  she  has  done. 

Mrs.  Churchill  has  become 

very   popular   in    London, —  indeed,  it  might  safely  be  said 

that  she  is  the  most  popular  American  woman  in  England. 

She  moves  in  the  highest  circles  of  royalty,  and  is  honored 

and  loved  for  her  many  noble  qualities. 


MRS.  CHURCHILL. 


THK  r.HKiliM'UH'M.   HKVIK\V. 


185 


ANTHONY  COM  STOCK. 

Born  March  7, 1844. 

EN-FEEBLED  bodies,  perverted  and  weakened  intellects  and 
corrupted  hearts  are  the  direct  conseqiiencesof  the  circulation 
of  obscene  literature  and  pictures.  They  sap  the  foundations 
upon  which  pure  and  noble  manhood  and  womanhood  are 
built.  Their  suppression  is  a  work  in  which  every  good  citi- 
zen is  deeply  interested. 
The  pioneer  society  for 
the  suppression  of  vice 
was  that  of  London,  insti- 
tuted in  1802.  It  was  not 
until  May  16,  1873,  that 
the  act  incorporating  the 
New  York  Society  for  the 
Suppression  of  Vice  was 
pas>ed  by  the  legislature, 
.of  the  state. 

The  society's  plan  is  thus 
stated:  1,  To  obtain  infor- 
mation that  a  crime  is  be- 
g  committed:  f2.  legal 
; evidence  of  that  crime:  '•'•. 
a  warrant  in  due  form  of 
law:  4,  that  warrant  exe- 
cuted, and  no  notice  sent 
to  the  criminal  to  enable 
him  to  escape:  5,  a  trial  according  to  law:  I',,  a  sentence  that 
shall  be  commensurate  with  the  crime. 

The  work  of  the  society  is  divided  into  two  parts.-  that 
for  the  suppression  of  obscene  literature  and  pictures,  and 
that  for  the  suppression  of  lottery  and  policy  gambling. 

At  the  head  and  front  of  the  movement  as  an  effective 
worker.  ••  a  terror  to  evil-doers."  is  Anthony  Comstock.  who 


AM  HoNY    <  "M-K"  K. 


186 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


was  born  in  New  Canaan,  Connecticut.  Having  received  the 
rudiments  of  education,  he  attended  a  high  school  a  short 
time,  being  compelled  to  leave  under  the  pressure  of  financial 
necessity.  Next  working  two  years  as  a  grocery  clerk,  at 
the  end  of  that  time  he  served  two  years  as  a  soldier.  On 
j  being  mustered  out  with  his  regiment,  he  again  took  a  posi- 
;  tion  as  a  grocer's  clerk.  Removing  to  New  York,  he  worked 
as  a  porter  in  a  commission  house,  and  in  1872  he  began  his 
work  in  the  suppression  of  licentious  literature,  at  first  with- 
out aid,  and  limited  means.  But  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  came  to  his  relief,  and  the  society  was  organized. 

JOSEPH  PULITZER. 

UNTIL  lately  the  name  of  Joseph  Pulitzer  was  not  familiar 
to   the    public.     He    is    a 
Hungarian    by  birth,  and 
of  Hebrew  blood. 

After  a  period  of  suc- 
cessful journalistic  work 
and  enterprise  in  St.  Louis, 
he  bought  the  New  York 
"World, "the  circulation 
of  which,  at  that  time,  was 
very  small. 

Numerous  illustrations, 
a  racy  style,  and  "  sensa 
tion  "  characterize  the  New 
York  "World,"  as  edited 
by  Mr,  Pulitzer. 

Through  the  exertions  of 
the  "  World,"  over  a  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  was 
collected  for  the  pedestal 
of  "Liberty  Enlightening  JOSEPH  PULITZER. 

the  World."    He  was  a  member  of  the  forty -ninth  congress. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


187 


HENRY  CHAD  WICK. 

Horn  in  1814. 

THE  founder  of  the  popularity  of  base  ball,  and  the  "an- 
•,-hority"  in  the  game,  is  Henry  Chadwick,  of  Brooklyn,  and 
an  Englishman  by  birth.  He  is  the  improver  of  the  game  of 
oase  ball  when  it  needed  improvement;  and  is  the  leading 
writer  on  the  subject  of  the  great  popular  field  sport  of  this 

country.  Now,  in  life's  de- 
cline, he  still  occasionally 
takes  part  in  a  game  of 
base  ball. 

In  1844  he  entered  the 
ranks  of  journalism  as 
contributor  to  a  Long  Is- 
land newspaper.  His  work 
throughout  a  long  career 
as  newspaper  man  has 
been  to  report  cricket  and 
base  ball  matters,  and  he 
is  the  author  of  well-known 
works  on  the  national 
game. 

••It    was  in    1850,"   he 
says  of  his  first  conception 
of  the  work  that  has  made 
him    famous,    '-when,    on 
IIKNKV  (  ii AHWICK.  returning    from    an    early 

closing  of  a  cricket  match  at  Fox  hall,  Hoboken,  I  chanced 
to  go  through  the  Klysian  tic!(U  during  tin-  progress  of  a  l>a>c 
ball  match  between  the  then  noted  Kagle  and  (iotham  clubs. 
The  game  was  being  sharply  played  on  botli  sides,  and  I 
watched  it.  with  deeper  interest  than  any  previous  match  of 
the  kind  I  had  seen.  From  that  period  I  became  an  ardent 
admirer  of  base  ball,  and  I  have  devoted  my  efforts  to  the 


188 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  RVV1EW. 


improvement  of  the  game  and  to  fostering  it  in  every  way 
I  thought  likely  to  promote  the  object  I  had  in  view,  which 
was  to  build  up  a  national  game  for  Americans,  such  as 
cricket  was  for  England." 

When  Mr.  Chadwick  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
rules  of  the  old  National  League,  he  revised  and  improved 
the  playing  rules  of  the  game.  He  continued  actively  en- 
gaged as  a  member  of  association  conventions  until  the  pres- 
ent National  League  was  organized. 

AL.  SPAULDING. 

ONE  of  the  most  noted  base  ball  enthusiasts  of  the  coun- 
try is  Al.  Spaulding,  ^Chicago,  whose  name  is  as  widely 

known  as  that  of  any  oth- 
er of  the  base  ball  lights 
of  the  past  or  present  time. 
Spaulding  had  reckoned 
on  securing  the  champion- 
ship for  Chicago  in  1887 
most  too  confidently;  but, 
his  ardor  and  energy  in 
the  sporting  line  acknowl- 
edges no  defeat,  but  only 
increases  the  desire  to  be 
ever  up  and  doing,  and  he 
hopes  to  secure  the  cham- 
pionship for  1888. 

Al.  Spaulding  is  the  in- 
ventor of  many  u  seful  de- 
vices used  for  the  protec- 
tion of  base  ball  players.  He  has  also  published  a  number 
of  score  books  which  have  received  unqualified  endorsement. 
Mr.  Spaulding,  in  connection,  with  his  brother,  entered  —  in 
Chicago,  in  18T6  —  into  the  business  of  furnishing  base  ball 
supplies;  and  so  successful  was  this  venture,  that  they  have 
opened  a  branch  office  in  New  York  city. 


AL.   SPAULDING. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


189 


ISAAC  PITMAN. 

Born  in  1813. 

THE  inventor  of  phonography,  Isaac  Pitman,  was  born  at 
Trowbridge,  England.  He  was  educated  to  be  a  public  school 
teacher,  and  subsequently  became  a  principal. 

Mr.  Pitman  invented  and  published  his  system  of  phono- 
graphy, which  may  be  said  to  have  superseded  the  old  sys- 
tems of  shorthand,  in  the  year  1837.  The  phonetic  alphabet 
has  a  character  for  every 
sound  used  in  speaking, 
and  its  advantages  as  the 
basis  of  a  system  of  short- 
hand consists  in  its.  accu- 
racy and  adequacy  on  this 
account,  and  the  fact  that 
all  the  characters,  repre- 
senting every  consonant 
sound,  are  written  in  curved 
or  straight  lines  with  a  sin- 
gle stroke  of  the  pen. 

In  January,  1840,  he 
published  a  second  edition 
of  his  book,  containing 
some  improvements  in  the 
forms  <,f  letters.  By  1849 
phonography  had  taken 
nearly  the  shape  it  now  wears,  but  Mr.  Pitman  has  published 
many  editions  of  his  book  since  that  year. 

He  still  lives  at  Bath,  England,  and  is  doing  a  good  pub- 
lishing business  with  an  enormous  correspondence.  Various 
systems  of  phonographic  shorthand  based  on  Isaac  Pitman's, 
but  varying  from  it  somewhat,  have  been  published;  all  of 
which  are.  in  the  judgment  of  their  originators  ami  followers, 
superior  to  his  in  some  respects.  Such  are  Benn  Pitman's 


ISAAC  PITMAN. 


190 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


(who,  by  the  way,  is  a  brother  of  Isaac  and  lives  at  Cincin- 
nati), Munson's  and  Graham's.  Therefore, verbatim  reporters 
almost  innumerable  are  indebted  to  Isaac  Pitman's  invention 
for  the  means  of  their  dexterity. 


THEODCKS  THOMAS. 

Born  in  1835. 

THE  skill  with  which  Theodore  Thomas  handles  large  bod- 
res  of  voices  or  instruments,  places  him  at  the  head  of  all 
orchestral  leaders  in  this 
country. 

Theodore  Thomas  is  the 
son  of  a  violinist  of  some 
celebrity,  and  was  born  in 
Germany.  He  made  his 
debut  at  Hanover  in  1841. 
In  1845  the  family  emi- 
grated to  New  York,  where 
young  Theodore  appeared 
in  concerts  for  two  years. 
Then  he  traveled  for  four 
years  in  the  South,  return- 
ing to  New  York  in  1851. 
During  the  next  ten  years 
he  was  conductor  of  vari- 
ous German  and  Italian 
opera  companies,  contain- 
ing such  celebrities  as  Jen-  THEODORE  THOMAS. 
ny  Lind,  Mario,  and  Grisi.  In  1861,  he  began  the  formation 
of  his  famous  orchestra,  and  gave  his  first  symphony  concerts 
in  New  York  in  1864.  The  well  known  and  popular  summer 
night  festivals  were  instituted  in  1866,  and  in  1869  he  began 
his  annual  round  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union,  which 
was  continued  for  nine  years.  Since  1878  he  has  held  high 
positions,  directing  the  great  festivals  for  several  years  past. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


191 


THE  SULTAN  OF  TURKEY. 

Born  in  1842.     . 

AMERICANS  as.  a  rule  do  not  hold  the  Turks  in  very  high 
esteem.  The  Turks,  however,  are  a  religious  race,  and  are 
born  with  a  reverence  for  sacred  things.  The  prohibition 
against  wine  is  still  in  existence,  and  the  Moslems  do  not 
touch  it.  For  politeness  the  Turks  are  preeminent.  One 

of  the  chief  characteristics 
of  the  Turks  is  their  ven- 
eration for  women.  A  com- 
pany of  soldiers  would 
ivadily  clear  the  streets  of 
a  mob  of  turbulent  men,  but 
would  turn  and  run  from 
a  mob  of  women. 

Abdul  Hamid  II,  the 
sultan  of  Turkey,  came  in 
to  power  in  1876,  succeed 
ing  his  brother.  His  will 
is  absolute,  when  not  con- 
trary to  the  precepts  of 
[the  Koran.  The  state  and 
church  are  allied,  the  sul- 
tan having  been  for  many 
hundred:-  of  years  the  califf 
or  acknowledged  head 

of    the     clllU'ch.         The      Sll- 

blime  porte  is  virtually  the  cabinet  of  the  sultan,  consisting 
of  the  ministers  of  different  departments,  appointed  by  hin 
self  and  individually  responsible  to  him  only.   The  porte  ad  . 
ministers  the  government,  subject  to  the  sultan's  will.   Much 
is,  therefore,  bound  up  in  the  personality  of  the  Turkish  sul- 
tan. and  a  new  sultan  might  give  an  altogether  different  as- 
pect to  the  future  of  the  Ottoman  empire. 


TIIK   SULTAN  OK  TfRKKV. 


192  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  distinguishing  trait  of  the  Turks  is  their  military  spirit, 
and  consequently  they  are  a  brave  and  courageous  race. 
The  Turks  are,  indeed,  one  of  the  most  heroic  races  on  the 
earth,  and  this  is  proved  by  the  vast  empire  over  which  they 
formerly  ruled  by  conquest. 

With  regard  to  the  harem,  a  great  many  errors  have  crept 
into  the  minds  of  foreigners  generally.  Into  the  harem 
of  the  wealthy,  no  man  (save  the  husband),  not  even  a  rel- 
ative, can  enter.  When  a  woman  enters  the  harem  she 
throws  off  all  allegiance  to  friends,  and  holds  no  further 
communication  with  men.  In  the  poorer  classes,  where  there 
is  but  one  room  in  the  house,  before  a  man  can  enter,  the 
wife  is  allowed  to  withdraw  of  to  cover  her  face.  Although 
polygamy  is  allowed,  it  is  not  practiced  by  five  per  cent  of 
the  sultan's  subjects.  No  man  is  allowed  to  take  more  than 
one  wife  unless  he  can  comfortably  support  her,  and  the 
wife  is  permitted  to  do  as  she  pleases.  In  the  harem  she 
has  her  own  apartments,  her  own  slaves,  and  she  can  go 
and  come  as  she  chooses.  She  also  buys  what  she  wants  and 
the  husband  pays  the  bills.  They  receive  company  and  are 
perfectly  happy. 

Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  in  a  lecture,  says:  "I  have  talked 
with  many  ladies  who  have  visited  harerns,  and  with  my  wife; 
and  they  admitted  that  th^ intelligence  of  the  Turkish  ladies 
is  so  limited  that  it  was  not  the  part  of  genuine  philanthropy 
to  try  and  ameliorate  their  condition."  The  lecturer  describ- 
ed in  fitting  words  the  beauty  of  the  Turkish  women  and 
their  costumes.  "They  are,"  he  says,  "the  most  beautiful 
women  in  the  world  —  except  the  American  women.  In  Tur- 
key is  found  a  splendid  picture  of  domestic  life.  There  is  the 
reiauon  of  parents  and  children,  and  the  Turkish  mother  is 
a  model.  But  the  Turk  never  alludes  to  his  domestic  life. 
In  the  harem  not  even  the  officers  of  the  law  can  enter  to 
arrest  a  culprit.  It  is  the  sacred  or  reserved  place;  and,  ren- 
dered into  the  dear  old  Saxon,  it  is  home." 


THE 


.  IIF.VIEW. 


193 


COUNT  VON  MOLTKE. 

Born  in  1800. 

THE  field-marshal  and  chief  of  the  staft'of  the  German  army. 
Count  Von  Helmuth  Ktui  Bernhard  Moltke,  was  born  at 
Parehiin,  near  Mecklenburg,  and  is  the  son  of  an  ex-officer 
in  the  Prussian  army.  In  1811  the  family  removed  to  Copen- 
hagen, where  Moltke  entered  the  military  academy.  In  1819 
he  entered  the  Danish  army,  but  left  it  in  1822,  returning  to 

the  army  school  at  Berlin. 
Ten  years  later  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the 
general  staff,  and  engaged 
on  a  military  survey  in  Si- 
lesia and  Posen. 

On  the  appointment  of 
Emperor  Wilhelm  to  the 
regency  of  the  kingdom  in 
1858,  Moltke's  sphere  of 
action  and  influence  rapid- 
ly increased. 

In  war  he  is  a  great 
strategist,  and  generally  di- 
vides  his  army,  in  times  of 
war»  in  accordance  with 
his  well  known  maxim  of 
»  marching  separately  and 
striking  together.''  He  thus  entered  Saxony  with  three  col- 
umns during  the  Aiistro-Prussian  war  of  1S»W,  which  ended 
in  the  Prussian  victory  at  the  terrible  battle  of  Saclowa. 

The  victory  of  the  Germans  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  of 
\^1".  which  resulted  so  disastrously  to  France,  was  a  great 
military  triumph  for  Moltke;  high  honors  were  awarded  him, 
and  he  was  made  a  life  member  of  the  upper  house.  As  a 
representative  of  the  reichstag,  he  is  known  as  the  '-great  si- 
lent one,"  and  his  speeches,  though  brief,  are  ever  important. 


COUNT  VON  MOLTKE. 


194 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  SHERMAN. 

Born  May  J0,  1823.  v 

ON  the  question  of  finance,  John  Sherman's  record  proveu 
him  to  be  a  great  authority.  The  making  of  treasury  notes 
a  legal  tender  in  1862  was  mainly  due  to  him  and  Salmon 
P.  Chase.  In  186T  he  proposed  the  refunding  act  that  was 
passed  two  years  later,  and  the  resumption  of  specie  payment 
on  January  1,  1879,  was  the  leading  triumph  of  his  financial 
policy.  In  1877  he  was 
made  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury. 

John  Sherman  was  born 
at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  in  a 
family  of  English  extrac- 
tion, whose  first  American 
ancestry  -  settled  in  Con- 
necticut and  Massachu- 
setts. His  father  was  made 
a  judge  of  the  supreme, 
court  of  Ohio  the  same 
year  in  which  John  was 
born,  the  eighth  child  of  a 
family  of  twelve. 

When  hjs  father  died, 
John  was  only  six  years 
of  age,  and  the  widow's 
eleven  surviving  children 
were  divided  through  harsh 
necessity,  only  three  being  left  in  their  mother's  care.  In 
1831  John  was  taken  by  a  cousin  of  his  father,  to  live  with 
him  at  Mount  Yernon.  This  kinsman  had  him  thoroughly 
prepared  for  the  academy  in  anticipation  of  giving  him  a  col- 
lege education.  At  twelve  years  of  age  young  John  entered 
the  academy  of  Lancaster. 


JOHN  SHERMAN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  195 

We  next  find  him  acting  as  a  junior  rod  man  in  a  corps  of 
engineers  engaged  in  the  MuBkingom  improvement.  In  1838, 
when  only  fifteen,  he  was  given  charge  of  the  works  at  Bev- 
erly. His  next  move  was  to  study  law  in  the  office  of 
Charles  T.  Sherman,  an  older  brother,  who  was  afterward 
made  a  judge  of  the  United  States  district  court.  He  subse- 
quently entered  into  partnership  with  his  brother  at  Mans- 
field, Ohio,  in  1844.  Four  years  later  he  began  his  political 
life  as  delegate  to  the  whig  convention  which  nominated 
Gen.  Taylor  for  president. 

In  1848  he  was  married  to  a  daughter  of  Judge  Stewart, 
of  Mansfield. 

He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Baltimore  convention  of  1852, 
which  nominated  Gen.  Scott. 

His  first  election  to  congress  was  in  1855, where  he  gained 
distinction  in  committee  work.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
a  supporter  of  John  C.  Fremont,  believing  that  the  area  of 
slavery  should  not  be  extended,  while  the  existence  of  the 
institution  itself  could  not  be  disturbed  in  the  states  which 
supported  it. 

Mr.  Sherman  was  elected  to  the  thirty -fifth  and  thirty-sixth 
congresses,  which  he  served  with  distinction.  In  1861  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  and  so  popular  had  this 
statesman  become  that  he  was  re-elected  in  1807  and  1873. 
During  the  war  he  was  conspicuous  for  patriotism  to  the 
Union  cause,  spending  money,  time  and  service  in  it>  behalf. 
After  rendering  great  services  to  the  country  in  the  passage 
of  the  refunding  act,  which  was  passed  in  \*1^.  and  in  other 
ways  sustaining  the  financial  credit  of  the  country,  lie  was, 
in  1877.  made  secretary  of  the  treasury.  In  1879  the  re- 
sumption of  specie  payment  was  mainly  due  to  his  exertions, 
and  was  undoubtedly  the  leading  triumph  of  his  financial 
policy.  Upon  the  retirement  from  office  of  President  Hayes, 
the  veteran  financier  resumed  his  seat  in  the  senate,  which 
he  still  retains. 


196 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CHARLES  S.  FAIROHILD. 

Born  in  1842. 

WITHOUT  respect  to  party  everybody  speaks  with  approval 
of  the  work  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  Mr.  Fairchild. 
He  was  assistant  secretary  under  Daniel  Manning,  and  dur- 
ing the  tedious  illness  of  that  statesman  was  acting  secretary, 
filling  that  position  with  perfect  success. 

Mr.  Fail-child  was  born  at  Casenovia,  in  the  state  of  New 

York.  His  father  was  a 
lawyer,  and  for  a  number 
of  years  counsel  of  the 
Central  railroad. 

The  secretary  of  the 
treasury  is  a  thoroughly 
educated  man,  a  graduate 
of  Harvard,  and  a  well- 
read  lawyer,  and  practiced 
at  Albany. 

In  1874  he  was  appoint- 
ed deputy  attorney-general 

,of  the  Empire  .slate,  an(i  m 
that  capacity  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  several  import- 
ant cases.  In  1875  he  was 
elected  state's  attorney,  a 
position  that  he  held  for 
two  years.  From  1877  until  his  appointment  as  assistant 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  Mr.  Fairchild  held  no  political  of- 
fice, but  devoted  himself  to  his  law  practice. 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  is  a  hard  worker,  and  no  en- 
couragement can  be  found  in  his  example  for  the  waste  of 
public  time.  He  listens  to  people  who  call  on  him,  in  a  man- 
ner which  is  impenetrable  to  the  caller,  and  interviews  are 
very  apt  to  be  short. 


CHARLES  S.  FAIRCHILD. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW-  197 

JOHN  W.  KEELT. 

Born  Sept.  3, 1837. 

FOR  many  years  the  public  curiosity  has  been  kept  alive 
with  regard  to  the  Keely  motor,  which,  it  is  alleged,  is  an 
actual  thing,  and  capable  of  unprecedented  preformances. 
Scientific  men  and  engineers  have  exercised  their  wits  in 
the  vain  attempt  to  find  out  what  the  nature  of  this  motor  is, 
but  it  appears  that  they  are  as  much  in  the  dark  about  it  as 
people  not  possessed  of  the  knowledge  proper  to  their  pur- 
suits. Newspaper  men  either  ridicule  the  invention  as  a  sham 
or  a  humbug,  or  write  of  it  with  wonder  and  bated  breath 
as  a  prodigious  production  of  inventive  genius.  If  it  actually 
is.  it  remains  a  mystery;  if  it  is  not,  its  alleged  inventor  is  a 
deceiver  of  the  first  magnitude. 

Born  in  Philadelphia,  John  Worrall  Keely  studied  at  the 
public  schools  until  he  was  twelve  years  of  age,  when  he  be- 
came a  carpenter's  apprentice,  and  continued  at  that  trade 
until  ls~±  He  had  a  good  knowledge  of  mechanics,  and 
was  fond  of  making  experiments  on  his  own  account. 

Meanwhile  he  had  become  interested  in  speculations  con- 
cerning physical  forces,  and  originated  certain  theories  of 
questionable  value. 

The  vibrations  of  windows  and  glass  dishes  in  response 
to  the  sounding  of  various  musical  chords,  first  set  his  mind 
upon  the  subject  of  vibration  and  the  curious  sympathy 
between  distant  waves  vibrating  in  harmony. 

When  he  stumbled  upon  what  he  calls  his  new  force  he 
put  it  on  the  market,  and  has  been  thriving  on  it  ever  since. 
The  company  to  aid  him  was  started  in  1872;  and  funds, 
since  aggregating  a  half  million  dollars,  were  placed  at  his 
disposal. 

He  lives  in  handsome  style  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia;  his  house  is  elegantly  appointed  and  his 
drawing  room  is  tilled  with  bric-a-brac.  His  workshop  is  con- 


198 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


nected  with  his  house,  with  an  entrance  just  round  the  cor- 
The  place  is  like   a    big  machine  shop,   with   curious 


ner. 


looking  iron  vessels  and  tubes  lying  about  on  the  floor  arid 
tables.  All  the  things  are  connected  in  some  way  with  gen- 
erating Keely's  tk  Force"  —just  how,  nobody,  except  per- 
haps he  himself,  knows.  None  of  the  big  machines- 
generating  engines,  they  are  called — ever  seem  to  be  quite 
satisfactory,  and  they  are  al- 
ways undergoing  changes. 
One  of  them  cost  some- 
thing like  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  and  it  was  not  al- 
together satisfactory,  but 
that  little  circumstance  did 
not  make  him  sad,  but  he 
went  on  with  another. 

He  takes  recreation  in 
two  interesting  ways  —  he 
reads  all  the  comic  papers 
that  he  can  buy  or  borrow, 
and  plays  the  flute  madly. 

He  has  constructed  over 
one  hundred  different  en- 
gines. Results  which  are 
marvelous  in  their  effects 
have  been  obtained  by  JOHN  w.  KEELY. 

him  in  the  presence  of  reliable  experts;  but  all  exact  details 
of  the  method  of  operation  have  thus  far  been  carefully  kept 
secret.  In  the  summer  of  1875  people  wrere  led  to  believe 
that  the  mystery  would  at  last  be  divulged.  A  gauge  of  enor- 
mous proportions  was  exhibited  which,  it  was  stated,  was  ca- 
pable of  testing  any  force  from  ten  to  fifty  thousand  pounds, 
and  constructed  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  vaporic  force 
of  the  motor;  but  the  test  was  not  satisfactory  and  definite, 
and  the  secret  of  the  motor  itself  is  still  unbroken. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW  199 

The' stock  of  the  half-million  dollars  that  has  been  put  up 
r<>  forward  this  invention,  is  worth  nothing  to-day.  That  is 
certain.  But  to-morrow,  to-morrow  it  may  represent  a  fortune. 
What  the  stockholders  base  hope  for  to-morrow  on  no  man 
can  say — unless  they  have  a  Keely  superstition. 

Kct'ly  goes  on  smilingly  all  the  while.  He  is  picturesque 
and  striking,  more  than  six  feet  tall,  with  broad  shoulders, 
and  as  straight  as  an  Indian.  He  is  swarthy,  with  thick, 
glossy  black  hair  worn  rather  long,  and  deep  shining  black 
eyes.  His  fingers  are  swollen  and  knotted,  the  result  of  a 
variety  of  accidents  met  with  in  his  experiments. 


ELIZABETH  RODGERS. 

Born  in  1X4',. 

THERE  are  women  members  of  the  organization  of  the 
knights  of  labor,  but  with  a  solitary  exception,  they  are  un- 
heard of  as  leaders.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Rodgers  is  the  energetic 
woman  who  is  the  peer  of  the  ablest  and  most  eloquent  in 
the  great  body  of  which  she  is  a  leading  ornament. 

Mrs.  Rodgers  is  master  workman  of  district  assembly  24  of 
Chicago.  She  was  one  of  its  delegates  at  the  knights  of  la- 
bor convention  at  Richmond  in  1887. 

Mrs.  Rodgers  is  an  Irish  woman,  born  atWoodford,  Coun- 
ty Galway.  and  when  six  years  of  age  came,  with  her  mother, 
to  America.  After  a  short  residence  in  New  York,  they  re- 
moved to  London,  Ontario,  where  the  mother  still  lives. 

Mrs.  Rodgers  is  the  mother  of  twelve  children,  nine  of 
\\liMin  are  living.  Family  cares  have  not  robbed  her  of  the 
sweet  graces  which  are  the  proper  adornment  of  womankind. 
She  is  a  model  wife  and  mother,  as  well  as  a  leader  knight 
with  a  tongue  ready  in  debate,  and  the  head  of  a  statesman. 
Mr.  Rodgers  has  good  reason  for  his  obvious  pride  in  his 
well  preserved,  clever  and  pleasant  spoken  wife. 


200 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


She  organized  the  first  working  women's  union  in  Chicago 
more  than  ten  years  ago,  and  was  its  presiding  officer  for  two 
years.  Mrs.  Rodger's  was  president  of  the  Eighth  Ward 
Land  League,  and  also  of  the  Daughters  of  Erin.  For  many 
years  she  has  been  a  dele- 
gate to  the  state  trades  as- 
sembly of  Illinois;  and  also 
the  delegate  from  local  as- 
sembly 1,789  of  Chicago 
to  district  assembly  24,  for 
several  years.  All  this  time 
she  was  master  workman 
of  local  assembly  1,7.89. 
In  1886  she  succeeded  J. 
P.  Murphy  as  master  work- 
man of  district  assembly 
No.  24. 

In  recounting 
vices  to  working  people, 
those  of  her  husband 
for  recognition,  becauso  if 
not  identified  with  them 
always,  they  have  an  ob- 
ject in  common  with  hers. 
George  Rodgers  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  executive  board  of  district  assembly  24,  of  which 
he  is  chairman.  He  was  born  in  Pembrokeshire,  South  Wales, 
in  1844-.  When  living  in  London,  Canada,  he  met  and  mar- 
ried his  wife.  He  was  a  delegate  from  the  iron  moulders' 
union  of  that  place'  to  the  international  moulders'  union 
which  met  in  Philadelphia  in  1870,  and  to  the  Richmond 
convention  in  1872  from  Detroit.  Mr.  Rodgers  has  been 
president  of  the  trade  and  labor  assembly  of  Illinois  for  many 
years,  and  was  master  workman  and  treasurer  of  district  as- 
sembly 24,  filling  all  these  positions  with  great  credit. 


MRS.  ELIZABETH  RODGERS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


201 


GEN.  FRANZ  SIGEL. 

Born  in  1^,'4. 

BORN  in  Germany,  Sigel  graduated  at  the  military  acade- 
my of  Carlsrulie  in  LMl,  and  served  as  an  officer  in  the 
regular  army  until  1847.  when  he  resigned  his  commission. 
In  ls-4- >>-'.»  he  took  side  with  the  people  in  the  revolutionary 
struggles  of  the  period.  He  afterward  lived  successively  in 
Switzerland,  Italy.  France  and  England,  until  1852,  when  he 
sailed  to  America,  landing 
in  New  York. 

In  1857  he  went  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  held  the 
position  of  professor  of 
mathematics.  American  his- 
tory and  French  at  the 
German  -  American  Insti- 
tute of  that  city;  and  was 
also  elected  director  of  the 
St.  Louis  public  schools  in 
I860. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  Sigel  resigned 
these  positions,  and  organ- 
ized a  regiment  of  infan- 
try, a  battalion  of  artillery 
of  three  batteries,  and  a 
squadron  of  cavalry.  He  GEN.  FRANZ  SIGEL. 

commanded  the  expedition  to  southwest  Missouri,  and  fought 
the  battle  of  Carthage  with  eight  hundred  against  four  thou- 
sand men. 

(ien.  Sigel  also  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Wil- 
son's Creek  under  Gen.  Lyon,  a  division  in  the  campaign  of 
Gen.  Fremont,  and  two  divisions  in  the  battle  of  Pea  Kidge. 


202  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

He  was  ordered  to  the  East  in  May,  1862,  and  commanded  a 
division  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  the  first  corps  of  the  army 
of  Virginia,  under  Pope,  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  mountain, 
on  the  Rappahannock;  and  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  on 
August  28-30. 

I      After  serving  gallantly  throughout  the  war,  he  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1865. 

He  has  filled  numerous  civil  positions,  and  was  a  republi- 
can in  politics  until  1876,  at  that  time  declaring  for  Tilden; 
and  he  has  advocated  the  policy  of  the  democratic  party 
since  that  time. 

From  1881  to  1885  Gen.  Sigel  lectured  in  English  and 
German,  and  also  edited  a  weekly  paper.  In  1887  he  was 
appointed  pension  agent,  by  President  Cleveland,  for  the 
city  of  New  York. 


SIR  ARTHUR  SULLIVAN. 

Born  in  1844. 

EVERYBODY  has  heard  of  Arthur  Sullivan,  whose  music  is 
as  popular  in  this  country  as  in  England.  "  Pinafore"  was 
probably  the  greatest  success  of  the  age,  as  nobody,  who  has 
ever  witnessed  a  stage  performance  at  all,  has  probably  failed 
to  see  and  hear  this  most  delightful  of  comic  operas.  "Tri- 
al by  Jury,"  and  u  Pirates  of  Penzance,"  though  less  widely 
known,  have  all  secured  exceptional  successes.  That  the  au- 
thor of  these  popular  compositions,  and  greatest  of  English 
musicians,  should  have  received  the  honor  of  knighthood  is 
not  surprising.  It  is  royalty's  tardy  recognition  of  eminent 
merit,  and  gives  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  special  prominence  at 
this  time. 

Arthur  L.  Sullivan  is  the  son  of  a  professional  musician, 
and  was  born  in  the  city  of  London.  In  1855  he  became 
a  choir  boy,  and  two  years  later  gained  the  Mendelssohn 
scholarship  at  the  royal  academy  of  music.  He  afterwards 


THE  i; /<><;/;. i  rniCAL  REVIEW. 


203 


continued  his  studies  at  Leipsic;  and  on  returning  to  Eng- 
land, entered  upon  the  career  in  which  he  was  to  win  such 
eminence  and  distinction.  "The  Prodigal  Son  "  and  "The 
Light  of  the  World  "  at  once  became  popular,  while  his  mu- 
sic to  Shakespeare's  "Tempest "  obtained  a  great  success. 
His  songs  and  sacred  music  placed  him  among  the  leading 
composers  of  the  day.  But 
'••Pinafore,"  after  all,  is 
the  basis  of  his  fame.  No 
other  piece,  within  a  like 
period,  has  ever  been  play- 
ed so  many  times  or  in  so 
many  different  places. 

When  first  brought  out 
in  England,  it  failed  to  gain 
that  extraordinary,  though 
necessarily  ephemeral, 
success  it  obtained  when 
reproduced  in  America  to- 
ward the  end  of  IS 78. 
At  that  time  Mr.  Sullivan, 
with  Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert,1 
came  to  New  York,  to  su- 
perintend the  production 
of  "Pinafore"  under  his  SIR  ARTHUR  SULLIVAN. 

personal  leadership,  and  the  success  of    the  enterprise   was 
beyond  the  most  sanguine  expectations. 

Cambridge  university  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Music  in  1876,  and  at  the  Paris  exposi- 
tion in  1*7*  was  made  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Mr.  Sullivan  has  for  a  number  of  years  worked  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert,  who  wrote  the  words  of 
"Pinafore"  and  "The  Pirates  of  Penzance."  Mr.  Sullivan 
is  a  genial,  companionable  man,  and  during  his  visit  to  this 
country  gained  many  friends. 


204 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


THOMAS  NAST. 

Born  in  1840. 

THE  humorous  aspects  of  human  nature  are  regarded  with 
a  peculiar  relish  by  Americans,  and  caricature  has  always 
been  a  feature  of  American  journalism.  Benjamin  Franklin 
was  a  caricaturist,  and  his  rude  but  apt  designs  brought 
many  abuses  into  ridicule. 

Thomas  Nast  is  perhaps  the  most  distinguished  and  cer- 
tainly the  best  known  of 
•American  caricaturists. 

He  is  the  son  of  a  mu- 
sician in  the  Bavarian  ar- 
my, and  was  born  at  Lan- 
dau, Bavaria. 

When  Thomas  was  six 
years  of  age,  the  family 
came  to  this  country  and 
settled  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  They  were  very  poor 
but  through  industry  and 
|  economy  they  were  able  to 
subsist  in  a  comfortable 
manner.  At  an  early  age 
the  boy  displayed  great 
zeal  and  aptitude  in  draw- 
ing, although  he  received 
little  encouragement  from 
THOMAS  NAST.  his  parents,  who  insisted 

that  he  should  become  a  mechanic.  The  only  instruction  that 
he  received  was  from  Kaufmann,with  whom  he  studied  about 
six  months  while  a  boy. 

When  fifteen  years  of  age  he  applied  for  work  in  the 
Frank  Leslie  publishing  house.  Being  remarkably  short  for 
his  age,  and  of  a  boyish  expression  of  countenance,  the  pub- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.      m  205 

lisher  looked  at  him  with  astonishment.  "What,  my  boy," 
said  he,  "  so  you  think  you  can  draw  well  enough  for  my 
paper,  do  you?"  "  I  would  like  to  try,"  said  the  youth. 
"Well,"  rejoined  Mr.  Leslie,  "you  shall.  Go  down  to  the 
Hoboken  ferry,  and  bring  me  a  drawing  of  the  scene  just  as 
the  boat  is  coming  into  the  dock."  This  was  putting  the  lad 
to  a  severe  test;  and  even  Mr.  Leslie  said  that  he  had  little 
expectation  of  the  little  fellow's  doing  it,  and  gave  him  the 
job  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  home  to  his  youthful  mind 
the  absurdity  of  his  application. 

Young  Nast  struck  boldly,  however,  upon  the  paper,  and 
produced  a  sketch,  which,  though  far  from  correct,  abounded 
in  those  graphic  and  vigorous  touches  so  needful  in  popular 
illustrations.  Mr.  Leslie  saw  at  a  glance  its  merits  and  de- 
fects, and  at  once  made  a  place  for  him  in  his  establishment. 

He  now  applied  himself  with  the  greatest  diligence,  and 
in  three  yean  he  had  saved  considerable  money  and  acquired 
something  of  a  reputation.  He  then  visited  Europe,  where 
he  was  engaged  to  make  drawings  of  the  great  prize  fight 
between  Ileenan  and  Sayers.  After  that,  event  he  joined 
Medici's  expedition  to  Southern  Italy,  and  went  to  the  island 
of  Sicily  with  Garibaldi,  and  was  afterward  present  at  the 
sieges  of  Gaieta  and  Capua.  He  sketched  all  the  memorable 
events  which  came  to  his  notice  for  American,  English,  and 
French  periodicals,  and  at  the  end  of  a  year  he  again  landed 
in  the  city  of  New  York. 

It  was  in  l.srt:>,  during  the  great  struggle  between  the 
North  and  the  South  —  a  time  when  American  genius  was  at 
the  highest  pitch  of  inspiration,  that  Thomas  Nast  began 
work  on  "Harper's  Weekly."  The  great  scenes  of  the  con- 
flict were  reproduced  with  all  the  vividness  of  reality. 

During  the  exposure  of  the  Tweed  Ring  in  istl.  his  cari- 
catures of  Tweed  and  his  confederates  buried  them  in  a  depth 
of  contempt  and  infamy  beyond  the  hope  of  resurrection. 
The  bitter  and  telling  caricature  by  his  pencil  was  really  an 


206  THE  BIO  GRAPHIC  A  L  BE  VIE  W. 

effective  aid  to  the  forces  which  put  an  end  to  that  peri  od  of 
misgovei nment  is  New  York;  indeed,  in  some  respects  it 
was  the  most  powerful  of  all,  for  one  of  the  miscreants  is 
said  to  have  declared  that  he  didn't  care  a  straw  for  all  the 
papers  said  of  him,  as  most  of  his  adherents  couldn't  read, 
but  those  pictures,  whose  meaning  everyone  could  see  at  a 
glance,  they  hurt  him  badly. 

In  1882  he  retired  from  his  studio  and  made  a  tour  of  Eu- 
rope for  needed  recuperation.  Though  still  in  the  prime  of 
life,  Mr.  Nast  does  but  little  newspaper  work  now.  He  spent 
the  winter  of  1887-8  in  an  extended  Western  tour,  passing 
through  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and  delivering 
a  few  lectures  by  the  way.  A  successful  newspaper  artist 
has  a  lucrative  profession,  and  industry  and  thrift  have  made 
Mr.  Nast  wealthy.  He  has  a  handsome  home  at  Morristownr 
New  Jersey. 

The  famous  cartoonist  is  somewhat  short  and  stout  in  fig- 
ure, but  his  face  is  refined  and  intellectual.  His  eyes  are 
keen  and  penetrating,  his  features  are  finely  cut,  and  his 
hands  and  feet  are  small. 

Though  a  foreigner  by  birth,  he  is  an  American  by  educa- 
tion and  a  sincere  patriot  in  sentiment.  The  weapons  he  has 
wielded  have  been  in  good  hands.  Amid  the  strife  and  con- 
fusion of  political  campaigns  he  has  always  been  the  cham- 
pion of  reform,  and  the  uncompromising  foe  of  corruption 
of  misgovernment. 


KEY.  WILLIAM  BOOTH.  ; 

Born  April  10, 1829. 

BORN  in  the  city  of  Nottingham,  England,  young  Booth 
was  educated  at  a  private  school.  He  studied  theology,  and 
became  a  minister  of  the  methodist  ''-new  communion"  in 
1850,  but  resigned  in  1861  and  began  his  work  as  an  evan- 
gelist. In  July,  1865,  he  started  the  "  Christian  Mission  "  in 


TUK 


REVIEW. 


207 


London  —  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  non-going  church-peo- 
ple. To  this  mission,  when  it  had  become  a  large  organiza- 
tion formed  upon  military  lines,  he  gave  the  name  of  the 
"Salvation  Army.''  This  was  in  1878.  The  now  organiza- 
tion soon  became  widely  known,  and  spread  with  such  rapid- 
ity that  it  was  necessary  to  establish  stations  in  the  United 
States,  France,  Australia,  India,  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Canada, 
Sweden,  Switzerland,  and 
many  other  countries.  Its 
officers  are  numbered  by 
thousands,  and  the  whole 
establishment  is  directly 
under  the  control  of  Gen. 
Booth. 

He  has  published  sever- 
al h}-mn  and  music  books; 
also  a  volume  called  "Sal- 
vation Soldiery.''  describ- 
ing his  views  as  to  relig- 
ious life  and  work;  also 
•'Holy  Living."  and  vari- 
ous other  works. 

Mr-.  Booth,  who  has 
shared  in  all  the  General's 
efforts,  has  further  explain- 
ed tlx-ir  views  in  ••  Practical  Religion "  and  other  works. 
Their  eldest  son  is  the  chief-of-staflf.  managing  all  the  busi- 
ness; their  eldest  daughter  directs  the  work  ii.  France,  and 
the  other  children  all  take  some  part  in  managing  the  branch 
service. 

The  "War  Cry,"  the  official  gazette  of  the  Salvation  Ar 
my.  was  started  in  1880,  and  its  circulation  has  now  reached 
the  enormous  number  of  nearly  half  a  million,  and  reprints 
are  issued  in  the  United  States,  and  other  countries.  Booth 
is  wealthy  and  lives  in  good  style  in  London. 


<>KN.  BOOTH. 


208 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CHAKLES  SCRIBNER. 

Born  Oct.  18,  1854. 

CHARLES  SCRIBNER,  whose  young  shoulders  support  the 
business  of  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  and  Scribner  &  Welford, 
was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York.  He  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1875,  and  began  his  business  career  in  the  same  year. 
The  firm  of  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  was  formed  in  1878. 
The  death  of  his  brother, 
J.  Blair  Scribner,  devolved 
its  entire  business,  in  Jan- 
uary, 1879,  on  the  subject 
of  this  sketch. 

Several  years  ago  he 
sold  out  his  interest  in  the 
magazines  known  as  the 
"Century,"  and  "St.  Nich- 
olas,"" and  has  nothing  to 
do  with  the  publication  of 
either  of  them;  but  he  has 
since  started  a  new  publi- 
cation called  ••<  Scribner's 
Monthly,"  which,  by -the 
way,  was  the  name  of  the 
•'Century"  before  it  pass- 
ed from  his  control. 

His  father  founded  the  Scribner  business,  which  was  start- 
ed in  1846,  and  since  that  time  thousands  of  books  by  lead- 
ing American  writers  have  been  published  by  this  firm. 

The  Scribner  catalogue  is  remarkable  for  the  large  pro- 
portion of  books  published  by  arrangement  with  American 
authors.  In  its  list  of  writers  are  many  great  names,  both 
American  and  foreign.  Theology,  natural  science,  history, 
biography,  select  works  of  fiction,  poetry,  language,  travel, 
school  books,  and  other  works  are  among  the  subjects. 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


209 


PHILIP  D.  ARMOUR. 

Born  about  1835. 

ALTHOUGH  beginning  life  under  most  unpromising  condi- 
tions, Philip  D.  Armour  is  now  one  of  the  wealthiest  Amer- 
icans living,  and  is  rapidly  adding  to  his  wealth.  Shrewd 
and  far-sighted,  courageous  and  dashing,  in  him  are  com- 
bined the  elements  of  the  greatest  business  success,  and 
there  is  no  possibility  of 
conjecturing  how  rich  Phil 
Armour  may  become,  who 
is  yet  but  a  comparatively 
young  man. 

When  he  was  a  school- 
boy at  an  academy  in  Wa- 
tertown,  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  he  got  into 
trouble-  by  riding  out  with 
a  young  girl,  also  a  pupil 
in  the  same  academy,  and 
was  expelled  for  the  of- 
rVn-e.  This  misfortune  he 
converted  into  a  stepping- 
stone  to  fortune. 

Turning  his  back  upon 
New  York  state,  he  sought 
the  freedom  of  the  great 
west,  and  after  a  hard  jour-  PHILIP  D.  ARMOUR. 

ney,  made  in  deprivation  and  interrupted  by  serious  illness, 
reached  California,  where  he  sought  gold  and  found  it.  In 
the  course  of  a  few  years  he  had  money  enough,  made  from 
gold  dust,  to  start  him  in  business  as  a  pork  packer,  in  Mil 
waukee.  WiM-onsin.  Pork  went  up  to  an  enormous  figure  to- 
ward the  end  of  the  civil  war.  Foreseeing  the  inevitable 
•collapse  of  the  confederacy.  Armour  sold  largely,  and  made 


210  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

a  great  fortune  at  a  stroke.  A  year  after  he  was  at  the  head 
of  the  Chicago  business  bearing  his  name. 

Many  of  his  transactions  since  that  time  have  been  re- 
markably expressive  of  his  sagacity  and  pluck.  Several 
years  ago  he  bought  for  a  million  of  dollars  the  largest  glue 
factory  in  the  West,  where  he  works  up  refuse  from  his  pack- 
ing house. 

When,  in  the  spring  of  1885,  Grant  &  Ward  failed,  he 
saved  Chicago  from  a  threatened  panic.  On  Wall  Street  he 
has  made  five  million  dollars  by  one  operation.  He  virtually 
controls  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad,  own- 
ing a  large  amount  of  stock  therein.  Indeed,  his  wealth  is 
probably  among  the  scores  of  millions. 

This  powerful  financier,  the  leading  man  in  Chicago,  is  of 
medium  height  and  fleshy,  but  not  fat.  He  lives  in  simple 
fashion  and  wears  plain  clothes,  is  unpretending  in  speech 
and  manner,  genial  and  good  natured.  His  health  is  perfect, 
and  he  has  seemingly  an  untiring  capacity  for  work.  The 
residence  of  this  great  u  pig-killer  "  is  on  Prairie  avenue,  in 
the  city  of  Chicago.  Its  appearance  does  not  suggest  the 
wealth  of  its  proprietor,  who  strongly  prefers  simplicity  to 
ostentation  in  his  manner  of  life. 


MARY  ANDERSON. 

Born  in  1859. 

THE  favorite  actress  of  the  West,  Mary  Anderson,  is  a  na- 
tive of  California.  When  Mary  was  an  infant,  the  family 
migrated  from  California  to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  where  she 
became  a  victim  to  the  passion  for  the  stage;  and  in  Novem- 
ber, 1875,  made  her  first  appearance  after  two  years  of  pre- 
paration. The  critics  went  into  ecstacies  over  this  product  of 
the  West,  and  her  tour  from  city  to  city  was  a  triumphal 
success. 


77/  /-: 


AL  I:KVIK\V. 


211 


On  November  12,  1877,  Mary  Anderson  made  her  first 
appearance  in  New  York,  under  the  disadvantage  of  exag- 
gerated praise  from  the  western  newspapers.  "The  Lady 
of  Lyons  "  was  the  piece  presented  on  the  occasion,  with  the 
young  actress  as  k'  Pauline."  The  critics  dealt  gently  with 
their  subject,  as  was  due  to  her  youth  and  comparative  inex- 
perience; but  they  could  not  blind  themselves  to  the  obvious 
faults  of  her  personation, 
to  the  sameness  of  her 
gestures  and  walk,  the  im- 
perfect management  of  a 
good  voice,  and  the  un- 
changing expression  of  her 
countenance. 

But  she  received  a  good 
share  of  encouragement  in 
the  metropolis,  which  she 
left  to  fill  engagements  in 
other  cities. 

Returning  to  New  York 
three  years  afterwards,  she 
still  failed  to  redeem  the 
promise,  with  which  she 
had  been  endowed  by  her 
too  enthusiastic  admirers. 

Since  that  time,  however,  she  has  studied  hard  to  perfect 
herself  in  the  profession;  and  as  a  consequence  has  steadily 
gained  in  public  favor,  and  she  now  is  one  of  the  most  pop- 
ular actresses  in  the  world. 

Her  popularity  is  remarkable;  indeed,  on  severa1  occasions 
she  has  been  publicly  crowned  with  flowers.  In  England 
her  success  was  phenomenal,  and  she  was  always  favored 
with  large  and  enthusiastic  audiences  —  even  royalty  itself 
bowed  down  in  praise  to  this  talented  Western  girl,  of  whom 
all  Americans  can  well  be  proud. 


MARY  ANDERSON. 


212 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HERR  JOHANN  MOST. 

Born  about  1830. 

HERR  MOST  made  his  debut  as  an  anarchist  about  twenty- 
five  years  ago,  when  he  became  a  disciple  of  the  German  agi- 
tator, Lasalle.  Most  was  too  radical  in  his  views  to  long  fol- 
low the  moderate  teachings  of  his  tutor,  and  started  out  on 
his  own  hook.  He  traveled  much  in  Saxony,  addressing  la- 
boring people  in  the  man- 
ufacturing districts,  and  as 
Marc  Anthony  incited  the 
Roman  populace  to  riot,  so 
Herr  Most  set  on  his  dupes. 
But  his  career  as  a  blood 
and  thunder  orator  was 
brief,  for  the  authorities 
seized  him  and  sent  him  to 
jail  —  a  place  by  the  way, 
where  Most  has  spent  ma- 
ny years. 

After  the  attempt  made 
upon  the  Kfe  of  the  late 
Emperor  William  by  Hoe- 
del  and  Noebling,  he  con- 
sidered it  prudent  to  start 

HERR  JOHANN  MOST.  for  a  more  hospitable  ref 

uge.  But  the  authorities  in  Switzerland,  Belgium,  Holland 
and  France  made  haste  to  inform  him  that  agitators  of  his 
stamp  would  do  well  in  getting  across  the  border,  the  quick- 
er, the  better.  Most  concluded  to  give  England  the  benefit 
of  his  presence.  His  first  act  was  the  foundation  of  a  revo- 
lutionary sheet  intended  for  circulation  on  the  continent,  ita 
mission  being  especially  to  undermine  the  German  empire. 
The  publication,  which  he  dubbed  "Freiheit,"  has  since 
achieved  an  international  reputation  as  a  revolutionary  organ 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  213 

par  excellence.  The  English  people  did  not  take  kindly  to 
his  teachings  and  felt  quite  relieved  when  the  crown  prose- 
cutor secured  his  conviction  on  a  charge  of  inciting  to  the 
murder  of  all  royal  personages.  The  print  was  confiscated 
and  the  whole  organization  received  a  pretty  severe  blow, 
from  which  it  never  rallied  until  Most  had  served  his  time 
in  Milford  prison. 

Most  finally  came  to  America,  and  for  several  years  past 
has  been  publishing  a  revolutionary  paper  called  "Freiheif 
in  New  York,  issuing  communistic  literature,  and  doing  his 
be>t  to  bring  about  anarchy.  The  particular  language  uttered 
1>\  Most  for  which  he  was  lately  indicted,  was  at  the  meeting 
in  Gennania  hall,  New  York,  when  he  advised  his  hearers 
to  buy  rifles  and  to  use  them  on  the  police  or  anybody  else. 


CAPTAIN  W.  L.  COUCH. 

CAPTAIN  W.  L.  COUCH  owes  his  prominence  to  the  fact 
that  he  is  the  leader  of  a  band  of  people  known  as  the  "Ok- 
lahoma Boomers."  Toward  the  end  of  President  Arthur's 
term  of  office,  attention  was  directed  to  the  efforts  of  these 
people  to  over-run  the  Indian  Territory.  Many  of  them  had 
already  squatted  on  the  lands  and  had  to  be  ejected  by 
force,  not  before,  however,  they  had  become  so  well  settled 
as  to  carry  the  impression  to  others  of  perfect  security.  This 
led  to  Captain  Couch's  band  setting  out,  and  their  curious 
wagons  emblazoned  by  the  device,  "Going  West  by  Thun- 
der," attracted  general  attention.  The  government,  however, 
was  determined  that  the  territory  which  had  been  reserved  for 
the  Indian  tribes,  and  to  remove  them  to  which  it  had  cost 
the  government  considerable,  should  be  theirs  forever.  The 
change  in  the  administration  of  national  affairs  led  the 
"Boomers  "to  hope  that  the  opposition  to  their  entrance 
Would  be  dropped,  but  the  new  executive  proved  even  more 


214 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


determined  in  the  matter  than  his  predecessor.  The  troops 
sent  out  to  enforce  the  law  were  placed  under  the  control  of 
General  Hatch,  noted  for  his  success  in  the  Indian  wars. 
Arkansas  City  became  the  headquarters  of  the  would-be  inva- 
ders, and  there  they  assem- 
bled to  the  number  of  sev- 
eral thousand.  The  defec- 
tions, however,  caused  by 
the  poor  prospects  of  suc- 
cess were  numerous,  and 
the  excitement  gradually 
died  out. 

Captain  Couch  still  hopes 
to  secure  this  valuable 
land  to  his  followers,  and 
has  enlisted  many  eminent 
statesmen  in  his  behalf. 
and  in  reply  to  the  ques- 
tion as  to  the  prospect  of 
the  opening  of  Oklahoma 
by  legislative  enactment, 
the  captain  said:  "  Never 
were  they  more  flattering;  the  feeling  regarding  the  move- 
ment has  changed.  In  1880  we  were  denounced  alike  by 
the  people  and  press.  This  change  is  due  to  a  more  thor- 
ough understanding  of  the  situation.  People  now  see  lying 
idle  millions  of  acres  of  the  richest  land  in  the  United 
States.  The  bill  before  the  forty-ninth  congress,  asking  for 
the  opening  of  the  country  failed,  and  perhaps  it  is  best  it 
did.  It  included  the  countries  of  the  five  civilized  tribes. 
In  the  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Springer  of  Illinois,  this  land 
is  not  comprised,  but  only  that  west  of  it  and  also  'No 
Man's  Land,'  and  I  think  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  bill  will  pass."  The  land  thus  included  consists  of  about 
twenty-five  million  acres. 


CAPTAIN  W.    L.    COUCH. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVEIW. 


215 


R.  T.  BUSH. 

THE  yacht  race  across  the  Atlantic  ocean  in  1887,  between 
tlu'  ••Coronet"  and  the  "  Dauntless,"  brought  the  owners 
and  captains  of  these  respective  yachts  into  special  promi- 
nence, and  their  names  will  always  be  associated  with  the 
event.  Mr.  Bush,  the  owner  of  the  schooner-yacht  "Coro- 
net"-—the  winner  in  this  race  —  is  the  president  of  the  Bush 

&  Denslow  Manufacturing 
Company,  refiners  and  deal- 
ers in  oils.  He  has  not  had 
a  very  extensive  yachting 
experience,  having  only 
owned  a  small  yacht  be- 
fore having  had  the  "  Cor- 
onet" built.  His  intention 
when  building  the  vessel 
was  to  take  his  family  on 
a  cruise  around  the  world, 
intending  to  start  in  the 
fall  of  1885,  but  he  was 
not  able  to  get  her  ready 
in  time  and  she  lay  all  win- 
ter at  the  yard  of  her  build- 
ers, and  got  off  finally  in 
July,  1886. 

Arriving  in  Europe,  his  contemplated  cruise  was  abandon- 
ed, and  he  returned  to  America  in  a  steamer. 

Mr.  Bush  recently  said  that  he  was  a  commercial  and  not 
a  sporting  man.  ••  I  knew  when  I  sailed  across  the  ocean  in 
the  l  Coronet,'  that  I  had  a  very  fast  yacht,  and  was  anx- 
ious to  find  out  how  fast  she  was  in  comparison  with  the  best 
American  keel  boats.  Hence  I  issued  an  invitation  to  yacht 
owners  to  race  across  the  ocean  against  her.  I  was  confident 
that  she  would  win  the  race,  and  I  determined  to  dispose  of 


K.  T.  HUSH. 


216 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


her  just  as  soon  as  I  could  afterward.  A  racing  yacht  would 
be  no  more  good  to  me  than  a  racing  horse;  I  could  get  just 
as  much  comfort  out  of  an  old  plug  asv  out  of  a  flyer." 


CAPTAIN  CKOSBY. 

THIS  noted  sailor  has  been  connected  with  the  "Coronet" 
since  her  keel  was  laid,  and  perhaps  it  may  be  said  before 
that,  for  it  was  he  that  modeled  her.  He  had  complete  au- 
thority to  fit  the  craft  in 
any  manner  he  desired, 
Mr.  Bush,  the  owner,  not 
possessing  a  very  extended 
yachting  experience,  and 
having  an  unlimited  confi- 
dence in  his  skipper.  This 
confidence  apparently  was 
not  misplaced,  as  in  the  fit- 
ting out  of  the  yacht,  al- 
though everything  neces- 
sary had  been  provided, 
the  fitting  was  not  nearly 
as  expensive  as  was  that 
of  the  "Dauntless." 

Capt.  Crosby  is  a  native 
of    Eastport,  Maine,    and 

CAPTAIN  CROSBY.  .   « 

has  followed  the   sea  ever 

since  his  boyhood.  He  once  sailed  a  catboat  from  Boston  to 
Bermuda,  and  on  another  occasion  he  sailed  a  tugboat  from 
New  York  to  Capetown.  His  adventures  on  the  sea  have 
been  as  diversified,  numerous,  and  perilous  as  those  which 
usually  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  seafaring  fraternity,  and  he  can 
spin  an  interesting  yarn  with  the  sang  froid  and  dexterity 
of  a  Baron  Munchausen. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


217 


CALDWELL  H.  COLT. 

Born  about  1856. 

THE  race  between  the  "  Dauntless  "  and  the  "  Coronet  " 
from  New  York  to  Qneenstown  in  1887,  resulted  in  the  de- 
feat of  the  former,  despite  the  fact  that  the  "Dauntless"  had 
an  international  reputation. 

The  owner,  Mr.  Colt,  is  the  son  of  the  inventor  of  the  re- 
volving pistol,  who  died  in 
isc.2.  leaving  an  immense 
factory  for  the  manufacture 
of  firearms,  in  Hartford. 
Connecticut.  Here  a  beau- 
tiful episcopal  church  was 
erected  to  his  memory  by 
his  widow,  who.  with  her 
only  son,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  still  continues  the 
manufacture  of  firearms. 
Nearly  three  million  dol- 
lars were  >pcnt  on  the  man- 
ufactory prior  to  the  death 
of  the  father,  and  young 
.Colt  is  credited  with  the 
good  fortune  to  be  posses-  CALDWELL  H.  COLT. 

sor    of  a    yearly  income  of  nearly  two    hundred   thousand 
dollars. 

He  is  an  enthusiastic  sportsman,  and  besides  owning  the 
"Dauntless,"  is  the  owner  of  the  sloop  "Wizard."  lie  is 
passionately  fond  of  yachting,  and  since  he  has  owned  the 
"Dauntless"  he  has  been  across  the  ocean  several  times  in 
her.  He  accompanied  the  craft  in  the  race  of  1887,  accom- 
panied by  several  guests,  Mr.  John  IT.  Bird,  secretary  of  the 
New  York  Yacht  Club  being  one  of  them. 


218 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CAPTAIN  SAMUELS. 

THE  captain  of  the  "Dauntless,"  Samuel  S.  Samuels,  first 
became  famous  as  a  yacht-racing  skipper  when,  in  command 
of  the  schooner  "Henrietta,"  he  raced  across  the  ocean 
.against  the  schooners  "Fleetwing"  and  "Vesta  '  in  1866. 
1  He  subsequently  became  the  commander  of  the  "Daunt- 
'  less,"  commanding  the  trim  little  yacht  when  she  raced  against 
the  British  schooner  "Cam- 
bria." He  was  commission- 
ed by  Mr.  Frederick  Lane, 
treasurer  of  the  Erie  rail- 
way company,  to  superin- 
tend the  building  of  a 
schooner- yacht  for  him, 
and  which  was  named  the 
"  Dreadnaught."  T  h  e 
yacht  subsequently  became 
the  property  of  Mr.  Sam- 
uels, who  sailed  some  fa- 
mous races  in  her,  beating 
the  "Palmer,"  a  very  fast 
schooner,  and  winning  the 
Bennett  Cape  May  chal- 
lenge cup,  which  is  now 
in  Great  Britain,  having  been  carried  there  by  the  cutter 
"Genesta."  This  cutter  won  it  from  the  "Dauntless,"  the 
yacht  that  was  beaten  by  the  "Coronet"  in  1887.  "While 
owner  of  the  "Dreadnaught," — which,  by  the  way,  cost 
nearly  fifty  thousand  dollars  to  build, —  Mr.  Samuels  won 
another  famous  race  over  the  Newport  course,  on  which  oc- 
casion the  celebrated  yacht  "Sappho"  received  her  defeat. 
He  has  had  great  experience  in  the  management  of  yachts, 
and  the  recent  defeat  of  the  "  Dauntless"  in  no  way  reflect- 
ed upon  his  management  of  that  vessel. 


CAPTAIN  SAMUELS. 


THE  BIOQEAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


219 


WILLIAM  R.  MORRISON. 
Born  Sept.  14,  /w>. 

MR.  MORRISON  is  best  known  to  the  country  as  a  tariff  re- 
former. His  bill,  advocating  a  horizontal  reduction  of  duties, 
was  agitated  before  congress,  and  after  a  thorough  argument, 
pro  and  con,  rejected.  Notwithstanding  his  defeat  he  is  as 
determined  as  ever  to  enforce  his  views  on  the  tariff,  and  is 
us  fully  convinced  now  as  then,  that  the  prosperity  of  the 
country  lies  in  a  reduction 
of  the  import  duties.  As 
chairman  of  the  ways  and 
means  he  had  great  power. 
the  committee  being  the 
m  o  >t  important  of  the 
ho: iso.  Born  in  Monroe 
county,  Illinois,  he  was 
educated  iti  the  common 
schools  and  at  Me  Ken  dree 
college,  Illinois.  He  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  was  made 
clerk  of  the  circuit  court, 
and  for  four  terms  was  a 
member  of  and  for  one 
term  speaker  of  the  Illinois 
house  of  representatives.  He  was  elected  to  the  thirty-eighth, 
forty-third,  forty-fourth,  forty-fifth,  forty-sixth,  forty-seventh, 
forty-eighth,  and  forty-ninth  congresses  as  a  democrat.  In 
the  last  congressional  campaign  he  was  defeated  by  the  Hon. 
Jehu  Baker. 

Mr.  Morrison  has  gained  the  reputation  of  being  a  great 
thinker.  He  will  often  pass  his  most  intimate  friends  with- 
out recognizing  them  when  in  a  study,  and  in  absent-minded- 
ness on  such  occasions  is  only  equaled  by  Justice  Lamar. 


WILLIAM    R.   MORRISON. 


220 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


A.  K.  CUTTING. 

Born  about  1847. 

MR.  CUTTING  was  the  publisher  of  a  Spanish  newspaper, 
called  the  "II  Centinela,"  at  the  small  town  of  Paso  del 
Norte,  where  he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  the  publi- 
cation of  certain  defamatory  remarks  on  a  rival  publisher,  Im- 
iglis  Medina,  in  his  own  paper;  and  also  in  the  "Sunday  Her- 
ald "  of  El  Paso,  substantiating  his  remarks  with  the  addi- 
tion of  fraud  and  swindler. 
Cutting  was  arrested  by 
the  Mexican  authorities  at 
the  motion  of  Medina,  and 
was  not  even  allowed  to 
furnish  bail.  American  cit- 
izens have  often  been  sub- 
jected to  the  indignities  of 
Mexican  authority,  and  in 
the  event  of  war,  the  feel- 
ings of  both  governments 
will  be  agitated  by  the 
wrongs  that  have  occasion- 
ally been  perpetrated  on 
both  sides  of  the  border. 

The  affair,  however,  was 
amicably  settled,  but  not 
until  Cutting  had  acquired 
national  notoriety.  At  the  time,  soldiers  gathered  at  El  Paso, 
Mexico  believing  that  she  could  easily  defeat  the  United 
States,  and  firmly  believes  that,  in  case  of  war,  the  southern 
states  would  come  to  her  assistance  to  regain  what  they  lost 
during  the  civil  war.  Mexico  also  thinks  that  England  would 
render  her  valuable  assistance  in  blockading  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  ports.  But  the  cloud  passed  away,  and  our  amicable 
relations  with  her  are  continued. 


A.   K.   CUTTING. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


221 


NILS  ADOLF  ERIK  NORDENSKJOLD. 

Born  Nov.  18,  1832. 

A  NATIVE  of  Finland,  this  noted  arctic  explorer  came  of  a 
race  distinguished  since  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury .for  daring  endeavor  and  scientific  acquirements,  num- 
bering among  them  mining  engineers,  soldiers,  alchemists, 
and  scientific  farmers.  The  family  was  ennobled  in  1757, 

and  a  peculiar  residence 
was  built  on  their  proper- 
ty, the  central  portion  of 
which  contained  a  large 
hall  with  a  gallery,  around 
which  were  arranged  col- 
lections of  natural  history. 
A  sepulchral  mound  in  the 
park  surrounding  the  house 
formed  the  last  resting- 
place  of  several  members 
of  the  family. 

While  yet  a  boy  he  be- 
came an  indefatigable  col- 
lector of  minerals  and  in- 
."ts,  and  often  accompa- 
ffl/}  nied  his  father  in  his  geo- 
logical surveys.  He  re- 
ceived a  thorough  educa- 
tion, and  early  in  life  he 
began  to  publish  original 
researches  in  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  natural  history.  In 
1858  he  began  his  career  as  an  arctic  explorer,  which  result- 
ed in  I^T'.i  in  the  accomplishment  of  the  Northwest  passage. 
The  results  of  his  expeditions  are  unparalleled,  and  have  been 
productive  in  increasing  our  knowledge  of  the  conditions  and 
products  characterise  of  the  polar  seas. 


BARON    V 


222 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


LOUIS  PASTEUR. 

Born  in  1822. 

THE  celebrated  French  chemist  and  physiologist,  Louis 
Pasteur,  is  a  son  of  a  tanner  who  was  also  an  old  soldier  of 
the  First  Empire.  Louis,  however,  received  a  good  education, 
and  early  in  life  began  to  devote  himself  to  chemistry.  After 
graduating,  he  was  appointed  assistant  professor  of  physics 

at  Strasburg. 

In  1854  he  removed  to 
Lille,  as  dean  of  the  facul- 
ty of  sciences.  Though 
still  an  enthusiast  in  mole- 
cular physics,  he  devoted 
some  of  his  lectures  to  the 
subject  of  fermentation,  as 
the  staple  industry  of  that 
town  was  distilling.  In  the 
course  of  the  next  few 
years,  spontaneous  genera- 
tion, wine,  vinegar,  the 
silkworm  disease,  splenic 
fever,  chicken  cholera,  and 
>  hydrophobia  received  his 
attention,  and  were  won- 
derfully elucidated  by  his 
researches. 

He  succeeded  in  saving 
millions  of  dollars  to  the  graziers,  by  protecting  animals 
from  severe  attacks  of  the  plague,  through  his  discovery  that 
an  attenuated  virus  of  the  splenic  fever,  if  used  as  inoculat- 
ing matter,  would  confine  this  plague  to  but  a  mild  form. 

In  like  manner,  his  discovery  that  inoculating  a  person 
bitten  by  a  mad  dog  with  an  attenuated  virus  of  the  poison, 
producing  rabies,  acts  in  such  a  manner  that  the  original 


LOUIS    PASTEUR. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  -223 

poison  seems  neutral  i/.ed,  and  the  patient  recovers,  has  almost 
revolutionized  one  section  of  medicine. 

A  large  pension,  voted  by  the  French  legislature,  enabled 
the  savant  to  devote  the  greater  portion  of  his  time  to  the 
researches  indicated;  and  now  his  admirers,  aided  by  the 
Paris  municipality,  have  erected  a  large  hospital  and  labora- 
t.»ry  for  the  treatment  of  hydrophobia  under  his  system. 

M.  Pasteur  has  received  high  honors,  both  from  his  own 
and  from  foreign  countries.  lie  is  a  member  of  the  acad- 
emy of  sciences;  while  orders,  doctorates,  and  other  honor- 
arv  diplomas,  have  been  showered  on  him  by  almost  every 
civili/.ed  country  in  the  world. 


CHARLES  FRANCIS  JOSEPH. 

Horn  AI«J.  /.s,  IK:,U. 

THE  emperor  of  Austria  and  king  of  Hungary,  Francis 
Joseph,  was  at  the  early  age  of  eighteen  called  to  rule  an 
empire  shaken  by  rebellion  and  civil  war. 

The  absolutist  regime  was  maintained  during  the  first  ten 
years  of  the  emperor's  reign,  though  as  subsequent  events 
showed,  the  emperor's  own  sentiments  inclined  to  a  more  lib- 
eral and  constitutional  rule. 

The  system  fell  through  severe  reverses  abroad.  In  1859 
the  Austrians  were  driven  out  of  Lombardy  and  severely 
defeated  by  the  allies;  and  in  186G  Austria,  after  her  de- 
feat at  the  battle  of  Sadowa,  was  compelled  to  agree  to 
the  North  Cierman  confederation,  under  the  leadership  of 
Prussia. 

These  disasters  compelled  the  change  to  constitutional- 
ism. The  emperor  called  to  his  councils  a  Saxon  statesman, 
Count  von  P>eiist.  and  with  his  assistance  put  an  end  to  the 
dispute  with  Hungary.  National  self-government  was  restor- 
ed in  that  kingdom;  the  emperor  was  crowned  king  of  Hun- 
gary in  -I une.  lM'»7,  and  the  dominions  of  the  Hapsburgs 


224 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


became  a  "dual  monarchy,"  or  federation.  The  two  divi- 
sions of  the  nation  were  independent  as  far  as  regards  inter- 
nal affairs,  but  linked  together  by  a  common  ministry  for 

common  affairs. 

Francis  Joseph  is  a  good 
man  of  business,  a  great 
soldier  and  an  indefatiga- 
ble worker.  He  is  simple 
in  his  habits,  and,  except 
for  an  occasional  hunting 
tour,  allows  himself  little 
relaxation  from  affairs  of 
state.  In  foreign  affairs 
his  influence  has  been  con- 
siderable, and  it  has  been 
chiefly  directed  to  estab 
lishing  and  preserving  a 
close  alliance  with  Ger- 


many. 

The  conflict  of  races 
which  prevails  in  the  em- 
pire has  always  been  a 
matter  of  grave  anxiety, 
but  the  present  emperor,  through  his  wise  administration, 
has  succeeded  admirably  in  procuring  a  harmonious  feeling 
between  the  two  races  of  his  empire. 

The  emperor  of  Austria,  Francis  Joseph,  is  fifty-eight 
years  old,  and  has  worn  the,  imperial  crown  for  forty  years. 
His  predecessor  was  his  uncle,  who  abdicated  the  throne 
in  his  favor  when  but  fifty-five  years  of  age,  because  he  was 
tired  of  the  turmoil  and  trouble.  Francis  Joseph  is  a  polish- 
ed scholar,  a  linguist,  an  equestrian,  and  an  admirer  of  mil- 
itary pomp.  He  is  healthy  and  bids  fair  to  reign  for  a 
long  time  to  come.  He  is  the  supreme  chief  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces  of  the  empire. 


CHARLES    FRANCIS    JOSEPH. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  225 

Years  ago  when  Francis  Joseph,  now  emperor  of  Austria, 
paid  a  visit  to  the  duke  of  Bavaria,  then  living  in  a  mountain 
chalet  with  his  three  daughters,  it  was  not  for  the  sake  of  the 
Princess  Elizabeth,  but  for  that  of  her  elder  sister,  that  he 
went. 

While  on  his  way  on  foot  to  the  duke's  residence,  Francis 
Joseph  stopped  on  the  brow  of  a  hill,  whence  there  was  a  fine 
view  over  a  charming  lake  and  valley.  On  the  lake  his  eye 
caught  sight  of  a  girl  dressed  as  a  peasant  and  seated  in  a 
boat,  who,  instead  of  rowing,  seemed  indulging  in  a  day 
dream  over  her  oars  as  she  slowly  drifted  along.  The  prince 
descended  to  the  water's  edge.  "Mademoiselle,"  he  said, 
"will  you  row  me  across  the  lake?  I  believe  the  duke's 
chalet,  to  which  I  am  going,  is  on  the  other  side."  "  Will- 
ingly," answered  the  young  girl,  and  with  a  stroke  or  two 
of  her  oars  she  pulled  her  boat  alongside  the  bank,  and 
Francis  Joseph  stepped  in. 

When  they  reached  the  other  shore  he  asked  if  she 
would  show  him  the  way  to  the  duke's  abode.  Mooring 
her  boat,  she  started  up  a  narrow  pathway:  he  followed, 
watching  with  pleasure  the  easy  grace  of  her  steps  and  her 
swaying  figure,  as  shapely  and  strong-looking  as  that  of  a 
Diana.  After  dinner,  just  as  the  duke  and  his  guest  entered 
the  parlor,  a  young  girl,  dressed  in  white,  with  long,  fair 
hair  falling  in  ringlets  over  her  shoulder,  entered  the  room. 

To  his  surprise  the  prince  recognized  his  guide  of  the 
morning,  and  then  with  a  peal  of  merry  laughter,  she  told 
the  story  of  their  meeting  to  her  father  and  sisters. 

When  he  retired  that  night  Francis  Joseph  had  made  the 
discovery  that  it  was  not  the  eldest  but  the  youngest  of  the 
I>avari:in  princesses  with  whom  lie  was  in  love.  The  next 
morning  he  said  as  much  to  his  ducal  entertainer,  and  as 
nothing  had  as  yet  been  hinted  to  any  of  the  girls  as  to  the 
motives  of  the  prince's  visit,  the  substitution  was  easily  ar- 
ranged. 


226 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HON.  G.  V.  N.  LOTHROP. 

Born  in  1817. 

THIS  gentleman  is  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Brown  University,  graduating  therefrom  in  1838. 
He  then  began  the  study  of  law  at  the  Harvard  Law  School, 
graduating  from  there  in  1840.  Among  his  class-mates  were 
James  Russell  Lowell,  William  M.  Evarts  W.  W.  Story,  Ru- 
fus  King,  and  E.  Rockwood  Hoar. 

Mr.  Lothrop  began  a  law 
practice  in  Detroit  in  1844, 
being  connected  in  the  un- 
dertaking with  D.Berthune 
Duffield.  This  connection 
lasted  until  1856. 

Mr.  Lothrop  was  attor- 
ney-general of  Michigan 
in  1848  and  again  in  1860. 
During  the  war  he  was 
what  in  those  days  was 
termed  a  uwar  democrat," 
and  has  always  been  most 
earnest  in  advocating  the 
cause  of  the  democracy. 
He  is  not  only  one  of  the 
ablest  lawyers  of  his  state, 
HON.  G.  v.  N.  LOTHROP.  but  is  one  of  the  foremost 

barristers  in  the  Union.      He  is  most  brilliant  as  an  orator, 
and  has  often  assisted  his  party  upon  the  sturnp. 

On  May  8,  1885,  he  was  appointed,  by  President  Cleve- 
land, envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  of 
"the  United  States  to  Russia,  at  an  annual  salary  of  seventeen 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars. 

Personally,  Mr.  Lothrop  is  a  thorough  and  pleasing  gentle- 
man of  distinguished  presence  and  carriage. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


227 


HENRY  BERGH. 

Horn  in  1823. 

THE  everyday  life  of  Henry  Bergh,  the  animal's  friend, 
has  been  an  expression  of  sympathy  with  "our  poor  earth- 
born  companions  and  fellow-mortals,"  the  dumb  creatures. 
He  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  the  son  of  a  wealthy 
ship  builder,  who  was  also  a  native  of  the  Empire  state  and 
an  old-time  resident  of  the 
city  of  New  York. 

He  received  a  superior 
education.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  le- 
gation at  St.  Petersburg, 
and  there  began  that  active 
interference  in  behalf  of 
the  right  of  animals  to 
kind  treatment,  which  has 
given  him  a  reputation  as 
wide  as  civilization. 

The  society  of  which  Mr. 
Bergh  was  the  founder,  is 
modeled  largely  after  the 
English  Royal  Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Cruelty 
to  Animals,  in  London. 

Returning  to  New  York  in  1804,  he  spent  a  year  in  matur- 
ing his  plans  for  the  establishment  of  means  to  check  and 
prevent  cruelty  to  animals.  The  American  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  was  instituted  in  1865.  In 
1866  it  was  given  by  statute  the  power  of  prosecution  and 
even  arrest,  a  power  which  it  still  possesses.  Mr.  Bergh  has 
been  its  president  since  its  inception,  and  its  invaluable  ser- 
vices to  beast,  and  man  as  well  —  for  men  are  made  better 
by  being  more  humane  —  are  largely  due  to  his  resolution, 


HENRY    BEKGH. 


228  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW, 

tact  and  perseverance.  He  stands  six  feet  high,  and  his  ap- 
pearance and  carriage  denote  a  power  of  will  which  readily 
commands  respect.  But  his  appeal  to  the  moral  sense  and 
his  disinterestedness  are  the  principal  elements  of  his  suc- 
cess. He  receives  no  salary  for  his  work,  freely  gives  his 
time  and  energies  to  it,  and  the  public  knowing  this  to  be 
the  case,  respect  and  honor  the  man  who  makes  the  sacrifice. 

The  statute  of  1866  constitutes  Mr.  Bergh  an  assistant 
district  attorney  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  assistant  of 
the  attorney-general  of  the  state,  in  the  enforcement  of  the 
laws  against  cruelty  to  animals. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  bar,  and  effective  in  the  court- 
room, as  well  as  in  interferences  in  behalf  of  animals  in  the 
public  streets  and  elsewhere,  and  on  the  public  platform  as  a 
lecturer  enforcing  the  wisdom  and  duty  of  humane  feeling 
and  action. 

The  New  York  society  has  nearly  four  hundred  workers 
in  the  state.  Nearly  all  the  states  in  the  Union  have  founded 
similar  organizations,  and  Mr.  Bergh's  correspondence  con- 
tains many  applications  from  foreign  lands  for  information 
as  to  his  methods  and  the  laws  under  which  he  works. 

Ten  thousand  cases  of  crufelty  to  animals -have  been  pros- 
ecuted by  this  society,  and  about  thirty  thousand  animals  in 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  have  been  suspended  from  work 
because  of  being  disabled. 

Dog-fighting  men,  rat-baiters  and  cock-fighters,  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course,  regard  Mr.  Bergh  as  an  enemy.  But  pigeon- 
shooting,  a  form  of  sport  affected  by  the  wealthy  and  influ- 
ential, he  has  as  yet  been  unable  to  stop.  An  arena  was  built 
in  the  city  of  New  York  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  bull- 
fighting; but  Mr.  Bergh  put  an  end  to  the  enterprise,  with 
great  loss  to  its  promoters.  The  income  of  the  society  is  over 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars  per  year,  and  has  been  assisted 
powerfully  by  bequests,  that  oi  Bonard  being  $150, 000.  "Our 
Animal  Friends  "  is  the  official  gazette  of  the  society. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


224 


GEN.  E.  S.  BRAGG. 

Born  Feb.  20,  1827. 

THE  present  (1888)  American  minister  to  Mexico,  was  aj> 
pointed  to  that  position  by  President  Cleveland  in  1887. 
Gen.  E.  S.  Bragg,  the  minister  referred  to,  is  a  resident  of 
Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  demo- 
cratic national  convention  at  Chicago  which  nominated 
Cleveland;  and  in  eulogiz- 
ing the  then  governor  of 
the  Empire  state,  he  said, 
"We  love  him  for  the  en- 
emies he  has  made,  "allud- 
to  Tammany's  opposition. 

Born  at  Nunadilla,  N. 
Y.,  he  received  a  classical 
education,  which  was  com- 
pleted at  Geneva  college. 
He  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar;  and 
later  removing  to  Fond  du 
Lac,  he  there  practiced  his 
profession. 

In  1868  and  1869  he 
was  a  member  of  the  state 
senate. 

Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  he  entered  the  Union 
army  as  a  captain.  This  was  in  May,  1861,  and  in  October, 
1865,  he  was  mustered  out  of  service  with  the  full  rank  of 
brigadier-general. 

Gen.  E.  S.  Bragg  was  sent  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
forty-fifth  congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  forty-sixth, 
forty-seventh  and  forty-ninth  congresses,  serving  his  constitu- 
ents with  faithfulness. 


GEN.    E.    S.    BRAGG. 


230  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

EGBERT  BROWNING. 

Born  in  1812. 


psychological  school  of  poetry,  and  who  has  now  been  for 
nearly  half  a  century  regarded,  and  by  many  recognized,  as 
one  of  the  most  original  and  intellectual  of  intellectual  poets, 
was  born  in  Camberwell,  in  Surrey,  and  educated  in  the 
London  university.  As  a  child  he  began  to  write  verses  — 
though  this  may  be  said  of  almost  every  poet.  At  the  age 
of  twelve  he  had  written  enough  poetry  to  make  a  volume. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  he  produced  anonymously  "Pauline: 
a  fragment  of  a  confession."  Up  to  this  time  his  verses  were 
written  chiefly  under  the  influence  of  Byron  and  Shelley, but 
neither  of  these  was  destined  to  be  his  poetic  master,  "for 
he  was  to  make  a  path  of  his  own  in  poetry,  and  to  work  in 
a  manner  strikingly  personal  and  original."  In  1832  he  went 
to  Italy  and  acquired  a  remarkable  knowledge  of  the  Italian 
life  and  language.  In  1830  the  drama  or,  more  strictly 
speaking,  metaphysical  dialogue,  "  Paracelsus"1  was  publish- 
ed and  brought  its  author  into  notice  of  several  of  the  best 
critics  of  the  day. 

•  The  keynote  of  his  poetry  is  struck  in  "Paracelsus,"  in 
which  is  shown  that  love  of  psychological  analysis  and  that 
subtle  imagination  more  fully  displayed  in  the  author's  later 
works.  It  is  the  history  of  a  soul  struggling  and  aspiring 
after  hidden  knowledge,  power,  and  happiness  — 

"All  ambitions,  upwards  tending, 

Like  plants  in  mines,  which  never  saw  the  sun," 

but  is  thwarted  and  baffled  in  the  visionary  pursuit.  For  an 
author  of  twenty-four  years  of  age  this  was  a  remarkable 
poem. 

In  the  following  year  appeared  the  historical  drama  "  Straf- 
ford,"  which  was  brought  out  upon  the  stage  but  proved 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


231 


unsuccessful,  notwithstanding  Mac-ready  personated  the  hero. 
In  this  the  interest  again  centred  in  the  struggles  and  mo 
tives  of  one  heroic  personage,  this  time  entangled  in  a  fatal 
mesh  of  great  events. 

In  1841   he  sent    forth    another   psychological  poem- 
which  one  of  his  critics  has  characterized  «  the  richest  puz- 
zle to  the  lovers  of  poetry  which  was  ever  given  to  the 
world" — a    thin    volume, 
entitled    "Sordello."     In 
1843  "A  Blot   on    the 
'  Scutcheon  "    was  brought 
out  at    Drury    Lane,   and 
though  it  failed  as  a  repre- 
sentation, it  evinced  such 
tragic  strength  as  to  stamp 
the    author    as     a    great 
poet. 

II  is    subsequent     works 
were   conceived  in  drama-, 
tic    form   and     spirit,     the 
most  popular  cis  it    is  cer-j 
tainly   the  most  si  m  p  1  ej 
and     varied   of  his   plays); 
being  '- Pippa  Passes."  In: 
this    beautiful     drama, 
cluster  of  four  scenes,  with 
prologue,     epilogue,     and  KOKKKI    I:KO\VNING. 

interludes,  the  author  shows  every  side  of  his  genius.  Pippa 
is  a  girl  from  a  silk  factory,  who  "passes"  the  various  per- 
sons of  the  play  at  certain  critical  moments,  in  the  course 
of  her  holidays,  and  becomes,  unconsciously  to  herself,  a  de 
termining  influence  on  the  fortunes  of  each.  This  drama  is  a 
work  of  pure  art  which  has  a  wealth  of  original  fancy  and 
romance,  apart  from  its  wisdom,  to  which  every  poet  will 
do  justice.  Some  of  the  other  plays  are  "The  return  of  the 


232  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Druses,"  u  Columbe's  Birthday,"  and  "  Luria,"  and  two  short 
dramatic  sketches,  "  A  Soul's  Tragedy  "  and  "In  a  Balco- 
ny," which  are  superior  productions  both  in  conception  and 
execution.  "The  Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin:  a  child's  story," 
told  with  inimitable  liveliness  and  spirit,  and  with  a  flow  of 
rattling  rhymes  and  quaint  fancies  rivaling  Southey's  "Cat- 
aract of  Lodore." 

In  1855  the  reputation  of  Mr.  Browning  was  greatly  en- 
hanced by  the  publication  of  a  collection  of  poems,  fifty  in 
number,  bearing  the  comprehensive  title  of  "  Men  and  Wo- 
men," which  is  considered  as  the  most  finished  and  com- 
prehensive of  his  works  and  the  one  his  readers  least  would 
spare. 

In  all  of  his  work  Browning  deals  with  the  individual  man 
as  a  soul  distinct  and  unique.  As  G.  W.  Cooke  says,  "  He 
is  not  dainty  or  sentimental,  but  full  of  noble  impulses, 
overflowing  with  geniality,  robustness,  and  vitality.  He  has 
lived  in  the  whole  of  his  being,  and  he  has  poured  out  the 
manifold  riches  of  his  nature  without  measure.  There  is  a 
completeness  in  his  work,  as  of  one  who  has  left  no  corner 
of  his  being  unoccupied.  The  mansion  of  his  mind  has  all 
the  rooms  in  use,  while  sun  and  air  come  into  them  in  un- 
stinted circulation.  Work  and  play  and  joy  are  going  for- 
ward in  every  one." 

A  less  enthusiastic  admirer  (Mr.  E.  C.  Stedman)  pays  the 
following  tribute  to  his  genius:  "He  represents  the  antiquity 
of  his  race  by  study  of  mediaeval  themes,  and  exhibits  to 
the  modern  lover,  noble,  statesman,  thinker,  priest,  their 
prototypes  in  ages  long  gone  by;  he  constantly  exalts  pas- 
sion above  reason,  while  reasoning  himself,  withal,  in  the 
too  curious  fashion  of  the  present  day;  again,  he  is  the  expo- 
nent of  what  dramatic  spirit  is  still  left  to  England  —  that 
of  psychological  analysis,  which  turns  the  human  heart  inside 
out,  judging  it  not  from  outward  action,  in  the  manner  of 
the  early,  simple,  objective  masters  of  the  stage." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


233 


Mr.  Browning  was  married  in  1846,  to  Elizabeth  Barrett, 
better  known  as  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning,  the  greatest 
English  poetess,  who  died  in  1861. 


MOUTZ  HITO,  MIKADO  OF  JAPAN. 

Born  in  1852. 

THE  Mikado  of  Japan,  Moutz  llito,  succeeded  his  father's 
titular  honors  in  1867.  The  Mikado's  passion  for  European- 
izing  his  country  outrages  the  feelings  of  conservatives.  A 
brand-new  constitution  was 
created  by  imperial  author- 
ity in  1875,  and  about  the 
same  time  materials  for  a 
brand-new  religion  were 
being  diligently  collected 
among  the  nations  of  the 
West. 

The  telegraph  was  intro- 
duced one  year,  railways 
the  next,  and  iron-clads 
shortly  afterward. 

The  external  relations 
of  the  monarch  have  been 
pacific,  especially  with 
Europeans.  With  China, 
there  have  been  occasional 
disputes,  chiefly  concern- 
ing the  suzerainty  of  Corea; 
but  in  1875,  and  again  MIKADO  OF  JAPAN. 

in  1884,  the  matter  was  finally  settled  without  fighting  — 
the  two  governments  wisely  determining  not  to  give  Rus- 
sia a  pretext  for  intervention. 


234 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


KOLOMAN  TISZA. 

Born  in  1830. 

THE  Hungarian   statesman,  Koloman  Tisza,  was  bonx  in 
Geszt,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  of  1848,  he  had 
just  become  a  clerk  of  the  ministry  of  public  instruction. 
He  spent  the  next  few  years  in  travel,  and  in  1859  came 

forward  as  a  champion  of 
Hungarian  protestantism. 
In  1860  he  was  returned 
to  the  Hungarian  cham- 
ber, and  became  a  party 
leader;  and  in  1875  he  be- 
came minister  of  the  inte- 
rior and  president  of  the 
cabinet. 

He  has  displayed  great 
financial  skill,  and  is  un- 
doubtedly the  Hungarian 
Gladstone. 

By  his  wise  and  timely 
counsels  he  has  kept  in 
check  the  somewhat  tur- 
bulent chamber,  winning 
the  admiration  of  friends 
and  adversaries  alike. 
KOLOMAN  TISZA.  In  October,  1866,  an  im- 

portant statement  was  made  by  Koloman  Tisza  of  the  inten- 
tion of  the  Austro-Hungarian  monarchy  to  resist  any  imposi- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  and  of  her  determination  to 
abide  by  the  German  alliance.  This  policy  brought  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  into  still  greater  prominence. 

M.  Tisza,  as  prime  minister,  has  guided  the  affairs  of  the 
nation  with  vigilance  and  foresight,  effecting  many  reforms 
that  have  endeared  him  to  his  countrymen. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


235 


CAPTAIN  JOHN  ERICSSON. 

Born  in  1803. 

As  i.t.«G  as  the  page  of  history  exists  which  records  the 
terrible  naval  combat  between  the  Monitor  and  the  Merri- 
mac,  so  long  will  the  name  of  John  Ericsson  be  known  to 
posterity. 

In  the  very  heart  of  Sweden  there  was  once  a  little  min- 
ing camp,  and  the  place  is 
marked  to-day  as  the  birth- 
place   of  the   great    engi- 
neer, by  a  granite  shaft. 

When  but  thirteen  years 
of  age,  he  was  one  of  a 
corps  of  surveying  engi- 
neers, and  had  charge  of  a 
section  of  a  ship  canal;  his 
engineering  ability  having 
made  itself  apparent,  even 
at  that  early  age. 

In  1826  he  visited  Eng- 
land, and  has  never  since 
returned  to  Sweden.  Up 
on  his  arrival  in  England, 
he  immediately  turned  his 
attention  to  a  series  of  ex- 
periments with  the  steam  engine, and  in  1829  his  locomotive, 
the  l-  Novelty,"  was  entered  as  a  competitor  against  Steph- 
enson's  "Rocket."  Ericsson  still  claims  that  his  locomotive 
was  the  fastest  motor,  although  the  "  Rocket"  was  declared 
the  winner. 

His  first  propeller,  the  "Francis  B.  Ogden,"  met  with  so 
little  favor  in  the  eyes  of  the  admiralty,  that  he  determined 
to  try  a  new  field  for  his  operations,  and  came  to  America 
in  1839. 


JOHN    ERICSSON. 


236  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

He  began  at  once  the  construction  of  war  ships.  The  first 
was  the  "Princeton,"  and  he  reached  the  climax  in  that  line 
when  he  built  the  little  iron-clad  "Monitor, "which  played 
such  sad  havoc  with  the  navy  of  the  confederates  in  the  civil 
war.  He  has  devoted  much  time  and  energy  to  the  construc- 
tion of  his  torpedo  boat,  "  The  Destroyer,"  and  his  sun-mo- 
tor engine.  The  latter  is  intended  to  irrigate  the  sun-burnt, 
tropical  regions  of  the  earth,  by  utilizing  the  concentrated 
rays  of  the  sun  and  the  atmosphere  as  a  motive  power. 

He  is  averse  to  any  publicity  which  takes  him  from  the 
work  in  which  he  delights,  and  though  he  gives  a  caller  a 
strong  cordial  grasp  and  welcomes  him  with  a  rich,  deep 
voice,  if  he  is,  by  chance,  in  the  reception  room  when  he  ar- 
rives; yet  his  secretary  is  speedily  introduced  if  the  conver- 
sation becomes  of  a  personal  character. 


POPE  LEO  XIII. 

Born  March  2, 1810. 

THE  holy  father  of  two  hundred  million  souls  has  more  to 
do  with  the  destiny  of  things  human  than  any  other  man  on 
earth.  The  spiritual  hierarchy  which  he  has  been  chosen  to 
represent  can  boast  of  a  far  longer  succession  than  any  dig- 
nity in  the  world.  It  has  linked  together  the  two  great  ages 
of  civilization,  and  were  the  things  which  it  has  led  to  strick- 
en from  the  chronicles  of  every  age,  the  pages  of  history 
would  present  a  universal  blank.  "Our  modern  feudal 
kings,"  says  Macaulay,  "are  mere  upstarts  compared  with 
the  succession  in  regular  order  of  Sylvester  and  Leo  the 
Great." 

Not  long  after  the  death  of  Pope  Pius  IX  in  1878,  Gio- 
acchino  Pecci  was  chosen  his  successor,  and  crowned  as  Leo 
XIII.  He  is  descended  from  an  old  patrician  family,  and 
was  born  at  Carpineto,  a  village  of  Central  Italy. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


237 


After  graduating  in  law  and  theology,  he  became  a  pre- 
late in  the  household  of  Pope  Gregory  XVI,  with  whom  he 
was  an  especial  favorite.  At  thirty-three  years  of  age  he 
was  made  archbishop  of  Dalmatia. 

There  are  many  peculiarities  in  the  appearance  and  man- 
ner of  Pope  Leo,  solemn  and  impressive  peculiarities,  the 
proper  "attributes  of  awe  and  majesty  wherein  doth  sit  the 

dread  and  fear  of  kings." 
His  complexion  is  bleached 
and  white  as  ivory;  his 
speech  is  slow,  and  no 
breach  of  gravity  is  ever 
noticeable  in  his  demean- 
or. His  every  action  is  a 
ceremony  proclaiming  him 
a  most  reverend  and  potent 
man. 

As  archbishop  of  Peru- 
gia, his  pastorals  attracted 
much  attention.  Upon  re- 
ligious topics  he  wrote  a 
good  deal,  and  then  as  now 
he  was  wont  to  dismiss  the 
questions  of  modern  socie- 
ty in  a  simple,  pleasing  and 
effective  style. 

Bonghi  said  of  the  arch- 
bishop that  his  was  "one  of  the  most  finely  balanced  and 
vigorous  of  characters,"  and  that  he  realized  the  ideal  of  a 
cardinal  such  as  St.  Bernard  conceived  it.  It  is  doubtful,  in- 
deed, if  Rome  has  ever  seen  a  pope  of  a  more  exquisitch 
cultured  mind,  or  one  who  possesses  a  more  thorough  ac- 
quaintance with  philosophy  and  letters.  Popes  are  regarded 
as  arrogant,  exacting,  and  given  to  all  sorts  of  extravagance, 
when,  in  fact,  they  are  the  very  reverse. 


POPE  LEO  XIII. 


288     .  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

According  to  the  Brussels  ' '  Courier,"  the  papal  cofters  are 
in  better  condition  now  than  for  years  past. 

The  annual  expenses  of  the  papacy  are  said  to  be  about 
seven  million  francs.  The  burden  is  substantially  met  by 
the  Peter's  penny,  which  was  originally  an  English  idea. 
But  in  1861,  after  the  twenty  provinces  pf  the  papal  states 
had  been  reduced  to  five,  the  Peter's  penny  was  quickened 
into  new  life  in  Belgium. 

The  first  incitement  to  the  generous  endowment  of  the 
papacy  by  the  free-will  offerings  of  the  faithful,  rich  and 
poor,  was  given  by  the  diocese  of  Ghent.  Its  example  was 
quickly  followed  in  other  lands. 

Until  the  year  1870  the  average  yearly  result  of  the  Pe- 
ter's penny  was  a  little  over  seven  million  francs.  Since  that 
date  it  has  constituted  the  sole  income  of  the  pope,  and  in 
no  single  year  has  it  been  lower  than  six  million  francs. 
During  the  jubilee  year  of  1887-88  the  bishops  of  Latin 
Christendom  have  handed  in  to  the  pope  the  extraordinary 
sum  of  thirty-two  million  francs,  which  is  equivalent  to  over 
six  million  dollars. 

The  jubilee  mass  of  Leo  XIII  brought  nearly  three  mil- 
lion francs.  The  papal  treasury  is,  consequently,  in  good 
condition.  The  "Work  for  the  Extension  of  the  Faith," 
founded  at  Lyons  in  1822,  provides  the  papacy  with  a  fund 
for  missions.  It  has  contributed  from  1822  to  1887  no  less 
than  two  hundred  and  twenty  million  francs.  Its  contribu- 
tions for  the  year  of  1887  amounted  to  nearly  seven  million 
francs.  The  pope  expressed  his  regret  that  the  contributions 
of  Germany  to  that  fund  amounted  to  only  four  hundred 
thousand  francs,  while  Austria  gave  even  less  than  one  hun- 
dred thousand  francs. 

The  pope  disposed  in  1887,  in  addition  to  the  annual  ex- 
pense of  seven  million  francs,  some  six  million  francs  for 
missionary  purposes  contributed  "for  the  spread  of  the  faith," 
as  heretofore  mentioned. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEOKGE  Q.  CANNON. 

Born  Jan.  11,  1827. 

ONE  of  the  presidents  of  the  Mormon  church  is  George 
Q.  Cannon,  who  is  also  a  statesman  of  no  mean  ability.  He 
is  a  native  of  the  English  seaport  of  Liverpool,  and  at  the 
age  of  twelve  years  sailed  for  Canada,  where  soon  afterward 
he  embraced  the  Mormon  faith,  and  proceeded  to  the  Illinois 
town  of  Nauvoo,  the  Mormon  headquarters  at  that  time. 

Here  he  learned  the  print- 
ers trade,  and  worked  at 
the  case  as  compositor. 

In  1847  he  went  with 
Brigham  Young  to  Salt 
Lake,  and  two  years  later 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
California,  and  thence  to 
the  Sandwich  Islands. 

He  returned  to  Salt  Lake 
in  1854,  and  in  1855  was 
•  again  sent  to  California, 
this  time  to  publish  the 
"Western  Standard,"  a 
Mormon  sheet,  but  return- 
ed to  Utah  in  1857,  upon 
the  breaking  out  of  the 
"Mormon  War." 
In  1860  he  was  made  an  "apostle"  and  was  sent  to  Eu- 
rope, sending  thirteen  thousand  emigrants  from  there  to 
Utah.  In  1862  he  returned  and  edited  the  "Deseret  News," 
and  when  Utah  claimed  admission  as  a  state,  he  appeared  in 
Washington  as  a  claimant  for  the  senatorship.  lie  was  made 
territorial  delegate  in  1872,  and  continued  in  office  until  the 
year  1881,  when  he  was  thrown  out  by  the  first  of  the  anti- 
polygamy  laws  that  was  enforced. 


GEORGE  Q.  CANNON. 


240 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


Upon  the  death  of  Brigham  Young,  he  was  made  one  of 
the  executors,  and  also  made  first  counsellor  of  President 
Taylor.  He  is  now  the  ruling  spirit  of  Mormonism. 

He  asserted  that  the  Mormons  cannot  get  justice  in  the 
federal  courts,  and  accordingly  went  into  hiding  to  avoid 
arrest  under  the  new  law  against  polygamy,  and  eluded  the 
government  officers  until  February  13,  1886,  when  he  was 
arrested  and  admitted  to  bail  in  the  sum  of  $45,000.  He  did 
not  appear  for  trial,  and  the  $45,000  bond  was  forfeited. 


MRS.  SARTORIS  (NELLIE  GRANT). 

Born  in  August.  1855. 

THE    favorite  child  of  the  late  General   Grant    was    his 
daughter  Nellie,  who  was  born  in  the  same  house  in  which 

her  mother  was  born — on 
her  grandfather's  farm  at 
Whitehaven,  near  the  city 
of  St.  Louis. 

She  was  married  to  Mr. 
Sartoris  on  May  21,  1874, 
in  the  east  room  of  the 
White  House  in  Washing- 
ton. Before  her  marriage 
she  was  a  great  favorite  in 
Washington  society.  Since 
her  nuptials  she  has  lived  in 
England,  but  hastened  to 
this  country  at  the  time  of 
the  General's  death,  and 
who  had  expressed  a  wish 
to  gaze  upon  the  face  of 

MRS.  SARTORIS  (NELLIE  GRANT).       his  favorite  child  again. 

The  marriage  has  not  been  a  happy  one,  her  husband  be- 
ing somewhat  dissipated,  though  she  remains  a  faithful  wife. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


241 


EDWIN  BOOTH. 

Born  in  1833. 

THE  great  American  tragedian,  Edwin  Booth,  is  a  son  of 
Junius  Brutus  Booth,  who  also  was  one  of  the  greatest  tra- 
gedians of  his  day.  Edwin  was  born  in  the  state  of  Maryland, 
near  the  city  of  Baltimore. 

His  first  success  on  the  stage  was  in  1851,  when,  during 
his  father's  illness,  he  took 
the  part  of  «  Richard  III " 
in  a  new  York  theater. 

After  professional  tours 
in  Australia  and  the  Pa- 
cific, he  visited  England 
in  1861;  and  on  his  return 
to  America  established  his 
reputation  by  a  series  of 
Shakespearean  revivals. 

In  1869  he  opened  a 
large  new  theater  in  the 
city  of  New  York;  but 
though  it  still  bears  -his 
name,  the  management 
passed  from  his  hands,  ow- 
ing to  pecuniary  losses. 

After  this  he  retired  al- 
most  entirely  from  the  stage  until   1877,  when  he  CMI acted 
another  brilliant  series  of  revivals  of  Shakespeare's  plays. 

In  1880  Edwin  Booth  again  visited  England,  and  play»-<| 
"Othello""  with  Henry  Irving,  each  acting  Othello  and  lago 
on  alternate  nights  for  several  weeks  to  crowded  London  au- 
diences. He  then  played  in  the  principal  cities  of  Europe. 

Mr.  Booth's  acting  is  remarkable  for  graceful  n-tiiu-ment 
and  carefully  poetic  enunciation  of  the  verse,  in  which  he 
is  considered  the  highest  living  master. 


EDWIN  BOOTH. 


242 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JULES  FERKY. 

Born  April  5, 1832. 

THE  French  statesman,  Jules  Ferry,  was  born  at  St.  Die, 
an  old  monastery  town  in  the  east  of  France.  He  struggled 
against  poverty  in  acquiring  his  education,  and  in  1854  he 
made  his  debut  in  Paris  as  a  lawyer.  Coming  to  the  great 
capital,  where  every  one  he  met  was  a  decided  partisan,  he 
began  to  have  a  lively  interest  in  politics  and  was  filled  with 

disgust  at  the  imperial  par- 
ty and  the  doubtful  char- 
acter of  its  operations.  He 
joined  that  daring  band  of 
young  lawyers  who  aided 
the  deputies  in  maintain- 
ing a  constant  opposition 
to  the  empire. 

In  the  famous  trial  of 
the  "Thirteen"  he  was 
one  of  those  condemned, 
and  this  taste  of  imperial 
correction  served  but  to 
embitter  his  hatred,  while 
it  caused  him  to  look  for 
new  means  of  obtaining 
satisfaction  for  his  griev- 
ances. He  felt  his  power, 
as  every  powerful  Frenchman  does,  and  was  determined  to 
make  his  enemies  share  in  that  feeling. 

Accordingly  in  1863  he  published  a  pamphlet  called  the 
"Electoral  Contest,"  in  which  he  directed  his  fire  at  the 
shameful  manner  of  electing  official  candidates.  It  had  a 
surprising  effect.  The  young  lawyer  was  no  longer  looked 
upon  with  indifference.  He  was  making  himself  dangerous- 
ly offensive,  and  spies  were  set  upon  his  track,  who  dogged 


JULES    FERRY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  243 

his  footsteps  with  sublime  patience  and  persistency.  In 
1865  we  find  him  writing  for  "Les  Temps,"  which  was  the 
best  evening  paper  in  Paris.  Prefect  Haussmann  was  thru 
rebuilding  the  city  and  his  accounts  received  a  terrible  anal- 
ysis in  this  paper  at  the  hands  of  Ferry.  If  he  had  flung  a 
quantity  of  stinging  vitriol  into  the  face  of  that  functionary 
it  could  not  have  had  a  more  painful  effect. 

Ferry  soon  became  one  of  the  most  fearless  and  formida- 
ble players  in  that  dangerous  game  of  satirical  journalism 
to  be  found  in  France,  and  more  than  once  his  weapon  made 
a  wound  which  required  an  application  of  a  pecuniary  na- 
ture, an  "amende,"  as  the  Parisians  say,  which  was  often 
enforced  with  painful  rigidity  in  those  days. 

In  1870  he  was  made  a  delegate  to  the  central  mayor- 
alty of  Paris  and  presided  over  the  assembly  of  mayors  dur- 
ing the  war.  In  this  position  he  showed  himself  wonder- 
fully fertile  in  expedients.  Every  morning  he  satisfied  in- 
numerable demands  from  the  twenty  wards  of  the  city.  He 
found  food  when  everyone  else  failed,  and  always  either 
found  or  forced  a  way  through  every  difficulty. 

In  1871-2  he  was  prefect  of  the  department  of  the  Seine, 
and  in  1872-3  he  was  embassador  to  Greece,  although  M. 
Thiers  desired  that  he  should  go  to  Washington  instead. 
He  was  made  minister  of  public  instruction  and  fine  arts  in 
1*7(.»,  and  during  his  term  his  opposition  to  the  abrogation 
of  the  exile  laws,  which  had  been  enacted  at  his  instigation, 
is  especially  noteworthy.  He  was  made  president  of  the 
council  in  1880,  and  two  years  'later  was  again  appointed 
minister  of  public  instruction.  In  1883  he  became  prime 
minister  of  France. 

Jules  Ferry  is,  on  the  whole,  one  of  the  most  ivmarkable 
men  in  France.  He  is  a  man  of  stern  stull'.  who-.,-  inaiim-r 
is  nervous  and  impressive.  However  bitter  he  may  hsivu 
been  as  a  partisan,  when  France  was  in  danger  he  has  never 
feared  to  stand  "in  the  imminently  deadly  breach." 


244 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  JAMES  INGALLS. 

Born  Dec,  29,  1833. 

THE  present  senator  from  Kansas,  John  James  Ingalls, was 
born  at  Middleton,  Massachusetts.  He  entered  Williams 
college  at  eighteen,  and  graduated  from  that  institution  four 
years  later.  None  of  his  fellow-students  were  more  able  and 
diligent  or  better  equipped  at  graduation  for  their  life  work. 

He  and  Garfield  were  in 
this  college  three  years  to- 
gether, Mr.  Ingalls  gradu- 
ating one  year  before  him. 
Immediately  after  leaving 
college,  young  Ingalls  be- 
gan the  study  of  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1857.  The  year  following 
he  removed  to  Atchison, 
Kansas,  where  he  began 
the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. 

Within  a  year  he  had  so 
far  established  himself  in 
the  confidence  and  esteem 
of  his  fellow-citizens,  that 
he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
SENATOB  INGALLS.  . .  ventiOn,  and  later  on  elect- 
ed  to  other  high  offices.  He  was  elected  to  the  state  senate* 
in  1862.  Being  defeated  in  his  candidacy  for  the  lieutenant 
governorship,  he  accepted  the  position  of  editor  of  the  Atchi- 
son ''Champion,'  which  he  retained  for  three  years. 

In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  United*  States  senate  as  the 
republican  candidate  to  succeed  Pomeroy,  and  assumed  his 
seat  on  March  4,  1874,  which  he  still  holds. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  245 

In  1887  John  J.  Ingalls  was  made  president  of  the  senate 
pro.  tern.  The  vice-president  of  the  United  States  is  the 
president  of  the  senate;  but  that  officer  having  died,  Senator 
Ingalls  was  chosen  by  his  fellow-senators  to  preside. 

When  Ingalls  was  a  graduate  of  Williams  college,  he 
looked  as  he  does  now  —  thin  and  spare.  He  was  eccentric 
in  his  dress,  and  always  wore  something  that  was  of  a  strik- 
ing character. 

"He  used  to  wear,  I  remember,  a  big,  red  necktie,"  said 
one  of  the  senator's  classmates  to  a  correspondent  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  Continuing,  the  classmate  said:  "  He 
was  a  shy,  reserved  fellow,  and  had  the  reputation  of  being 
very  cynical.  It  was  said  that  he  lay  awake  nights  polishing 
his  bitter  epigrams.  Young  Ingalls  wasn't  very  popular; 
and  as  a  lawyer,  though  he  was  considered  smart,  he  had 
only  a  fair  practice. 

••  I  think  I  came  to  be  as  intimate  with  Ingalls #s  any  of 
the  boys  were,  and  I  well  remember  his  telling  me  one  night 
as  we  sat  in  my  room  smoking  together,  the  manner  in  which 
he  was  working  to  secure  command  of  language.  He  said 
it  was  his  practice  for  an  hour  or  so  each  day  to  open  Web- 
ster's dictionary  at  random  and  run-down  a  column  or  so  of 
words,  carefully  studying  the  meaning  of  each  word,  and 
hunting  up  in  the  lexicons  its  derivation  and  so  forth.  In 
explaining  the  meaning  of  a  great  many  words,  the  diction- 
ary gives  a  line  or  a  couplet  from  Pope  or  Johnson,  or  from 
one  or  more  of  the  classic  authors,  and  these  quotations  In- 
galls would  often  commit  to  memory,  especially  if  they  hap- 
pened to  appeal  to  his  imagination.  Then,  too,  he  would 
look  up  in  Crabb's  synonyms  the  words  which  meant  the 
same,  or  nearly  the  same,  as  the  word  he  had  in  his  mind; 
and  he  would  study  carefully  the  nice  shades  of  ditlrmicr 
between  them  all.  He  told  me  that  so  far  from  finding  this 
work  tiresome  or  disagreeable,  he  took  the  greatest  plea-uiv 
in  it,  and  that  he  knew  it  did  him  inestimable  benefit." 


246 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  M.  STEWAKT. 

Born  Aug.  9, 1827. 

THE  repeated  election  of  Mr.  Stewart  to  the  United  States 
senatorship,  proves  that  gentleman  to  be  a  popular  and  fa- 
miliar figure  in  the  public  affairs  of  Nevada. 

He  was  born  in  Wayne  county,  in  the  Empire  state.  En- 
tering Yale  college  in  1848,  he  remained  eighteen  months 
only,  when  he  left  to  emigrate  to  the  gold  fields  of  Califor- 
nia, where  he  spent  two 
years  in  the  mining  busi- 
ness. 

In  1852  he  commenced 
reading  law,  and  during 
that  year  was  appointed 
district  attorney  for  the 
county  of  Nevada,  being 
subsequently  elected  to  the 
same  office.  He  next  spent 
nearly  two  years  practicing 
at  his  profession  in  San 
Francisco,  and  afterward 
at  Nevada  City  and  Dow- 
nieville.  In  1860  he  re- 
moved to  the  then  Terri- 
tory of  Utah  (now  Neva- 
da), and  served  in  the 
territorial  legislature  in  1861.  Mr.  Stewart  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  constitutional  convention 'held  in  1863,  and  was 
elected  a  senator  in  congress  from  Nevada  from  the  term 
commencing  in  1865  and  ending  in  1869,  during  which  time 
he  served  on  many  important  committees.  In  the  year  of 
1865  he  received  from  Yale  college  the  degree  of  M.  A. 

The  senator  was  re-elected  for  the  term  ending  in  1875, 
and  he  also  holds  a  seat  for  the  term  ending  in  1893. 


SENATOR  STEWART. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  IIKV1KW. 


Ml 


FREDERIC  AUGUSTE  BARTHOLDI. 

Born  about  i835. 

THE  sculptor,  Bartholdi.  was  born  in  France,  where  he  still 
resides.  The  work  of  the  colossal  statue  of  ''Liberty  En- 
lightening the  World  "is  from  the  hands  of  this  famous 
French  sculptor. 

As  a  pupil  of  the  famous  Ary  Scheft'er,  his  artistic  ability 
was  recognized  in  the  bas- 
relief    of    ••  Francesca    di 
Rimini,"  executed  in  1852. 

His  nanu-  was  brought 
into  pleasing  prominence 
in  the  United  States  in  the 
year  1  ^~'l.  when  his  well- 
known  statue  of  Lafayette 
was  forwarded  as  a  gift 
from  the  people  of  France. 

At  the  centennial  exhi- 
bition, where  he  was  one  J^ 
of  the  French  commission- 
er>.  he  was  awarded  a 
medal  for  the  exhibition  of 
the  fine  bron/.e  statues  of 
••Peace."  -The  Young 
Vine  Grower.''  and  "Ge- 
nius in  the  Grasp  of  Mis- 


er."     M.    Bartholdi    is    a 


\I.   i:  \KTIIol. 1)1. 

chevalier  of  the   legion   of  honor;    au<l    many  other  honors 
have  been  showered  upon  him. 

It  was  his  wish  that  France  should  present  to  the  people 
of  the  United  States  a  suitable  gift,  commemorative  of  the 
traditional  feeling  of  good  will  existing  between  the  f.vo  na- 
tions, lie  therefore  volunteered  his  artistic  services  in  the 
construction  of  an  enormous  figure,  representing  "Liberty 


248  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Enlightening  the  World,"  to  be  placed  on  Bedloe's  Island, 
in  New  York  Harbor;  and  he  became  so  enthusiastic  in  car- 
rying on  the  project,  that,  when  subscriptions  lagged,  he 
pledged  his  own  private  fortune  to  defray  the  running  ex- 
penses of  the  work. 

The  structure  raises  the  torch  of  electric  lights  to  a  height 
of  three  hundred  and  nine  feet,  which  is  twenty-two  feet 
higher  than  the  towers  of  the  Brooklyn  bridge.  The  build- 
ing of  the  pedestal  cost  the  sum  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars. 


HENRY  VILLARD. 

Born  in  1835. 

HENRY  V^ILLAED  was  born  in  Speyer,  Germany,  in  which 
country  his  father  was  first  a  provincial  judge  and  afterwards 
occupied  a  seat  upon  the  national  supreme  bench. 

He  is  best  known  as  the  president  of  the  Pacific  railroad, 
to  which  position  he  was  appointed  in  1881.  He  is  again 
its  president,  being  reappointed  to  that  position  in  1887. 

He  was  educated  at  a  university,  and  at  the  age  of  eigh- 
teen came  to  America  to  make  a  career  for  himself.  He 
studied  law,  but  soon  learned  that  his  tastes  were  better  suit- 
ed to  the  atmosphere  of  journalism.  After  thoroughly  mas- 
tering the  English  language,  he  obtained  an  engagement  co 
report  the  Lincoln-Douglas  campaign  for  an  eastern  paper. 
In  1859  he  went  to  California  for  the  purpose  of  writing  up 
the  gold  discoveries,  and  in  I860  did  political  correspond- 
ence for  the  New  York  "  Herald." 

He  did  active  and  hazardous  service  as  correspondent 
during  the  war,  for  the  «  Tribune  "  and  the  "Herald"  of 
New  York, ,  the  Chicago  "Tribune,"  and  the  Cincinnati 
"Commercial  Gazette,"  winning  the  reputation  of  an  enter- 
prising and  reliable  correspondent.  From  1868  to  1870  he 
was  secretary  of  the  American  Social  Science  Association. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


249 


In  1875  Mr.  Villard  became  president  of  the  Oregon  and 
California  railroad  and  the  Oregon  Steamship  Company,  and 
from  1876  to  1878  was  receiver  for  the  Kansas  Pacific. 

In  1879  he  organized  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation 
Company,  which  was  the  first  move  toward  the  union  of  the 
wheat  and  pasture  country  east  of  the  Cascade  mountains 
wirh  the  great  trans-continental  railroad.  In  1881  he  formed 
what  was  known  on  Wall 
street  as  the  "blind  pool." 

About  ten  millions  of 
money  was  placed  in  his 
hands  by  leading  bankers 
without  security,  save  his 
personal  receipt,  and  with- 
out definite  knowledge  as 
to  his  purposes.  With  this 
capital  and  his  own,  he 
quietly  bought  a  controlling 
interest  in  the  Northern 
Pacific  stock,  and  in  the 
fall  of  1881  was  chosen 
president  of  the  company. 

His  entire  system  of 
roads  ha:»  been  rapidly 
pushed  forward  to  comple- 
tion, and  Mr.  Villard  may 

well  congratulate  himself  upon  the  success  which  has  attend- 
ed his  eil'ort.  . 

In  personal  appearance  he  is  tall  and  robust,  with  blue 
eyes  and  brown  hair.  His  manner  is  frank  and  cordial.  He 
has  a  summer  home  at  Dobb's  Ferry.  His  wife  is  a  daugther 
of  W.  Lloyd  Garrison.  His  Wall  street  operations  are  bold 
and  gigantic,  hut  almost  always  are  confined  to  the  protection 
of  the  stock  and  interests  of  the  companies  over  which  he 

presides. 


HENRY  VILLARD. 


250 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GENERAL  JOHN  POPE. 

Born  March  16, 1823. 

ON  March  16,  1886,  Major-Gen.  John  Pope  was  placed  on 

the  retired  list,  and  Gen.  Howard  is  his  successor.    Born  at 

Louisville,  Kentucky,  he  graduated  at  West  Point  in   1842, 

;  and  was  assigned  to  the  duty  of   topographical  engineer. 

!  Prior  to  1846  he  was  engaged  in  Florida  and  in   the  survey 

of  the  north-east  boundary  between  this  country  and  Canada. 

In  the  war  with  Mexico  he 
participated  in  the  battles 
of  Monterey  and  Buena 
Vista,  gaining  the  brevets 
of  first  lieutenant  and  cap- 
tain. From  1853  to  1859 
he  conducted  a  survey  of 
the  Pacific  railroad. 

From  that  time  until  the 
war  broke  out  he  served 
on  lighthouse  duty. 

In  1861  lie  was  made 
brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, and  in  December  of 
the  same  year  he  surprised 
the  confederates  atMilford 
and  captured  large  stores. 
The  army  of  the  Mississippi  he  next  commanded,  and  with 
Admiral  Foote  took  New  Madrid  in  1862.  He  was  made 
major-general  in  the  same  year,  and  captured  Island  No.  10. 
With  Halleck  he  participated  in  the  advance  on  Corinth, and 
upon  the  evacuation  of  that  place  pursued  the  confederates. 
He  was  made  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1862, 
and  placed  in  command  of  the  army  of  Virginia.  He  took  a 
very  active  part  in  all  the  engagements  of  his  command.  In 
1882  he  became  major-general,  his  present  title. 


GEN.  JOHN  POPE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


251 


JEREMIAH  M.  RUSK. 

Born  June  17,  1830. 

Jeremiah  M.  Rusk,  THE  governor  of  Wisconsin,  was  born 
in  Morgan  county,  Ohio.  His  father  was  a  farmer  of  small 
means,  and  could  not  afford  to  give  his  son  a  very  liberal  ed- 
ucation. The  boyhood  of  young  Rusk  accordingly  was  di- 
vided between  work  on  the  farm  and  acquiring  a  common 
school  education.  And  as 
regards  his  knowledge  of 
books,  he  has  been  depend- 
ent chiefly  on  unassisted 
studious  application. 

He  was  twenty  -  three 
years  of  age  when  he  re- 
moved to  Wisconsin,  tak- 
ing a  farm  near  Viroqua. 

In  1862  he  entered  the 
army,  and  began  a  military 
career  which  was  distin- 
guished and  honored. 

He  was  major,  and  after- 
ward  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  twenty-fifth  regiment 
of  his  adopted  state,  and 
brigadier-general. 

Shortly  after  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  elected  state 
bank  controller,  an  office  which  he  filled  from  1866  to  1870. 
His  next  public  position  was  that  of  a  member  of  the  forty- 
second  congress  in  the  house  of  representtaives.  He  served 
tlnvr  cuiiscciitive  terms  in  Washington,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  legislator  of  no  mean  ability,  doing  important 
committee  work. 

He  was  an  intimate  friend  and  associate  of  James  A.  Gar- 
field  while  in  congress,  and  upon  the  election  of  that  eminent 


,T.  M.  RUSK. 


252  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

man  to  the  presidency  was  tendered  successively  the  appoint- 
ments of  charge  d'affaires  to  Paraguay  and  Uruguay,  and 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  engraving  and  printing.  Both  of  these 
positions  were  declined,  and  in  1881  lie  was  elected  gover- 
nor on  the  republican  ticket,  receiving  a  majority  of  nearly 
twelve  thousand  votes  over  his  opponent. 

Receiving  the  re-election  in  1884  is  strong  evidence  of  the 
conviction  of  his  availability  entertained  by  the  leaders  of 
his  party  in  Wisconsin. 

Gov.  Rusk  is  a  man  of  distinguished  appearance,  is  easily 
approached  and  a  ready  listener.  While  respectfully  consid- 
erate of  the  opinion  of  others,  he  holds  tenaciously  by  his 
own  judgment  after  having  decided  upon  a  course  of  action. 
His  administration  is  described  as  both  wise  and  strong,  and 
he  still  retains  his  popularity. 

The  lady  who  presides  over  the  gubernatorial  residence  of 
Wisconsin,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  M.  Rusk,  is  one  of  the  best  and 
most  favorably  known  ladies  of  the  state,  and  is  among  those 
well  known  in  the  great  northwest. 

Gov.  Rusk's  military  career,  his  six  years'  residence  in  the 
national  capital  as  a  member  of  congress,  his  previous  career 
as  a  state  officer, and  his  seven  years'  of  popular  service  as 
governor,  have  afforded  for  himself  and  his  wife  a  wide  ac- 
quaintance. 

Over  the  executive  residence  this  lady  presides  with  an 
easy  grace  and  dignity  peculiarly  natural  and  possessed  by 
but  few  ladies.  Quiet,  unassuming,  modest,  of  thoroughly 
domestic  tendencies  and  habits,  a  devoted  wife  and  mother, 
she  has  grown  with  the  governor  in  the  respect  and  esteem 
of  the  people. 

As  a  social  entertainer  she  has  few  peers.  She  much  enjoys 
riding.  She  was  married  to  the  governor  in  1856.  In  per- 
sonal appearance  she  is  of  medium  height,  and  of  alight  com- 
plexion. Four  children  have  been  born  to  them,  but  a  son  and 
a  daughter  only  are  now  living. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


253 


AUGUSTUS  H.  GARLAND. 

Born  June  11, 1832. 

THIS  great  lawyer  and  statesman  was  born  in  Tipton  coun- 
ty, Tennessee,  but  when  he  was  but  a  year  old  his  parents 
removed  to  Arkansas.  Receiving  a  classical  education  at  St. 
Mary's  college  and  St.  Joseph's  college  in  Beardstown.  Ken- 
tucky, he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853. 
For  three  years  he  practiced  law  at  Washington,  Arkansas, 

removing  to  Little  Rock 
in  1856,  where  he  continu- 
ed to  practice  law. 

He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Arkansas  state  convention 
in  1861,  when  that  body 
passed  the  ordinance  of 
secession;  and  was  also  a 
member  of  the  provisional 
congress  that  met  at  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama,  in  May 
of  the  same  year.  He  was 
afterward  chosen  to  repre- 
sent his  state  in  the  con- 
federate congress,  serving 
in  both  houses,  being  in  the 
senate  at  the  close  of  the 

AUGUSTUS  H.  GARLAND.  late  war. 

In  1867  he  was  chosen  United  States  senator  from  Arkan- 
sas, but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat.  He  then  followed 
the  practice  of  law  until  the  fall  of  1874,  when  he  was  cho- 
sen governor  without  opposition.  lie  took  his  seat  in  the 
Tinted  States  senateon  March  5,  1877,  succeeding  the  repub- 
lican. Powell  Clayton.  He  was  made  attorney-general  by 
President  Cleveland  in  1885.  Upon  the  senate  floor  he  has 
distinguished  himself  as  a  most  able  lawyer  and  debater. 


254 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JACK  BURKE. 

THE  English  pugilist,  Jack  Burke,  who  has  picked  up  the 
American  gauntlet  thrown  to  him  by  some  of  our  national 
and  naturalized  pugilistic  countrymen,  is  a  very  popular  per- 
sonage among  the  sporting  fraternity,  having  figured  in  nu- 
merous prize-fights  with  more  or  less  success  since  his  debut 
in  the  ring,  and  has  ac 
quired  a  celebrity  that  is 
world-wide. 

Jack  Burke  is  a  native 
of  the  British  Isles,  and  a 
true  son  of  John  Bull,  and 
has  been  a  resident  of  ma- 
ny of  England's  large  and 
small  cities,  but  made  the 
city  of  London  his  chief 
abode,  until  he  came  to 
America,  when  he  located 
himself  at  Chicago. 

He  is  a  skillful  and  sci- 
entific boxer,  having  been 
long  in  training  in  Eng- 
land and  also  here  in  this 
country,  and  the  sporting  fraternity  have  looked  upon  him 
as  invincible,  although  he  has  met  with  several  unsuccessful 
encounters,  having  been  removed  from  the  ring  in  a  com- 
pletely knocked-out  condition,  from  which  he  at  one  time 
barely  escaped  with  his  life,  after  a  severe  and  lengthy  pe- 
riod of  pain  and  suffering. 

His  successes  have  been  numerous,  and  the  match  which 
was  arranged  in  1886,  to  come  off  between  .himself  and  Mr. 
Dempsey  at  San  Francisco,  was  considered  by  his  backers 
one  of  certain  success;  and  although  Dempsey  was  the  gen- 


JACK  BURKE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


255 


eral  favorite,  there  were  many  sportsmen  who  favored  the 
idea  that  Burke  would  win  on  account  of  his  being  the  hea- 
vier and  more  systematic  boxer  than  his  opponent. 

The  steadfast  opinion  that  Burke  would  win,  however,  soon 
lost  ground,  but  at  the  conclusion  of  the  fight,  the  referees 
being  unable  to  agree,  the  match  was  called  a  draw,  and 
Dempsey  received  the  cheers  of  the  audience,  as  he  was  ob- 
served to  be  in  the  better  condition  of  the  two. 


CHAKLES  E.  DAVIES. 

THE  name  of  Charles  E.  Davies  is  better  known  to  the 
sporting  fraternity  by  the  title  of  "•  Parson"  Davies.  He  is 
one  of  the  most  skillful 
and  efficient  managers  of 
pugilistic  affairs  that  this 
country  has  produced.  He 
is  called  the  "Parson"  on 
account  of  the  clerical  cut 
of  his  clothes,  and  the  se- 
vere.-pi  arid  expression  that 
his  face  always  wears. 

The  very  able  manner  in 
which  he  managed  the  af- 
t'airsof  the  Dempsey-Burke 
contests  shows  off  his  pe- 
culiar abilities  to  great  ad- 
vantage. 

He  has  had  several  con- 
tots  with  John  L.  Sulli- 
van's manager.  Mr.  Pat 
Sheedy.  At  San  Francisco  they  were  again  at  loggerheads, 
for  the  Sullivan  \l\  an  and  Dempsey-Burke  contests  were  set 
for  the  same  night;  but  they  reconciled  their  differences. 


CHAKLKS   K.   DAVIKs. 


266 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


MATT  W.  RANSOM. 

Born  in  1826. 

BORN  in  Warren  county,  North  Carolina,  he  received  an 
academic  education,  graduating  therefrom  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years.  He  next  studied  law,  laying  the  founda- 
tion of  that  broad  legal  knowledge  which  has  made  him  of 
so  much  service  to  his  state. 

Upon  the  completion  of  his  law  studies  he  settled  in  his 

native  state  as  a  planter. 
In  1852  he  entered  the  po- 
litical arena,  being  then 
elected  attorney-general  of 
North  Carolina,  resigning 
three  years  later. 

During  1858-60  he  was 
a  member  of  the  North 
Carolina  legislature,  and 
was  a  peace  commissioner 
from  that  state  to  the  con- 
gress of  southern  states 
held  at  Montgomery,  Ala- 
bama, in  1861. 

Upon  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  followed 
his  state  into  secession,  and 
entered  the  confederate  ar- 
my, serving  as  lieutenant-colonel,  brigadier-general,  and  ma- 
jor-general; and  he  was  in  Lee's  army  at  the  time  of  its  sur- 
render to  Gen.  Grant. 

In   1872   Mr.  Ransom  was  elected  to  the  United  States 

senate,  as  a  democrat.     He"  was  re-elected  in  1876,  again  in 

1883,  arid  his  present  term  will  hot  expire  until  March,  1889. 

He  is  a  thorough  gentleman, and  northern  senators  think 

highly  of  this  southern  statesman. 


MATT  W.  KANSOM. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  257 

HARRIET  BEECHER  STOWE. 

Born  June  14,  1812. 

MRS.  HARRIET  BEECHER  STOWE  has  announced  to  her  inti- 
mate friends  her  permanent  retirement  from  the  literary 
world.  The  author  of  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  is  no  longer 
the  strong  woman  of  twenty  years  ago,  and  although  she  re- 
tains a  lively  interest  in  current  events  in  order  that  she 
may  gratify  the  desires  of  her  invalid  husband,  the  famous 
writer  is  content  that  her  work  is  done.  The  returns  from 
her  works  have  fortunately  placed  her  in  comfortable  cir- 
cumstances, and  but  for  the  sickness  that  has  for  so  long  a 
time  filled  the  thoughts  of  its  occupants,  her  home  would  be 
one  of  the  pleasantest  in  Hartford,  the  city  of  her  res- 
idence. 

Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  was  born  at  Litchfield,  Connec- 
ticut. The  first  twelve  years  of  her  life  were  spent  in  the 
intellectual  atmosphere  of  Litchfield,  which  was  a  famous 
resort  of  ministers,  judges,  lawyers  and  professional  men 
of  superior  attainments.  When  about  twelve,  she  went 
to  Hartford,  where  her  sister  Catherine  had  opened  a  school. 
While  there  she  was  known  as  an  absent-minded  and  moody 
young  lady,  odd  in  her  manner  and  habits,  but  a  tine  scho- 
lar, excelling  especially  in  the  writing  of  compositions.  In 
1832,  when  her  sister's  health  failed,  she  went  to  Cincin- 
nati, to  which  place  her  father  had  removed,  where  they 
opened  a  school.  On  the  fifth  of  January,  1836,  she  married 
Professor  Calvin  E.  Stowe,  a  man  of  learning  and  dis- 
tinction. « 

For  several  years  previous  to  her  marriage  she  had  con- 
tributed occasionally  to  the  periodical  literature  of  the  day, 
and  gave  promise  of  becoming  noted  among  men  and  wo- 
men of  letters.  At  the  meetings  of  the  "  Semicolon  Club" 
in  Cincinnati,  she  first  became  conscious  of  the  power  she 
could  wield  with  her  pen;  and  shortly  after  her  marriage,  pub- 


258 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


lished  "The  Mayflower,"  part  of  which  had  already  appear- 
ed in  the  papers  of  the  "Semicolon  Club." 

From  this  time,  her  life  flowed   quietly  along  for  several 
years  in  domestic^channels,  until  the  passage  of  the  fugitive 
slave  law.     Then,  one  definite  purpose  arose   in  her  mind 
—  to  show  up  slavery  as  it  really  was;  and  her  earnest  con- 
victions at  that  time  laid  the  corner  stone  for  "Uncle  Tom's 

Cabin,"  which  was  first 
published  as  a  serial  in 
the  "  National  Era."  With- 
in six  months  after  its  re- 
publication  in  book  form, 
over  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  copies  were  sold. 
In  England,  two  hundred 
and  forty  thousand  were 
ordered  by  the  booksel- 
lers in  one  month.  It  was 
translated  into  Spanish, 
Italian,  French,  Danish, 
Swedish,  Dutch,  Flemish, 
German,  Polish,  Magyar, 
Arabic,  and  Armenian. 

In  1852,  Mrs.  Stowe 
took  up  her  residence  at 
Andover,  and  soon  after 
MRS.  HARRIET  BEECHER  STOWE.  went  abroad  to  recuperate 
her  exhausted  strength.  Her  visit  was  one  continuous  ova- 
tion; and  a  year  later,  she  gave  to  the  public  her  "Sunny 
Memories  of  Foreign  Lands."  Subsequently  she  wrote 
"Dred:  a  Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,"  "The  Minister's 
Wooing,"  "Agnes  of  Sorrento,"  and  several  novels  of  quiet 
domestic  interest.  This  gifted  woman  has  produced  poetry, 
some  of  which  has  been  published.  It  is  chiefly  religious 
and  pathetic  in  character. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  2M 

111  1864  Mrs.  Stowe  built  a  beautiful  residence  in  Dart- 
ford,  where  she  has  since  chiefly  re-side*!.  She  has  spent  her 
winters  in  Florida. 

Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  has  been  feeble  of  late,  and 
rarely  writes  anything  but  brief  letters  to  her  friends,  She 
did,  however,  for  charity's  sake,  contribute  a  few  lines  to  a 
paper  published  during  the  progress  of  u  fair  in  Hartford. 
The  contribution  was  short  but  amusing:  --Whenlwas  eight 
years  of  age  I  had  a  favorite  cat  of  which  1  was  fond.  1'nsa 
was  attacked  with  fits,  and  in  her  paroxysms  flew  round 
the  top  of  the  wall,  jumped  on  to  our  heads,  and  scratched 
and  tumbled  up  our  hair  in  a  frightful  way.  My  father  shot 
her,  and  when  she  was  cold  and  dead  my  former  fondues* 
returned.  I  wrapped  her  nicely  in  cloth,  and  got  my  brother 
to  dig  a  grave  and  set  up  a  flat  stone  for  a  monument.  Then 
I  went  to  my  older  sister  Catherine,  and  asked  her  to  writ* 
me  an  '  epithet '  to  put  on  the  stone.  She  wrote: 
Here  lies  poor  Kit 
Who  had  a  fit. 

And  tn-fi'it  <f//ci'r; 
Killed  with  a  gun, 
Her  race  is  run, 
And  she  lies  here. 

"  I  pasted  this  upon  the  stone,  and  was  comforted." 
It  is  doubtful  if  a  book  was  ever  written  that  attained  such 
popularity  in  so  short  a  time  as  did  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe's 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  The  thrilling  story  was  eagerly  read 
by  rich  and  poor,  by  the  educated  and  uneducated,  eliciting 
from  one  and  all  heartfelt  sympathy  for  the  poor  and  abused 
negro  of  the  south.  It  was,  indeed,  a  veritable  bombshell 
to  slave-holders,  who  felt  that  such  a  work  would  he  danger- 
ous to  the  existence  of  slavery.  And  well  had  they  cause  to 
fear,  for  its  timely  appearance  was  undoubtedly  the  means  of 
turning  the  tide  of  public  feeling  against  the  abominable 
curse  of  slavery. 


^60 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEN.  LUCIUS  FAIRCHILD. 

Born  Dec.  27, 1831. 

BORN  at  Franklin  Mills,  Portage  county,  Ohio,  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild,  at  an  early  age  went 
to  Cleveland,  residing  there  until  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age, 
when  he  went  to  Wisconsin,  settling  in  Madison. 

In  1849  he  went  by  the  overland  route  to  California,  stay- 
ing there  until  the  year  1855,  when  he  returned  to  Madison. 

In  1858  he  was  elected, 
as  a  democrat,  clerk  of  the 
circuit  court  of  his  county; 
and  in  1861  he  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  the  governor's 
guard  of  Madison,  and 
went  out  with  the  three 
months'  men.  He  was 
made  captain  of  his  com- 
pany, and  soon  after  re- 
fused the  lieutenant  -  colo- 
nelcy offered  him  by  Gov- 
ernor Randall,  feeling  him- 
self incompetent  to  fill  the 
position. 

In  1861  he  was  appoint- 
ed by  President  Lincoln  as 
captain  of  the  sixteenth 
regulars,  and  at  about  the  same  time  major  in  the  second 
Wisconsin  infantry  by  Governor  Randall.  He  accepted  both 
positions  and  obtained  leave  of  absence  to  serve  in  the  vol- 
unteer regiment.  Shortly  afterward  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  as  his  superior  officer  was  in  ill-health,  he  really 
commanded  the  regiment  most  of  the  time. 

His  regiment  formed  partt>f  the  famous  "Iron  Brigade" 
which  did  such  effective  work  before  Chancellorsville. 


GEN.  LUCIUS  FAIRCHILD. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  261 

On  May  3,  1863,  he  was  made  staff-officer  under  Gen. 
Wadsworth.  At  Gettysburg,  during  the  first  day's  fighting, 
Wisconsin  lost  one  hundred  and  sixteen  out  of  three  hundred 
men  engaged,  and  there  Col.  Fairchild  fell  with  his  left  arm 
so  badly  shattered  that  amputation  near  the  shoulder  became 
necessary. 

After  his  recovery  he  was  nominated  for  secretary  of  state 
by  the  union  convention  of  Wisconsin,  and  resigned  his  po 
sition  as  brigadier-general,  to  which  position  he  had  in  the 
meantime  been  appointed,  to  make  the  canvass.  He  was  tri- 
umphantly elected,  and  filled  the  position  with  great  dis- 
tinction. 

In  1865  he  was  nominated  for  and  elected  governor,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1867  and  1869  respectively,  filling  this  im- 
portant office  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  public. 

In  1872  he  wsa  made  American  consul  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, serving  until  1878,  when  he  was  made  consul-general 
for  France.  In  1880  he  was  made  American  minister  to 
Spain,  but  two  years  later  resigned  his  post  and  returned  to 
Mailison,  where  he  was  received  by  his  fellow-citizens  with 
an  outbreak  of  the  greatest  enthusiasm.  The  high  esteem 
in  which  he  found  himself  to  be  held  by  the  citizens  of  his 
adopted  city  and  state,  and  the  country  <renerjilly,  was  very 
gratifying  and  pleasant  to  this  noble  son  of  America,  who 
has  done  so  much  for  the  public  welfare. 

Since  then  he  has  devoted  his  time  to  his  family  affair- 
and  the  education  of  his  children. 

He  is,  as  a  matter  of  course,  a  member  of  the  Grand  Ar- 
my of  the  Republic,  of  which  organization  he  was  chosen 
Commander,  succeeding  Gen.  S.  S.  Burdette.  He  held  this 
honorary  position  until  1887,  being  succeeded  by  Gen.  Rea, 
of  Minneapolis. 

He  is  yet  a  hale  and  hearty  man,  and  but  fifty  seven  years 
of  age,  and  the  possibilities  of  future  greatness  are  among 
the  probabilities  of  time. 


262 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


THOMAS  F.  BAYARD. 

Born  Oct.  W,  1828. 

MR.  BAYARD  is  a  gentleman  of  high  character  and  tht 
most  sterling  attainments,  and  a  learned  lawyer  of  great 
ability.  He  was  born  in  the  state  of  Delaware,  in  which  h« 
still  resides  when  not  on  duty  at  the  national  capital.  Hav- 
ing graduated  early,  lie  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law 
in  1851,  when  he  was  but  twenty-three  years  of  age;  indeed, 

with  such  success  that  two 
years  subsequently  he  was 
appointed  United  States 
district  attorney,  which  po- 
sition he  resigned  a  year 
later,  devoting  himself  te 
the  ordinary  work  of  his 
profession. 

In  1869  Mr.  Bayard  en- 
tered on  his  first  senatorial 
term,  impressing  his  col- 
leagues most  favorably  not 
only  with  his  eloquence, 
but  with  his  sound  com- 
mon sense. 

He  has  been  re  elected 
twice  since  his  first  term  as 
senator.  In  1885  he  was  made  secretary  of  state  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland.  This  statesman  is  a  democrat  of  large  views 
and  dignified  antecedents. 

Mr.  Bayard  is  an  advocate  of  free  trade,  but  he  was  a  cop- 
perhead during  the  war,  and  voted  for  the  "back  pay"  grab, 
facts  that  would  naturally  tell  against  him  should  he  ever  re- 
ceive the  nomination  for  the  presidency.  He  is  a  great  ora- 
tor and  statesman,  and  has  always  been  recognized  as  a 
party  leader. 


THOMAS  F.  BAYARD. 


THE  BIO  GRAPHIC  A  L  RE  VIE  W.  3 i ; 

Only  the  smallness  of  the  territory  which  he  represents 
ieems  to  have  prevented  Thomas  F.  Bayard  from  receivii  : 
the  democratic   nomination  for  the  presidency  of  the  Uniti 
States.    For  years  he  has  been  an  avowed  candidate,  and  in 
this  respect  lie  resembles  John  Sherman. 

It  is  extremely  doubtful  whether  Bayard  will  ever  again 
receive  as  many  votes  as  he  did  in  1SS4,  when  he  was  Cleve- 
land's strongest  opponent.  Bayard  was  then  in  the  prime  of 
life. 

Mr.  Bayard  is  descended  from  a  long  line  of  ancestors 
numbered  among  the  gallant  knights  and  courtiers  conspicu- 
ous in  the  wars  of  France  during  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries;  and  statesmen  prominent  in  colonial,  revo; 
lutionary  and  national  affairs  in  America  during  the  eigh- 
teenth and  nineteenth  centuries. 

Francis  I,  a  king  of  Spain,  would  receive  knighthood  from 
no  other  hand  than  a  Bayard. 

One  of  three  Bayards,  brothers  who  embraced  the  Reform- 
ed Faith  in  France  and  fled  to  Holland  to  escape  religious 
persecution,  became  the  husband  of  Anna,  the  sister  of  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  the  governor  of  New  Amsterdam.  With  three 
sons  and  one  daughter  she  landed  in  America  witli  her  vali- 
ant brother,  the  governor  of  the  Dutch  possessions.  Petm>. 
the  youngest  of  these  sons,  was  naturalized  in  Maryland  in 
the  year  1G.S4. 

It  was  his  grandson,  the  grandfafher  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  who  made  Thomas  Jefferson  president  of  the  United 
States  by  his  vote  in  the  house  of  repre>cntativr>.  in  the  year 
of  1801. 

So  Mr.  Bayard  comes  of  old  stock,  and  is  himself  a  credit 
to  his  ancestry.  As  a  scholar  and  gentleman  he  ranks  with 
the  noted  politicians  and  statesmen  of  the  country,  who  ac- 
knowledge him  as  a  leader. 

Mr.  Bayard'*  wife  <lic«l  in  lss*i.  his  favorite  daughter  800T1 
after  following  her  mother  to  the  j_rrave. 


264  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

GEN.  GEORGE  CROOK. 

Born  Sept.  8, 1829. 

THE  great  Indian  fighter,  George  Crook,  was  born  in 
Ohio,  and  entered  the  United  States  military  academy  at 
West  Point,  July  1,  1848,  from  which  he  graduated  July  1, 
1852,  and  was  commissioned  brevet  second  lieutenant  of  the 
fourth  infantry.  He  served  at  Fort  Columbia,  in  the  state 
of  New  York  for  a  time,  dropped  the  brevet  and  became 
a  full  second  lieutenant  on  July  7,  1853.  He  was  sent  to  Be- 
nicia  barracks,  California,  and  was  then  transferred  to  Fort 
Jones,  in  the  same  state,  where  he  served  until  1850,  Ins 
principal  duty  being  to  escort  the  topographical  party  then 
making  a  survey  of  the  Rogue  river  country. 

March  11,  1856,  he  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant,  and 
was  in  command  of  the  Pitt  river  expedition  in  1857.  He 
was  wounded  by  an  arrow  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Indians, 
but  not  so  badly  disabled  as  to  prevent  him  from  engaging 
the  hostiles  twice  afterward  in  July  of  the  same  year. 

On  May  14,  1861,  he  accepted  a  captaincy  in  the  fourth 
infantry,  came  East,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  in  West  Vir- 
ginia. 

September  13,  1861,  he  became  colonel  of  the  thirty-sixth 
Ohio  volunteers,  and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  third 
provisional  brigade.  At  the  battle  of  Lewisburg  in  West 
Virginia,  he  was  badly  wounded,  and  for  gallantry  display- 
ed there  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  in  the  regular 
army,  May  23,  1862,  and  to  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers September  7  of  the  same  year.  For  gallant  services 
at  the  battle  of  Antietam  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel 
September  17,  1862.  He  was  then  transferred  to  the  army 
of  the  Cumberland,  to  command  a  division;  and  October  7, 
1863,  was  brevetted  colonel  of  regulars  for  gallantry  at  the 
battle  of  Farmington,  Tennessee,  in  1863,  and  he  took 
command  of  the  second  cavalry  division. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  UF.VIEW. 


MG 


He  took  active  part  in  numerous  battles,  receiving  con- 
tinued promotions,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  at 
the  close  of  the  war. 

He  was  engaged  in  the  last  battle  of  the  war  at  Farmville 
in  1865,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier- general  in  the  regular 
army  for  gallant  services  in  West  Virginia  in  1804.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service  in  1866,  and  became 
major  of  the  third  infan- 
try July  18,  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  twen- 
ty-third infantry  ten  days 
later. 

Being  put  in  command 
of  the  department  of  Ari- 
zona, then  overrun  with 
hostile  Apaches,  he  coped 
with  them  so  successfully 
that  in  1873  he  was  pro- 
in  o  ted  to  brigadier-gen- 
eral. 

After  his  promotion, 
General  Crook  was  assign- 
ed to  the  command  of  the 
department  of  the  Platte. 
His  policy  was  to  deal  fair- 
ly with  the  Indians,  and 
thus  get  their  confidence  <.j  N .  <.I»R<;K  CROOK. 

and  make  them  friendly  if  possible.  If  the-e  im-asurt •<  did 
notprevail  and  they  revolted,  hewa^ed  relent  less  war  against 
them  till  they  were  forced  to  yield  to  constituted  authority. 
A  few  years  a^ro  he  was  transferred  fn-m  Arizona  to  the  de- 
partment of  the  Platte,  which  he  commanded,  with  head- 
quarters at  Omaha. 

In  1888  he  was  promoted  to  major-general,  succeeding 
Gen.  Terry,  who  has  been  placed  upon  the  retired  list. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


FRANK  HISCOCK. 

Born  Sept.  6,  1834. 

ONE  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures  on  the  floor  of  the 

house  of  representatives,  while  a  member  of  that  body,  was 

Frank  Hiscock,  of  New  York.  Born  at  Pompey,  in  the  state 

.'of  New  York,  he  now  resides  in  Syracuse  when  not  on  duty 

I  at  the   national  capital.     Receiving  the  advantages  of  an 

academic  education,  he  be- 
gan at  once  the  study  of 
law,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1855.  Taking  up 
the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion at  Tully,  Onondaga 
county,  in  his  native  state, 
he  was  chosen  district  at- 
torney of  that  county,  serv- 
ing from  1860  to  1863. 

In  1867  he  was  sent  to 
the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention. He  was  elected 
to  the  forty  -  fifth,  f  orty- 

'  forty-seventll>  fortJ- 

snd    fort^  -  ninth 
congresses  as  a  republican, 

FRANK  HISCOCK.  and  has  served  on  several 

important  committees.  He  was  most  popular  with  his  fellow 
members,  and  his  ability  soon  made  him  a  party  leader,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  prominent  candidates  for  speaker  of  the 
forty-seventh  congress. 

The  action  that  he  took  in  the  Lasker  matter  was  general- 
ly regarded  as  indicating  a  manly  and  dignified  course. 
In  1887  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  which 
position  he  will  honorably  fill.  The  term  of  this  office  expires 
in  1893. 


"?:?^^^^ 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HEVIi:\\. 


267 


MARQUIS  OF  LANDSOWNE. 

Born  about  ISM;. 

THE  full  mime  of  the  Marquis  of  Landsowne  is  Charles 
Keith  Fitzmaurice.  Although  but  a  comparatively  young 
man,  this  English  statesman  has  already  filled  the  positions 
of  lord  of  the  treasury  and  that  of  under-secretary  for  India. 
both  of.  which  positions  he  has  filled  with  such  ability  as  to 
add  greatly  to  the  honors 
of  his  name. 

Because  of  a  difference 
of  opinion  in  regard  to  the 
land  policy  of  Ireland, 
where  he  is  a  large  prop- 
erty owner,  he  retired  from 
Mr.  Gladstone's  cabinet,  of 
which  he  was  a  member. 

Landsowne  was  made 
governor-general  of  Cana- 
da in  1883. 

The  wife  of  the  marquis 
is  the  daughter  of  a  duke, 
and  is  not  only  a  beautiful! 
woman,  but  also  a  scholar 
and  good  writer.  She  took 
kindly  to  Canada,  and  was 
somewhat  a  favorite  with 
the  ma>-<  -.  MAKO.TIS  OK  LANDSOWNK. 

The  marquis  is  not  as  popular  as  were  his  predecessors, 
Dufferin  and  Lome,  who  were  always  greeted  with  entlniM 
a-iu  by  large  crowds  of  admirers,  while  Landxiunc  recei\e> 
hardly  a  respectable  cheer.  But  the  majority  of  Canadian 
people  are  tiring  of  having  an  English  uut'.crat  un-siding 
overthem.  They  want  a  chief  executive  of  then-own  creation 
—  a  native  who  knows  its  customs  and  requirements. 


268 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 


DR.  EGBERT  KOCH. 

Born  in  1843. 

"  LIGHT,  more  light,"  these  were  the  kst  words  of  the 
great  Goethe,  who  saw  the  first  struggling  efforts  of  science; 
and  it  has  been  vouchsafed  to  his  race  to  make  some  of  the 
greatest  scientific  discoveries. 

Dr.  Robert  Koch,  the   young  German  microscopist,  was 

born  in  the  Hartz  moun- 
tains. He  took  his  degree 
as  physician  in  the  year  of 
1866,  and  for  six  years  he 
was  an  assistant  in  differ- 
ent hospitals. 

He  claims  to  have  dis- 
covered the  germs  of  chol- 
era, which  he  calls  bacili; 
he  also  has  proved,  to  a 
certain  extent,  that  con- 
sumption and  diptheria  are 
traceable  to  the  minuter 
organisms.  His  claims  are 
antagonized  by  many  prom- 
inent physicians,  but  the 
researches  in  the  same  field 
by  Pasteur,  the  eminent  French  chemist  and  microscopfst, 
give  every  indication  that  Koch  is  correct. 

One  thing  is  certain,  that  he  has  stirred  medical  and  scien- 
tific circles  by  his  discoveries,  and  his  name  has  become  as 
familiar  as  that  of  Jenner,  who  discovered  that  small-pox 
could  be  prevented  by  inoculation.  Any  light  on  the  sub- 
ject of  treating  such  a  disease  as  consumption,  which  is  the 
scourge  of  the  nineteenth  century,  will  be  eagerly  welcomed. 
As  Koch  has  the  assistance  of  the  German  government,  we 
can  look  upon  his  career  as  but  commencing. 


DK.  ROBERT  KOCH. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


BENTON  J.  HALL. 

Born  Jan.  13,  1835. 

IN  1888,  Benton  J.  Hall,  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  was  made 
patent-commissioner  at  Washington,  succeeding  Mr.  Martin 
Montgomery. 

He  was  born  in  Mount  Vernon,  in  the  state  of  Ohio,  but 
has  been  a  resident  of  Iowa  since  December,  1839.  Mr. 
Hall  was  educated  at  Knox  college,  Illinois,  and  at  Miama 
university,  Ohio,  at  which 
latter  institution  he  gradu- 
ated from  in  June,  in  the 
year  1855. 

Studying  law  in  the  of- 
fice of  his  father,  in  Bur- 
lington, he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  when  but  twen- 
ty-two years  of  age,  and 
has  ever  since  been  con- 
tinuously engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  law  profes- 
sion. 

For  the  term  of  1872 
until  1873  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  lower  house  of 
the  general  assembly  of  the 
state  of  Iowa. 

He  was  elected  a  senator  in  the  general  assembly  of  Iowa 
for  four  years,  commencing  in  1882;  and  was  eventually 
elected  to  the  forty-ninth  congress  as  a  democrat,  receiving 
the  election  by  a  small  majority. 

The  reputation  Mr.  Hall  has  gained  in  his  state  a-  a  law- 
yer is  indeed  worthy  of  reward,  and  the  position  of  patent- 
commissioner,  although  the  salary  is  but  five  thousand  dol- 
lars per  annum,  is  a  recognition  of  his  worth. 


BENTON  J.   IIAI.I.. 


370 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HON.  S.  J.  RANDALL. 

Born  Oct  10, 1828. 

FOR  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  Mr.  Randall  has  occupied 
a  seat  in  the  house  in  which  he  has  been  for  a  very  long  time 
the  leader  of  the  democratic  party. 

Of  an  aggressive  character,  he  shows  greater  strength  in 
making  an  attack  than  in  repelling  one;  and  as  the  leader 

of  a  minority  in  congress, 
he  has  been  more  success- 
ful than  as  the  defender  of 
a  majority  where  it  is  only 
necessary  to  hold  the  van- 
tage ground. 

The  chair  of  the  house 
was  assumed  by  Mr.  Ran- 
dall at  a  very  critical  mo- 
ment —  soon  after  the  elec- 
tion of  1876,  the  result  of 
which  was  involved  in  a 
dangerous  uncertainty  at 
that  time. 

Samuel  Jackson  Randall 
is  one  of  the  many  dis- 
tinguished sons  of  Penn- 
sylvania, being  born  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  the  son  of 
an  eminent  lawyer  of  that  city.  His  mother's  maiden  name 
had  been  Ann  Worrall,  and  she  was  the  daughter  of  James 
Worrall,  a  democratic  leader  in  the  days  of  Jefferson;  so 
that  the  subject  of  this  sketch  may  be  said  to  be  traditional- 
ly a  democrat,  as  well  as  by  convictions  a  member  of  that 
time-honored  party. 

His  first  position  in  public  life  was  as  a  member  of  the 
city  council  of  Philadelphia,  wherein  he  showed  marked  abil- 
ity, and  was  soon  transferred  to  the  senate  of  his  native  state. 


HON.  S.  J.  KANDALL. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  «T1 

The  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  in  his  thirty-third  year, 
prompted  Mr.  Randall  to  patriotic  military  service  in  the 
light  horse  of  Philadelphia,  which  led  to  his  promotion  first 
as  quartermaster  of  his  company,  and  then  as  cornet,  a  rank 
corresponding  to  that  of  captain  in  the  regular  army.  In  the 
terrible  year  of  1863  he  was  among  the  troops  advanced  to 
Harrisburg  as  the  result  of  General  Lee's  invasion  of  north- 
ern territory. 

When  General  Couch  announced  to  Cornet  Randall,  com- 
manding, that  Governor  Curtin  would  accept  the  active  ser- 
vices of  his  troop  without  swearing  its  members,  he  said: 
"  I  know  we  can  trust  to  the  honor  of  the  corps  without  an 
oath.'' 

In  the  summer  of  the  same  year  he  made  a  brilliant  re- 
connaissance, in  which  he  captured  several  prisoners  and  es- 
tablished the  presence  of  the  confederates  in  force  between 
Chambersburg  and  Williamsport.  During  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg his  rank  was  that  of  provost  marshal  of  Colombia. 

He  entered  the  thirty-eighth  congress  in  1861,  and  has 
kept  his  seat  in  the  house  of  representatives  ever  since  that 
time,  having  served  on  the  committees  on  public  buildings 
and  grounds,  banking  and  currency,  retrenchment,  and  on 
expenditures  in  the  state  department,  besides  serving  on  nu- 
merous other  committees. 

This  eminent  statesman  is  a  ready,  concise  speaker,  with- 
out rhetorical  affectations.  The  campaign  for  General  Han- 
cock in  1880  was  opened  by  Mr.  Randall  with  a  most  effec- 
tive speech  at  New  York. 

He  has  served  as  chairman  on  important  committees,  and 
during  1877-81  was  speaker  of  the  house.  Randall  is  a  firm 
believer  in  a  protective  tariff,  and  it  was  mainly  upon  this 
issue  that  he  \vas  <lrtVated  for  the  spe"kership  by  Carlisle. 
His  name  was  brought  forward  as  a  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency on  the  democratic  ticket  in  1884,  and  he  received  on 
the  first  ballot  seventy-eight  votes. 


272 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEORGE  WILLIAM  CCRTIS. 

Born  Feb.  24, 1824. 

THE  American  journalist,  Mr.  Curtis,  is  a  native  of  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island,  but  his  early  education  was  received  in 
a  private  school  at  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  mercantile 
house  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  in  1842  he  and  his  broth- 
er became  members  of  the  Brook  Farm  Community,  where 

he  remained  a  year  and  a 
half,  dividing  his  time  be- 
tween study  and  agricultu- 
ral labor. 

The  following  year  and 
a  half  were  spent  by  the 
two  brothers  in  the  employ 
of  a  farmer  at  Concord, 
Massachusetts,  after  which 
they  spent  six  months  in 
tilling  a  piece  of  ground 
on  their  own  account. 

From  1846  to  1850  Mr. 
Curtis  spent  in  Italy,  Ber- 
lin, Egypt,  and  Syria,  and 
on  his  return  to  America 
GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS.          he  published  his  first  book, 
"Nile-Notes  of  a  Howadji,"  and  soon  thereafter  joined  the 
staff  of  the  New  York  "Tribune."    Since  that  time  he  has 
been  a  journalist  continuously. 

He  was  one  of  the  original  editors  of  "  Putnam's  Month- 
ly," which  was  commenced  in  1852.  Curtis  has  been  a  con- 
stant contributor  to  "Harper's  Monthly  Magazine "  since 
1853;  and  to  "Harper's  Weekly,"  of  which  he  has  been  ed- 
itor-in-chief since  1857.  A  number  of  articles  also  from  his 
pen  appeared  in  "Harper's  Bazar"  during  1867-73. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  273 

"TheHowadji  in  Syria,"  which  was  published  in  1852, 
was  the  second  book  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Curtis.  The  year 
previous  to  the  publication  of  this  work  he  wrote  a  series  of 
letters  from  the  various  watering  places  for  the  New  York 
"  Tribune,"  which  were  afterward  published  in  a  volume  en- 
titled "  Lotus-Eating." 

Some  of  his  magazine  articles  were  also  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  book-form  under  the  titles  of  "The  Potiphar  Pa- 
pers" and  "Prue  and  1."  A  novel  was  also  written  by  him, 
for  "Harper's  Weekly,"  entitled  "Trumps,"  which  also  af- 
terward appeared  in  book-form. 

This  great  American  journalist  has  won  an  enviable  repu- 
tation, not  only  as  a  great  writer,  but  also  as  a  lecturer  and 
public  speaker,  and  he  has  been  a  constant  contributor  to  the 
literature  of  the  day  ever  since  he  chose  writing  as  his  pro 
fession.  As  an  orator,  his  eloquence  has  made  him  a  favor- 
ite before  the  societies  in  colleges  and  universities.  Curtis 
is  masterof  an  elegant  style,  characterized  by  clear  and  forc- 
ible thought,  which  in  his  lectures  is  strengthened  by  an  at- 
tractive presence  and  a  finely-modulated  voice  that  never 
fail  to  please  a  cultured  audience,  and  which  also  make  him 
one  of  the  most  polished  and  popular  of  platform-orators  in 
America. 

Mr.  Curtis  has  also  attained  a  national  reputation  as  a  pol- 
itician. The  political  sentiments  of  this  gentleman  have,  as 
a  rule,  been  invariably  in  favor  of  the  republican  party;  and 
the  great  influence  of  his  pen,  through  the  medium  of  "  Har- 
per's Weekly,"  has  generally  been  wielded  in  the  interest  of 
that  great  political  party. 

But  when  the  nomination  in  1884  of  Mr.  Blaine  for  the 
presidency  of  the  United  States  was  made  by  the  republican 
party,  Mr.  Curtis  at  once  changed  the  policy  of  the  publica- 
tion of  which  he  was  chief,  and  waged  a  relentless  war  against 
their  candidate.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  dubbed  by  the 
republican  press  of  the  country  as  "Mugwump"  Curtis. 


274 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  KEVIEW. 


GEOKGE  W.  MELVILLE. 

Born  in  1841. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  George  W.  Melville,  is  a  na- 
tive  of  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  was  born  in  th« 
year  1841. 

When  a  young  lad  he  was  apprenticed  to  an  engineer  is 
Brooklyn,  where  he  remained  until  1861,  when  he  was  mad« 
assistant  engineer  in  .  the 
navy  and  sent  into  active 
service. 

Mr.  Melville  served 
through  the  war  of  the  re- 
bellion, and  has  ever  since 
remained  in  the  navy  of 
the  United  States. 

He  was  chief  engineer 
of  the  "Jeannette"  arctic 
expedition,  and,  Lieut. 
Danenhowers's  eye  sight 
having  failed  him,  he  took 
command  of  the  second 
cutter  when  the  ship  was 
crushed  by  the  ice. 

This    eminent   engineer 
was  again  sent  to  the  arctic  seas  in  1884,  as  chief  engineer 
of  the  Greely  relief  expedition. 

Mr.  Melville  was  appointed  chief  of  the  bureau  of  steam- 
engineering  (ranking  as  commodore  in  the  navy)  in  the- 
year  1885,  which  he  still  holds.  This  bureau  has  charge  of 
the  construction  and  repair  of  steam-marine  engines  for  the 
navy,  and  is  responsible  for  the  perfect  working  of  them. 
As  the  speed  of  vessels  is  dependent  mainly  on  the  improve- 
ment of  marine  engines,  it  is  no  easy  task  to  keep  the  bureau 
equal  to  the  new  demands  constantly  being  made  upon  it. 


ENGINEER  MELVILLE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  KKVIEW. 


276 


OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 

Born  in  1909. 

THIS  great  American  writer,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  de- 
lights the  English,  who  have  always  read  his  contributions 
to  literature  with  appreciation.  He  has  not  been  in  "the 
old  country  "  for  about  fifty  years  until  a  few  years  ago. 
The  genial,  alert  old  gentleman  is  not  less  young  in  fWling 
than  he  was  when  another 
generation  of  cultured  Eng- 
lish people  received  him 
into  their  homes.  His 
learning,  wit  and  lovable 
character  brilliantly  repre- 
sent his  country.  Americans 
watched  his  social  tri- 
umphs in  England  with 
loving  interest. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
poet,  physician  and  humor- 1 
ist,  wa>  born  in  the  <>ld 
'•  gambrel-roofed  "  house 
in  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, opposite  the  Harvard 
university  buildings.  II is 
father,  Rev.  Abiel  Holmes, 
D.D.,  was  an  eminent  preacher,  and  was  long  pastor  of  the 
tirst  congregational  church  of  Cambridge.  Dr.  Holmes 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1829,  and  adopting  the  medical 
profession,  completing  his  studies  in  IS.'W.  Up  to  1M7  In- 
filled the  chair  of  anatomy  ami  phy>ioh>gy  at  Dartmouth, 
lie  then  assumed  a  similar  professorship  at  Harvard.  He 
continues  in  his  retirement  a  resident  of  Piston. 

It  would   be  difficult   to  say   whether    Dr.  Holmes  enjova 
greater  distinction  as  a  physician  or  a  man  of  letters.      Both 


OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 


-276  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

in  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  he  has  achieved  the 
most  brilliant  success.  His  graceful  and  polished  style  in- 
vests the  dryest  topics  with  a  peculiar  charm,  making  him  one 
of  the  best  known  and  most  popular  of  American  writers. 

His  earliest  work  in  verse  was  in  the  form  of  contributions 
to  the  "  Collegian,"  a  paper  published  by  undergraduates  at 
Harvard.  He  has  written  many  verses  with  college  anni- 
versary occasions  as  their  subjects.  The  problems  created 
by  the  interdependence  of  mind  and  matter  have  employed 
Dr.  Holmes'  pen,  both  as  he  is  a  man  of  science  and  as  a 
literary  man. 

In  his  "  Currents  and  Under-currents  in  Medical  Science," 
and  in  "Mechanism  and  Morals,"  he  deals  with  them  from 
the  scientific,  and  in  "Elsie  Yenner,"  a  romance,  from  the 
artistic  standpoint.  The  "Atlantic  Monthly"  had  Dr. 
Holmes  among  its  founders,  and  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  Break- 
fast Table  "  appeared  first  in  the  pages  of  that  periodical. 

Several  medical  journals  and  the  "  North  American  Re- 
view1' and  the  "International  Review"  have  been  enriched 
by  contributions  from  the  versatile  doctor,  who  seems  to  be 
equally  ready  for  profound  disquisition  on  a  wide  range  of 
subjects  and  for  the  composition  of  those  "  trifles  "  which 
will  always  be  treasured  as  expressions  of  genius.  Who  does 
not  know  the  "  One  Horse  Shay  "  arid  the  "September  Gale?" 
The  apt  sweetness  of  his  sentimental  verses  is  appreciated  by 
all  readers  of  taste. 

The  wife  of  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  died  at  her  resi- 
dence in  Boston  in  1888,  in  the  69th  year  of  her  age.  Mrs. 
Holmes  was  a  daughter  of  Judge  Charles  Jackson,  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  court  of  Massachusetts,  who 
sat  on  the  bench  from  1813  until  1824.  His  daughter  was 
married  to  "The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table"  in  June, 
1840.  A  son  —  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Jr.  —  is  a  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  who  also  served  with 
distinction  in  the  war. 


////.   mOGRAPHH'M.   UK  VIEW. 


277 


Dr.  Holmes  has  been  likened  to  Thomas  Hood,  but  there  is 
little  in  common  between  them,  save  the  power  of  combining 
fancy  and  sentiment  with  grotesque  drollery  and  humor. 

Holmes  writes  simply  for  the  amusement  of  himself  and 
his  readers.  He  deals  only  with  the  vanities,  the  foibles, 
and  the  minor  faults  of  mankind,  good-naturedly  and  almost 
sympathizing  by  suggesting  excuses  for  folly,  which  he  tos 
ses  about  on  the  horns  of  his  ridicule. 


COUNT  GUSTAVE  VON  KALNOKY. 

As  THE  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  Austria-Hungary 
Count  Gustave  von  Kalnoky,  occupies  a  position  of  much 

importance  in  the  present 
troubled  condition  of  Eu- 
ropean affairs.  The  SOD  of 
an  imperial  chamberlain, 
whose  forefathers  had  been 
hereditary  magnates  of 
Hungary  for  two  centuries, 
he  entered  life  as  an  officer 
of  the  hussars.  IK-  was 
then  in  his  thirtieth  year 
when  he  resolved  to  pas- 
examination  for  the  diplo- 
%  matic  service.  His  promo- 
tion here  was  rapid. 

He  was  secretary  of   le- 
gation at    Berlin 
ami  for  t'<>ur  years   follow- 
in.ir  was  in  the  service  of 

COUNT  orsTAVE  VON  K.xi.NoKV.  his  government  in  London. 
After  being  minister  successively  at  1 1  ague,  ('..pi-nhugen, 
and  Home,  lie  was  in  1880  transferred  to  Petersburg,  and 
was  embassatlor  in  that  city. 


278 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOSEPH  E.  M'DONALD. 

Born  August  29, 1819. 

INDIANA  has  many  distinguished  sons  who  have  rendered 
conspicuous  service  to  the  country.  Not  the  least  prominent 
of  these  is  the  Hon.  Joseph  E.  McDonald,  whose  name  is 
often  mentioned  as  a  possible  candidate  of  the  democratic 
party  in  presidential  contests. 

Joseph   Ewing  McDonald  is  descended  from  Scotch  and 

Huguenot  parentage,  and 
was  "born  in  Butler  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  To  the  careful 
training  which  lie  received 
in  his  youth  from  his  moth- 
er, Mr.  McDonald  is  large- 
ly indebted  for  his  supe- 
rior qualities.  His  father 
died  when  he  was  yet  a 
small  boy,  and  until  he 
was  twelve  years  of  age 
young  McDonald  spent  his 
time  on  the  farm  receiving 
instruction  from  his  moth- 
er. He  early  expressed  a 
desire  to  study  law,  but  it 
JOSEPH  E.  M'DONALD.  was  thought  advisable  for 

him  to  learn  a  trade  before  committing  himself  to  a 
professional  career.  Accordingly  he  was  apprenticed  to  the 
firm  of  Andrews  and  Nichol,  saddlers  and  harness  makers 
at  Lafayette,  Indiana,  for  a  term  of  six  years.  He  applied 
himself  with  great  diligence  to  the  task  of  acquiring  skill 
and  efficiency  in  the  craft,  with  so  much  success  that  he 
was  dismissed  from  his  apprenticeship  three  months  before 
the  legal  expiration  of  the  same. 

He  was  now  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  he  resolved  to 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  It K  VIEW.  279 

prepare  himself  for  a  nobler  sphere  of  action  than  was  of- 
fered by  the  saddlery  business.  He  entered  Wabash  college 
at  Crawfordsville,  Indiana,  supporting  himself  by  working  at 
his  trade  night  and  morning  and  between  terms.  In  1840 
he  left  this  institution  and  entered  the  Asbury  university  at 
Greencastle,  Indiana,  of  which  Bishop  Simpson  was  the 
president.  If  reports  are  reliable,  young  McDonald  was  a 
most  exemplary  student  during  his  career  in  college,  and 
when  he  retired  from  the  seat  of  learning  was  more  than 
ordinarily  proficient  in  his  studies. 

He  began  the  regular  study  of  law  soon  after  leaving  col- 
lege, in  the  office  of  the  late  Zebulon  Baird,  at  Lafayette,  In- 
diana, who  took  a  kindly  interest  in  the  young  aspirant,  and 
devoted  much  time  to  instructing  him  in  the  principles  of  law. 
On  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  possessed  a  better  knowledge 
of  the  practice  and  principles  of  law  than  is  common  in  can- 
didates. He  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  soon  after,  and 
re-elected  in  1845. 

During  that  year  he  removed  to  Crawfordsville,  where 
he  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  practice,  und  achieved  a 
position  of  the  first  rank  at  the  bar  of  the  state.  In  Iv.r, 
he  was  elected  attorney  general  of  Indiana,  and  filled  the 
position  in  u  most  satisfactory  manner.  Three  years  later 
he  removed  to  Indianapolis  and  entered  into  partnership 
with  Addison  L.  Koache,  ex-judge  of  the  supreme  court. 
This  connection  lasted  until  1800,  when  Mr.  Roache  retired. 
Mr.  McDonald  then  formed  a  partnership  with  the  Hon. 
John  M.  Butler,  with  whom  he  is  still  associated.  They  at 
once  axumed  a  position  among  the  leading  firms  of  the  state, 
and  have  had  a  hand  in  some  of  the  most  celebrated  eases 
which  have  been  contested  in  Indiana. 

Mr.  McDonald  has  ever  been  a  t'aithful  and  devoted  ally 
of  the  democratic  party.  In  1M'.»  he  was  elected  to  the  thir- 
ty first  congress,  but  was  defeated  in  his  next  candidacy.  In 
l>til  he  was  nominated  tW  governor,  but  was  defeated. 


280  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

He  was  elected  United  States  senator  in  1874,  against 
strong  opposition,  due  to  his  hard  money  theories.  He  took 
his  seat  March  5,  1875,  and  retained  it  until  1881. 

Mr.  McDonald  is  a  resident  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
where  he  is  known  as  a  hospitable,  kind  and  generous  neigh- 
bor. He  has  been  three  times  married,  and  his  present 
wife  is  one  of  the  most  handsome  and  accomplished  ladies 
in  Indiana. 


JUSTIN  S.  MORRILL. 

Born  April  14  1810. 

THIS  statesman,  Justin  S.  Morrill,  is  a  native  of  New  Eng- 
land, being  born  in  Vermont.    He  received  an  academic  educa- 
tion, and  after  graduating 
became  a  merchant.    This 
business  proving  distaste- 
ful to  him  he  shortly  after- 
ward engaged  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits. 

Entering    the    political 
arena,    he   was   elected  a 
representative  in  the  thir- 
ty-fourth and  re-elected  in 
the  thirty -fifth,  thirty -sixth, 
thirty  -  seventh,    thirty- 
eighth,     and     thirty-ninth 
congresses.  He  was  elected 
to  the  United   States  sen- 
ate as  a  union  republican 
^. ...........        in   1867,   being  re-elected 

in   1872,  in   1878   and  in 

JUSTIN  S.    MORRILL.  jgg^     His  ^^  Q£  ^.^ 

expires  on  March  3,  1891.  He  has  served  on  important  com- 
mittees, and  in  1887  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  finance. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


281 


CLAKA  LOUISA  KELLOGG. 

Born  in  /MV. 

THE  career  of  Clara  Louisa  Kellogg  is  one  which  will 
ever  be  a  valuable  example  and  trustworthy  guide  to  all  vo- 
cal aspirants.  She  was  born  at  Sumter,  South  Carolina,  but 
her  parents  came  from  New  England,  and  her  earlier  years 
were  passed  in  Connecticut,  where  she  was  educated  at  the 
free  schools. 

Though  her  voice  was 
rather  sweet,  it  attracted 
no  particular  attention, 
and  when  singing  in  a 
church  choir  at  Lynne, 
Conn.,  her  pretty  voice 
was  quite  ignored  in  the 
presence  of  more  vigorous 
organs. 

In    1858    her    parents 
were  residing  in  New  York 
city,    and   knowing    their 
daughter's    desire    to    be- 
come a  public  singer,  con 
suited     with     Miss     Eli/a 
Logan,    the    once    distin    < 
gui.-hed  actress,  and  si^tc*i  ^ 
of  Olive  Logan. 

Miss  Logan  attempted 
t«.  discourage  the  young  girl  by  pointing  out  the  haps  and 
mishaps  that  are  inevitably  connected  with  a  life  on  the  sta^e. 
and  dwelt  at  length  upon  the  unjust  obloquy  which  attaches 
to  the  name  of  almo-t  every  act  re--:  hut  in  -j.ite  <»f  the  ol. 
stacles,  Miss  Kellogg  realized  that  she  must  do  something 
for  sustenance,  and  preferring  the  stage  to  the  drudgery  of 
the  -eam-tre--  ••!•  the  simp  girl,  she  made  her  tir-t  appearance. 


rl.AK.N    I.«'l  I-A    KKI.I , 


282  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Her  failure  was  most  pronounced,  apparently  hopeless. 
But  there  was  plucky  spirits  still  left  in  the  girl's  heart,  and 
instead  of  turning  to  the  sewing  machine,  she  gave  her  days 
and  nights  to  careful  and  laborious  study.     Her  second  ap- 
pearance, while  it  was  not  a  grand  success,  yet  gave  her 
•  hope  and  confidence  in  her  belief  that  earnest  labor  would 
[  meet  with  its  reward. 

At  last,  in  1860,  she  made  her  debut,  at  the  Academy  of 
Music,  in  "  Rigoletto,"  again  meeting  with  failure.  Three 
times  did  this  young  artist  make  her  appearance  before  the 
public  granted  an  enthusiastic  reception;  then,  encouraged 
and  delighted,  she  devoted  even  more  of  her  time  to  the 
cultivation  of  her  voice,  making  success  after  success,  in 
rapid  sequence,  until  to-day  she  ranks  first  among  the  cele- 
brated women  of  America,  who  have  held  their  audiences 
spell-bound  by  the  sweetness  of  their  voices,  and  the  brilli- 
ancy of  their  execution. 

Miss  Kellogg  is  a  fine  actress  as  well  as  vocalist.  She 
has  an  intelligent  and  expressive  face,  a  graceful  figure  and 
appropriateness  of  gesture  which  denote  a  careful  study  of 
everything  which  pertains  to  her  art.  Success,  such  as  hers, 
implies  not  only  ability  through  natural  gifts,  but  persever- 
ance, hope,  courage,  study,  patience  and  a  score  of  splendid 
qualities,  all  united  in  one  person,  and  carefully  nurtured 
for  the  attainment  of  a  noble  and  lofty  ambition. 

She  is  considered  by  the  American  public  as,  we  might 
say,  the  finest  opera  singer,  in  this  country  at  least.  Her 
performances  are  always  attended  by  large  audiences,  des 
pite  the  fact  that  the  price  of  admission  is  invariably  very  high. 
However,  the  singing  is  grand,  and  the  acting  superb,  and 
lovers  of  good  operatic  singing  are  ever  ready  to  pay  for  its 
enjoyment. 

She  is  very  wealthy  now,  having  made  enormous  sums, 
in  the  larger  cities,  amounting  to  thousands  of  dollar,  from 
a  single  two- weeks1  engagement. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  P.  JONES. 

Born  about  18W. 

ALTHOUGH  this  gentleman  was  born  in  Herefordshire,  Eng 
land,  he  was  brought  to  this  New  World  of  ours  when  but 
a  babe  in  arms,  and  may,  consequently,  be  regarded  as  al- 
most a  native  American. 

He  was  educated  in  Cleveland,  his  family  having  settled 
in  Ohio  on  their  arrival  in 
this  country. 

In  1849  he  made  a  trip 
t< >  California,  round  Cape 
Horn,  in  a  sailing  vessel. 
His  success  there  at  first 
\\a>  not  very  well  assured; 
but  being  an  active  and 
able  politician,  he  was 
subsequently  elected  sher- 
iff of  Tuolumne  county, 
and  was  returned  several 
times  to  the  upper  and 
lower  houses  of  the  state- 
legislature. 

In  1807  he  was  a  can- 
didate for  the  lieutenant- 
governorship,  but  was  de- 
feated. Poor  and  disgusted  with  politics,  he  then  removed 
to  Nevada,  where  he  became  interested  in  several  mines,  and 
among  others  in  the  Crown  Point  and  Belcher.  Finally, with 
the  assistance  of  some  friends,  he  became  the  owner  of  the 
Crown  Point,  in  which,  not  long  afterward,  a  bonanza  was 
found  that  placed  him  in  the  possession  of  ten  million  dol- 
lars at  once. 

In  is 73  he  succeeded  Mr.  James  Nye  as  senator  for  Ne- 
vada, when  it  was  supposed  that  he  w<>ul<l  become  simply 


JOHN  1'.  JONKS. 


284  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

a  senatorial  figurehead,  who  had  secured  his  position  through 
his  great  wealth  only.  This  impression  turned  out  to  be 
most  premature  and  erroneous;  as  in  the  debate  upon  the 
inflation  bill,  which  was  subsequently  vetoed  by  President 
Grant,  he  made  an  off-hand  speech  which  for  its  brilliancy, 
sound  views  and  profound  analysis,  not  only  took  the  whole 
country  by  surprise,  but  placed  him  at  once  among  its  fore- 
most financial  authorities. 

In  those  days  the  house  of  Mr.  Jones  was  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  beauty,  wit  and  wisdom  of  Washington,  his  own 
brilliant  and  varied  attainments  being  of  so  high  a  charac- 
ter as  to  attract  the  most  refined,  wealthy  and  educated  to- 
ward him. 

In  fact,  so  marked  were  his  acquirements,  and  so  nappy 
his  conversational  powers,  his  reunions  or  receptions  were 
always  looked  forward  to  by  his  friends  with  unbounded 
pleasure,  as  a  source  of  both  amusement  and  the  highest  in- 
tellectual gratification. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Jones  is  a  conservative  republican,  and  the 
unflinching  advocate  of  an  unrestricted  silver  currency.  He 
\vas  a  devoted  friend  of  Koscoe  Conkling,  and  he  was  held 
in  high  esteem  by  the  late  lamented  ex-president  Chester  A. 
Arthur. 

Senator  John  P.  Jones  has  been  twice  married,  and  has 
one  son  by  his  first  wife,  and  two  daughters  by  his  present 
one.  His  second  wife  is  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Eugene  Sullivan, 
of  San  Francisco. 

In  1879  Senator  Jones  received  the  re-election  as  senator 
of  the  United  States  from  Nevada;  and  again  in  1885  he 
was  returned  as  a  member  of  that  body,  which  term  expires 
in  the  year  1891 

Senator  Jones  is  a  busy  man,  being  constantly  engaged  in 
numerous  enterprises  of  great  magnitude.  Indeed,  he  has 
such  great  business  ability  and  discernment  that  his  various 
undertakings  are  invariably  successful. 


IHE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  28& 


MKS.  GROVER  CLEVELAND. 

Born  in  1866. 

ON  June  2,  1886,  Frances  Folsom,  of  Buffalo,  was  married 
to  Grover  Cleveland,  the  president  of  the  United  States. 
She  is  a  handsome  woman,  and  a  general  favorite  with  the 
ladies  of  her  acquaintance. 

The  affair  was  a  quiet  one,  no  guests  being  present,  except 
the  members  of  the  cabinet,  and  a  few  intimate  friends  of  the 
bride  and  groom. 

The  president's  wife  is 
very  unassuming  in  man- 
ner, and  for  one  so  young,' 
she  has  displayed  a  remark- 
able tact  in  the  manage- 
ment of  receptions,  and  in 
fulfilling  all  the  require- 
ments of  fashionable  socie- 
ty at  the  national  capital. 

She  accompanied  her  hus- 
band in  18S7,  in  his  visits 
to  the  western  and  south- 
ern states,  the  presi- 
dent and  his  bride  beingj 
received  with  enthusiasm, 
everywhere  being  tendered 
receptions  flattering  to 
royalty  itself. 

There  have  been  a  nmn-  MRS.  UKOVER  CLEVELAND. 
her  of  previous  weddings  at  the  White  House,  but  this  is  the 
first  marriage  of  a  president  that  has  occurred  there.  Al- 
though Mr.  Tyler  was  married  during  his  term  of  office,  tin- 
rvri'tnony  on  that  occasion  was  performed  at  the  home  of 
his  bride  in  the-  city  of  New  York. 


286 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ALEXANDER  III. 

Born  March  10, 1845. 

IT  is  a  grand,  a  gaudy  array  that  the  Czar  can  marshal 
beneath  his  colors.  Not  even  the  queen  of  England  rules 
over  so  diverse  a  population  as  he  —  so  heterogeneous  a 
mass  of  humanity.  In  the  ranks  of  his  army  the  Mongol 
brushes  against  the  Scandinavian,  the  Slav  against  the  Ger- 
man, the  Turkoman  against 
the  Esquimau,  the  Tcher- 
kessian  against  the  Lap. 
If  they  are  not  all  inspir- 
ed by  the  same  fervor  and 
love  of  country,  a  sense  of 
her  greatness  at  least  per- 
vades and  overawes  them; 
and,  fighting  in  her  cause, 
there  are  never  signs  of 
flinching  due  to  lack  of 
patriotism  or  differences 
of  race. 

Alexander  III,  Czar  of 
all  the  Russias,  was  well 
educated  at  the  Russian 
universities. 

In  1866,  he  married  the 
Princess  Maria  Dagmar, 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Denmark  and  sister  of  the  Princess 
of  Wales,  to  whom  his  eldest  brother,  the  Grand  Duke 
Nicholas,  at  that  time  deceased,  had  been  betrothed.  Four 
children  have  been  the  result  of  the  union. 

The  nihilist  conspiracy  has  confined  the  attention  of  the 
Czar's  government  to  home  affairs.  His  attitude  toward 
Germany  is  one  of  friendship,  of  which  the  best  evidence  is 
the  recent  negotiation  of  a  heavy  loan  with  the  bankers  of 


ALEXANDER  III. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  28T 

Berlin;  and  his  aim  has  been  to  maintain  amicable  relations 
with  foreign  powers.  Still,  he  represents  the  feeling  that  is 
intensely  and  exclusively  Russian,  a  sentiment  which  might 
give  a  more  positive  coloring  to  his  foreign  policy  were  he 
freed  from  the  danger  of  domestic  revolution. 

Nihilists  are  punished  with  unrelenting  severity,  and  at 
times  the  government's  repressive  measures  seem  on  the 
verge  of  success,  but  it  is  only  in  appearance.  The  na- 
tional strength  is  paralyzed  by  this  internal  malady.  Only 
the  dread  of  dynamite  plots  could  have  occasioned  the  unpar- 
alleled delay  of  the  coronation  ceremony  for  more  than  two 
years.  And  now  that  the  event  has  occurred  the  Czar  is 
credited  with  great  courage  in  so  far  braving  nihilistic  at- 
tack as  to  be  publicly  crowned. 

The  private  property  of  the  emperor  yields  him  a  large 
annual  revenue.  He  possesses  a  million  square  miles  of  cul- 
tured land  and  forests,  besides  owning  gold  and  silver  mines 
in  Siberia,  the  vast  revenue  of  which  is  not  known,  as,  be 
ing  tbe  emperor's  personal  estate,  the  amount  never  appears 
in  the  budget.  The  sum  arising  from  all  these  sources  is  es- 
timated, however,  at  over  twelve  million  dollars,  of  which 
sum  two  million  dollars  are  expended  in  charities,  schools 
and  theaters,  leaving  a  net  income  of  ten  million  dollars. 

The  present  Czar  is  the  seventeenth  of  his  house.  While, 
especially  since  his  coronation,  he  has  appeared  oftener  in 
public  than  previously,  there  is  as  yet  no  evidence  that  in- 
creased confidence  in  his  subjects  will  lead  him  to  carry 
out  much  needed  reforms  in  the  administration  of  govern- 
ment. The  condition  of  Russia  is  a  disgrace  to  the  age. 

The  Czar  ascended  the  throne  after  the  assassination  of  his 
father,  March  13,  1881.  He  is  represented  as  a  self-willed 
man,  with  a  taste  for  political  all'airs.  and  his  personal  in- 
fluence is  more  than  that  of  his  father. 

The  heir-apparent  is  the  Grand  Duke  Nicholas,  the  Czar's 
eldest  son,  who  was  born  in  1808. 


288 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


The  population  of  Russia,  including  Siberia,  is  over  one 
hundred  million,  and  in  time  of  peace  her  army  contains 
over  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  soldiers,  and  in  case 
of  war  could  place  in  the  field  nearly  two  and  a  half  million 
men.  She  has  four  hundred  war  ships,  thirty  of  which  are 
ironclads.  Russia  is  deeply  in  debt,  the  interest  of  which  is 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars  annually  — 
about  one-fourth  of  the  annual  revenue. 


NICHOLAS  DE  G1ERS. 

THE  Russian  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  Nicholas  de  Giers, 
succeeded  Prince  Gortschakoff  in  1883.  He  is  of  a  Swedish- 
Finn  family  of  Jewish  ex- 
traction, and  of  course 
has  not  the  social  prestige 
of  his  predecessor. 

The  greater  part  of  his 
life  has  been  spent  in  the 
foreign  office,  and  every 
confidence  seems  to  be 
placed  in  him  by  the 
Czar. 

Through  the   efforts    of 
the  country  to   extend  its 
[territory,   it  is  brought,  as 
a    matter  of    course,   into 
I  collision  with  the  interests 
of  other  European  affairs, 
and  diplomacy  is  necessa- 
ry to   satisfy  the  offended 
NICHOLAS  DE  GIERS.  governments  and    avoid 

war.     The  chief  grounds  of  complaint  have  come  from  Rus- 
sian encroachment  of  Afghanistan,  Turkey,  and  Bulgaria. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  /.'/•:  17 A' If. 


886 


GEN.  A.  KOMAKOFF. 

THE  commander  of  the   Russian  fore-ox  in   Afghanistan, 
Gen.  Alexander  Komarotf,  has  seen  much  active  service. 

The  name  of  this  great  general  will  come  into  greater 
prominence,  when,  at  no  distant  day,  that  great  Russian 
force  will  be  sent  by  the  Czar  beyond  his  frontier  —  on  the 
one  side  to  swallow  up  the 
Bulgar  and  Turk,  and  on 
the  other  the  Afghan,  Per 
sian.  and  perhaps  also  the 
Sepoy  of  India.  At  no 
previous  period  in  her  his- 
tory has  Russia  been  better 
equipped  for  the  fray  than 
she  is  at  the  present,  and 
never  before  has  the  same 
combination  of  circum- 
stances favored  her  de- 
signs, if  she  fails  there- 
fore, it  is  safe  to  say  that 
her  opportunity  has  past 
forever. 
Russia's  military  strength 


is  greatly  due  to  her  large 
and  well-organized  cavalry 
force.  Her  cavalry  of  tin-  guard  stands  specially  high  in  the 
otiination  of  military  critics.  It  is  composed  of  two  division-, 
the  lirst  including  the  horse-guards  or  ••  clievalicr>  gardi •-  " 
and  "gardes  a  cheval."  the  euira>siers  of  the  emperor,  the 
cuirassiers  of  the  empress,  and  the  two  regimen:-  :  < 
sacks,  all  under  the  supreme  command  of  the  C/arowit/. 
The  second  division  includes  the  horse  ••  grenadiers,"  the 
Uhlans  of  the  guard  and  of  the  emperor,  and  the  hus>ar>  of 
the  empcn.r  and  of  (Jrodno. 


GEN.   A.   KOM.\I;O|.|.-. 


290 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVTEW. 


HENRY  L.  DAWES. 

Born  Oct.  30,  IS16.- 

THE  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts,  Henry  L. 
Dawes,  was  born  at  Cmnmington,  in  that  state.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Yale  college,  began  life  as  a  school  teacher,  and 
edited  the  Greenfield  "Gazette"  and  Adams  "Transcript/' 
At  the  same  time  he  fitted  himself  by  his  exertions  for  th« 

legal  profession,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
year  1842. 

Beginning  his  public  ca- 
reer in  1848  as  a  member 
of  the  lower  branch  of  th« 
legislature, he  was  returned 
to  that  office  in  1849  and 
1852,  and  in  1850  became 
a  member  of  the  state  sen- 
ate. In  1853  he  was  a  del- 
egate to  the  state  constitu- 
tional convention,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  appoint- 
ed district  attorney  for  the 
western  district  of  Massa- 
chusetts, retaining  that  of- 
fice until  1857. 
Mr.  Dawes  was  elected  to  the  thirty-fifth  congress  in  1858, 
and  was  re-elected  to  the  thirty-sixth,  thirty-seventh,  thirty- 
eighth,  thirty-ninth,  fortieth,  forty-first,  forty-second,  and 
forty-third  congresses,  declining  in  1875  to  be  a  candidate 
for  election  to  the  forty-fourth. 

For  ten  years  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
elections,  during  the  most  important  years  in  the  history  of 
the  country —  through  the  war  and  the  reconstruction  period. 
This  senator's  term  expires  in  1893. 


HENRY    L.    DAWES. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


291 


RANAVALONA,  III. 

Born  in  1861. 

THE  qneen  of  Madagascar,  Ranavalona  III,  who  is  a  dig- 
nified, sensible  woman,  mounted  the  throne  and  was  crowned 
in  1883,  succeeding  her  aunt,  Queen  Ranavalona  II,  being 
chosen  by  her  predecessor  to  succeed  her,  but  was  also  form- 
ally elected  to  the  office. 

According  to  the  custom  of  the  country,  the  queen  on  her 
accession  married  Rami- 
lalarivono,  the  prime  niin 
ister  of  the  kingdom,  who 
had  also  been  the  husband 
of  the  last  queen.  The 
present  queen  has  always 
been  eager  to  forward  the 
development  of  the  people. 
She  has  embraced  Christi- 
anity for  herself,  and 
made  it  the  state  religion. 

The  Hovas  are  a  good 
fighting  race,  and  their 
experience  in  repelling  the 
recent  French  invasion  has; 
developed  them  greatly  in! 
a  military  way.  Their 
civilization,  also,  has  been 
advanced,  in  spite  of  the 
war,  during  the  past  few 
years,  under  the  wise  administration  of  the  present  queen. 
The  queen  has  a  council  of  advisers,  but  the  royal  will  is  su- 
preme in  every  case. 

The  French  minister  resident  in  Madagascar  has  advised 
his  governmentto  confer  the  decoration  of  the  legion  of  honor 
on  the  queen,  regarding  her  friendship  worthy  of  the  gift 


RANAVALONA     III. 


292  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

LI  HUNG  CHANG. 

Born  in  1823. 

THE  most  distinguished  statesman,  Li  Hung  Chang,  is  a 
staunch  advocate  of  progress,  an  enlightened  and  skilful  di- 
plomatist, and  a  determined  enemy  of  that  self-sufficient 
spirit  which  has  so  hindered  the  advancement  of  the  Chinese 
people.  Hofei,  in  China,  isliis  birthplace.  After  a  very  hon- 
orable career  in  college,  he 
was  ordered  to  take  the  field 
against  the  Taeping  rebels 
that  were  ravaging  his  na- 
tive province.  As  the  re- 
ward of  conspicuous  skill 
and  bravery  in  this  en- 
counter he  was  made  judi- 
cial commissioner. 

Later  he  became  an  in- 
tendent  of  circuit  and  gov- 
ernor of  the  Droviuce  of 
Kiansoo. 

In  1862  he  first  came  in- 
to intimate  relations  with 
foreigners,  and  co-operated 
with  Gen.  Staveley  in  the 
defense  of  Shanghai.  He 

LI  HUNG  CHANG.  ,  ,  -,          »  ,,. 

made  a  close  study  or  this 

general's  methods  and  recognized  the  superiority  of  foreign- 
ers in  military  science.  On  the  appointment  of  "  Chinese  " 
Gordon  to  the  command  of  the  ever  victorious  army,  Li  Hung 
Chang  joined  him  cordially  and  with  becoming  deference. 

He  has  opened  the  Kaiping  coal  and  iron  mines,  brought 
about  the  construction 'of  a  telegraph  line  along  the  coast  of 
the  empire,  and  memorialized  the  throne  in  favor  of  railway 
enterprises.  He  is  a  man  of  commanding  appearance,  being 
over  six  feet  in  height,  and  having  an  intellectual  face. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


MICHAEL  DAVITT. 

MICHJEL  DAVITT,  who  ranks  among  Ireland's  most  popular 
men,  was  born  in  Mayo  county.  He  has  devoted  many 
yeans  of  his  life  to  the  solution  of  the  Irish  question,  and 
does  not  yet  despair  of  seeing  Ireland  fully  righted  and  no 
longer  subjected  to  the  domineering  rule  of  England. 

Michael  Davitt  has  been  in  prison  for  his  connection  with 
lri>h  politics  for  a  period 
of  over  nine  years.  This 
length  of  time  was  passed 
in  several  jails  and  convict 
establishments.  He  was 
t  r  e  a  t  e  (I  as  an  ordinary 
prisoner,  not  being  allrwed 
any  indulgences,  until  the 
favor  was  granted  him  (on 

is  remi»ion    to    Portland 

MM  MI  on  the  3d  of  Febru- 
ary. l*sl,  after  breaking 
bis  ticket-of-leave.)  to  keep 
a  little  blackbird.  Thisbird, 
named  ,]<>*.•,  was  the  ••  S..H- 
tary  Audience''  of  the  book 
which  he  wrote  while  in 
prison  a  n  d  which  was 
published  in  London  in 
1884,  under  the  title  of  "Leaves  from  a  Prison  Diary;  or 
Le:tures  to  a  Solitary  Audici>< 

Both  sad  and  serious,  gay  and  amusing  are  the  notr>  found 
therein:  written  in  a  style  at  once  simple  and  eloquent.  He 
writes  with  much  pathos  of  his  ••('hum  .lor;"  m«»t  especially 
in  the  passage  where  he  released  hi*  little  companion.  !!«• 
says:  "I  opened  the  door  with  a  trembling  hand,  when,  quick 


MM  II. KF.    DAVITT. 


294  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

as  a  flash  of  lightning,  he  rushed  {rom  the  cage  with  a  wild 
scream  of  delight  and  in  a  moment  was  beyond  the  walls  of 
the  prison."  In  speaking  of  his  hone  that  the  bird  would  re- 
turn to  him,  he  says:  "  The  instinct  of  freedom  was  too 
strong  to  be  resisted,  though  I  had  i  idulged  the  fond  hope 
that  he  would  remain  with  me." 

After  Davitt's  release  from  prison  he  went  to  England  and 
spent  some  time  there  maturing  fu'.ure  plans.  He  intended 
going  to  Australia  before  visiting  America  but  that  plan  was 
abandoned,  and  he  visited  this  country  instead,  delivering 
lectures;  and  since  his  return  to  Ireland  he  has  devoted  him- 
self entirely  to  the  work  of  reform.  He  says  in  a  cablegram 
of  June,  1886,  to  Mr.  Patrick  Ford,  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
"  Victory  is  certain  if  the  Irish  race  throughout  the  world 
will  stand  united  and  calmly  persevere  on  the  present  lines." 


WADE  HAMPTON. 

Born  March  28, 1818. 

THE  name  of  Wade  Hampton  is  "familiar  in  our  mouths  as 
a  household  word,"  and  has  been  for  many  years.  No  more 
prominent  statesman  than  he  gives  distinction  to  the  south 
in  the  councils  of  the  nation.  South  Carolina  is  proud  of 
her  son,  whose  loyalty  to  her  interests,  according  to  that 
view  of  them  given  by  his  convictions,  has  been  invariably 
devoted  and  conspicuous. 

Hon.  Wade  Hampton  is  of  distinguished  birth,  the  grand- 
son of  General  Wade  Hampton,  a  mayor  general  in  the 
American  army  of  the  revolution,  and  a  representative  in 
the  congress  of  the  United  States.  His  father  was  also  a 
prominent  and  wealthy  man. 

Wade  Hampton  was  born  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
He  received  an  academic  education.  Having  graduated  at 
South  Carolina  college,  he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


295 


In  1861,  South  Carolina  seceded  from  the  Union;  he  was 
serving  as  state  senator  and  resigned  his  seat,  and  devoted 
his  energies  to  the  confederate  cause,  in  a  capacity  of  a 
soldier.  Among  the  earliest  in  the  field  of  conflict,  he  led 
the  '-Hampton  Legion"  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  in 
which  he  was  wounded.  His  services  in  this  action  were 
conspicuously  recognized  by  the  confederate  government, 
which  commissioned  him  a 
brigadier-general. 

As  soon  as  possible  he 
resumed  service  in  the  ar- 
my, and  was  wounded,  the 
second  time,  in  the  battle 
of  Seven  Pines.  He  com- 
manded the  confederate 
cavalry  of  the  army  of 
Northern  Virginia.  In 
1864  he  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-general. 

Early  in  1865  he  was 
sent  to  South  Carolina  and. 
commanded  the  rear  guard 
of  the  confederate  army 
which  was  falling  back  be- 
fore Gen.  Sherman.  Large  quantities  of  cotton  had  been  stor- 
ed at  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the  state,  which,  upon  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Union  forces  was  piled  up  in  an  open  square 
ready  to  be  burned,  fire  was  set  to  thin  which  resulted  in  a 
conflagration  by  which  a  great  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed. 
A  sharp  discussion  arose  between  Gen.  Sherman  and  Hamp- 
ton, each  charging  the  other  with  the  destruction  of  Columbia; 
according  to  the  best  evidence,  as  far  as  either  side  was  con- 
cerned, the  conflagration  was  purely  accidental.  He  was 
wounded  the  third  time  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  When 
the  army  in  which  he  was  serving  surrendered  to  the  Union 


WADE    HAMPTON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  296 

forces,  nis  military  experiences  were  ended.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  governor  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1878. 

He  is  exceedingly  popular  in  his  native  -state;  knows  its 
condition  fully,  and  is  of  course,  strongly  and  unequivocally 
in  favor  of  federal  aid  for  education. 

"  When  the  negro  was  made  a  citizen,  lie  said, "  it  follow- 
ed as  a  logical  consequence,  under  the  theory  of  our  institu- 
tions, that  he  must  become  a  voter." 

With  these  well  known  views,  he  was  re-elected  to  the 
United  States  senate  in  1884,  and  his  term  of  service  expires 
March  3,  1891.  South  Carolina  will  receive  an  addition  to 
her  school  fund  of  over  four  and  a  half  million  dollars,  when 
this  bill  for  which  the  senator  not  only  soeaks,  but  votes, 
passes. 

Born  to  great  wealth  and  large  estates,  he  has  always  been 
regarded  as  one  of  the  richest  men  in  the  South,  and  his 
hospitality  knows  no  bounds  in  his  great  house.  Four  years 
of  confederacy,  however,  nearly  ruined  him.  For  years  after 
the  war  he  was  one  of  the  most  uncompromising  of  confed- 
erates. Now  he  is  a  furrowed,  grizzly  old  man,  whose  ex- 
perience has  dulled  the  blood  of  middle  age,  and  he  enters 
into  no  arguments.  He  has  been  in  both  branches  of  the 
state  legislature  and  was  a  senator  when  his  state  seceded; 
he  however  resigned  his  seat  on  the  occurrence  of  that 
event. 

Senator  Hampton  is  one  of  the  finest  looking  men  in  the 
senate  chamber,  though  a  hunting  accident  a  few  years  ago 
cost  him  the  loss  of  a  leg.  The  injuries  received  on  this  oc- 
casion he  has  never  fully  recovered  from,  the  shock  and 
suffering  consequent  upon  the  loss  of  his  limb  having  some- 
what shattered  his  system,  and  the  ill  effects  have  aged  him 
considerably. 

This  great  soldier  and  politician  has  done  much  toward 
improving  the  educational  condition  of  the  south. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  297 

JOHN  KUSKIN. 

Born  in  1819. 

BORN  in  London,  John  Ruskin,  in  1842,  graduated  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where,  three  years  before,  he  had 
gained  the  Newdigate  prize  for  English  poetry.  The  first 
volume  of  his  "Modern  Painters"  was  published  in  1843, 
and  the  fifth  and  last  in  1860.  This  is  the  one  of  his  numer- 
ous works  which  is  the  most  read.  It  embodies  a  treatise 
on  the  principles  of  art,  and  is  enriched  with  descriptions  of 
nature  which  are  unsurpassed  for  eloquence.  The  publica- 
tion of  the  first  volume  raised  a  storm  which  greatly  promot- 
ed the  popularity  of  the  book.  Its  design  was  to  prove  the 
superiority  of  modern  landscape  painters,  Turner  above 
them  all,  to  the  old  masters.  Conservatives  in  art  strongly 
opposed  this  position,  and  the  contest  of  opinion  is  memor- 
able in  the  history  of  art  and  literature.  When,  in  after 
years,  Ruskin  saw  the  Turner  collection  in  Marlborough 
House,  his  love  of  truth  led  to  the  considerable  modification 
of  his  early  and  enthusiastic  admiration  for  the  artist,  but  the 
views  expounded  in  "Modern  Painters"  have  greatly  influ- 
enced and  improved  recent  art. 

Mr.  Ruskin  published  "The  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture" 
in  1849,  and  in  1851-53,  "The  Stones  of  Venice."  Both 
were  written  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  a  better  style  of 
domestic  architecture.  They  were  adorned  with  illustrations 
made  after  the  hand  of  the  author.  A  later  work,  "The 
Study  of  Architecture  in  Our  Schools,"  published  in  18G5, 
contains  studies  and  investigations  founded  upon  Mr.  Raskin's 
observations  of  Venetian  buildings.  The  complete  list  of 
his  works  shows  him  to  be  one  of  the  most  vuluminous  as 
well  as  ablest  writers  of  the  century.  In  1807  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
which  also  gave  him  a  professorship.  Two  years  earlier,  Ox- 
ford had  made  him  Slade  Professor  of  the  Fine  Arts.  He 


298 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


showed  his  desire  to  advance  art  education  by  giving  twenty, 
fiye  thousand  dollars  to  endow  a  Master  of  Drawing  at  Ox- 
ford. His  "Element  of  Drawing"  is  a  valuable  and  thor- 
oughly practical  treatise.  "Political  Economy  of  Art"  is  a 
successful  endeavor  to  prove  the  scope,  the  capacities  and 
j  the  utility  of  art.  Besides  many  other  lectures,  essays  and 
pamphlets  upon  subjects  related  to  architecture  and  art  in 

their  proper  aspects,  Rus- 
kin  has  written  upon  mor- 
als, social  problems  and 
other  questions  in  no  way 
related  to  the  studies  and 
labors  which  have  given 
him  pre-eminence.  "  Fors 
Clavigera  "  is  a  work  de- 
signed to  promote  the  in- 
terests of  workingmen.  It 
has  failed  to  awaken  that 
interest  in  the  class  ad- 
dressed which  Mr.  Ruskin 
had  hoped  to  awaken. 

John  Ruskin  is  a  noble, 
free-handed  man.  While, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  not 
equally  happy  in  treating 
all  the  subjects  which  have 
JOHN  RUSKIN.  engaged  his  prolific -pen 

and  eloquent  voice,  the  greatest  art  critic  of  the  world  never 
speaks  from  press  or  platform  without  exciting  the  interest 
of  cultured  persons. 

John  Ruskin  is  now  known  as  the  champion  growler  and 
cynic  of  the  age.  Writing  to  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  about 
the  province  of  universities,  he  says:  "The  university's 
business  in  any  country  in  Europe  is  to  teach  its  youths  as 
much  Latin,  Greek,  mathematics  and  astronomy  as  they  can 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 


299 


quietly  learn  in  the  time  they're  at  it  —  and  nothing  else.  If 
they  don't  learn  their  own  language  at  home  they  can't  learn 
it  at  a  university.  If  they  want  to  learn  Chinese,  they 
should  go  to  China  —  and  if  they  want  to  learn  Dutch,  to 
Amsterdam;  and  after  they've  learned  all  they  want,  learn 
wholesomely  to  hold  their  tongues,  except  on  extreme  occa- 
sions, in  all  languages  whatsoever." 


In  1878  he  was  minister  to 


MARQUIS  TSENG. 

Born  in  183G. 

THE  great  Chinese  diplomatist,  Marquis  Tseng,  entered  the 
Chinese  service  at  an  early  age. 
the  courts  of  London  and 
Paris,  to  which  that  of  St. 
Petersburg  was  added  the 

o 

following  year. 

He  succeeded  in  arrang- 
ing a  treaty  by  which  Rus- 
sia ceded  the  northern  part 
of  the  province  of  Kulja, 
for  which  five  million  rou* 
bles  was  paid  in  exchange 
by  China. 

During  the  state  of  un- 
declared war  that   existed! 
between  France  and  China 
in  consequence  of  French 
(perations  in  Tonquin,  the' 
Marquis  Tseng  made   sev- 
eral unsuccessful  efforts  to 
effect  a  reconciliation.     In  MAK^TIS  TSK.M;. 

1885  peace  was,  however,  maintained  through  him  on  the  ba- 
sis of  the  cession  of  Tonquin  to  France.  Other  services 
have  also  been  performed  by  him  at  different  times. 


300 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


SENATOR  REAGAN. 

Born  Oct.  8, 1818. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Sevier  county,  in 
the  state  of  Tennessee,  where  he  received  a  limited  collegi- 
ate education.  He  studied  law,  and  settled  in  the  republic 
of  Texas  in  1839,  where  he  became  both  farmer  and  lawyer. 
He  was  deputy  surveyor  of  the  public  lands  from  1839  to 
1843,  and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1847.  Five  years 

afterward  he  was  made 
judge  of  the  district  court, 
resigning  in  1856, when  he 
was  re-elected  for  another 
term. 

In  1857  he  was  elected 
representative  to  congress, 
and  re-elected  in  the  year 
1859. 

In  1861  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Texas  secession 
convention,  and  a  repre- 
sentative of  that  state  in 
the  confederate  congress. 
For  a  short  time  before 
the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  acting  secretary  of  the 
treasury  of  the  confederacy 
In  1875  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional  conven- 
tion, and  was  elected  successively  to  the  forty-fourth,  forty- 
fifth,  forty-sixth,  fortyrseventh,  forty-eighth,  forty-ninth  and 
fiftieth  congresses. 

In  1888  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  suc- 
ceeding Senator  Maxey.  The  career  of  Mr.  Reagan,  as  a 
statesman,  has  been  a  long  and  busy  one;  and  he  yet  will 
live  to  attain  still  higher  positions  of  public  trust. 


SENATOR    REAGAN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


301 


HENKY  W.  BLAIR 

Born  Dec.  6, 1834. 

THE  United  States  senator  from  New  Hampshire,  Henry 
W.  Blair,  was  born  at  Carnpton  in  that  state.  His  father, 
who  was  a  decendant  from  a  colony  of  Scotch-Irish  which 
settled  in  New  Hampshire,  was  a  scholarly  man,  of  musical 
tastes  aud  culture,  and  a  prominent  officer  in  the  state  militia. 
The  mother  of  Senator  Blair  had  similar  tastes  and  attiin- 
ments  to  those  of  her  hus- 
band. Both  his  parents 
were  members  of  the  con- 
gregational denomination. 

In  1836  Senator  Blair's 
father  was  killed  accident- 
ally, leaving  a  widow  in 
extreme  poverty.  Before 
the  subject  of  this  sketch 
had  attained  the  age  of 
thirteen,  his  mother  also 
died.  About  three  years 
previous  to  this  bereave- 
ment,  he  had  been  taken 
as  an  inmate  of  the  resi 
dence  of  Mr.  Richard  Bart- 
lett,  of  Campton,  with 
whom  he  lived  several 
years,  improving  his  mind 
as  opportunities  afforded  and  working  on  the  farm  of  his 
benefactor.  His  education  up  to  the  age  of  nineteen  was 
gained  chiefly  by  attendance  at  the  common  school  in  winter, 
and  two  terms  at  the  Plymouth  academy 

Upon  leaving  his  home  at  Mr.  Bartlett's,  Mr.  Blair  taught 
school  and  adopted  other  means  to  raise  sufficient  money  for 
a  full  course  at  college;  but  his  health  failing,  was  deprived 


HENRY    W.    BLAIR. 


302  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

of  this  advantage,  succeeding  only  in  having  one  term  at  the 
New  Hampshire  Conference  Seminary.  He  subsequently 
read  law  with  William  Leverett,  of  Plymouth,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1859. 

In  1860  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  for  Grafton 
county.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  entered  the  army, 
and  was  appointed  major  of  the  fifteenth  New  Hampshire 
volunteers,  of  which  regiment  he  was  soon  made  lieutenant- 
colonel.  During  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson  he  was  wounded 
severely  twice,  and,  on  account  of  sickness,  was  incapable  of 
active  service  during  the  remainder  of  the  war. 

In  1866  he  was  elected  member  of  the  New  Hampshire 
house  of  representatives,  and  of  the  state  senate  in  1867-68. 
He  served  in  the  forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth  congresses,  but 
declined  a  renomination  to  the  house  of  representatives  of 
the  forty-sixth. 

Perhaps  his  greatest  distinction  has  been  earned  by  his 
attention  to  social  questions.  He  is  an  ardent  temperance 
reformer,  as  well  as  educationalist.  His  speeches,  both  in 
congress  and  at  temperance  meetings,  have  commanded  con- 
siderable attention  throughout  the  country.  Mr.  Blair's 
leading  achievement  as  a  statesman  has  been  the  passage  in 
the  senate  of  his  educational  bill.  As  passed  in  1884,  it  appro- 
priated seventy-seven  million  dollars  to  be  distributed  among 
the  states  in  proportion  to  their  illiteracy,  an  the  basis  of  the 
census  of  1880,  the  payments  of  the  money  to  extend  over 
a  series  of  eight  years.  The  amount  proposed  to  be  distribu- 
ted the  first  year  was  seven  million  dollars;  the  second,  ten 
million  dollars;  the  third,  fifteen  million  dollars;  the  sums 
then  diminishing  at  the  rate  of  two  million  dollars  annually 
until  the  eighth  year,  when  all  appropriations  would  cease 
entirely. 

Mr.  Blair  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  and 
took  his  seat  June  20,  1879.  He  received  the  re-election,  and 
his  present  term  expires  in  1891. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


303 


NICHOLAS  OF  MINGRELIA. 

Born  Jan,  4, 1847. 

NICHOLAS,  Prince  of  Mingrelia,  is  a  colonel  in  tlie  Russian 
army,  and  an  aide-de-camp  to  the  czar.  The  hereditary  title 
of  "prince"  comes  from  his  ancestors,  who  held  a  chieftain- 
ship over  some  of  the  wild  tribes  of  the  Caucasus.  The  ex- 
tinct dynasty  which  he  represents,  claimed  direct  descent 
from  King  David  of  Is- 
rael. 

Prince  Nicholas  is  said 
to  be  a  highly  educated, 
and  courteous  man  of 
European  type,  and  speaks 
several  languages.  Though 
still  maintaining  his  ances- 
tral castle  at  Luddidi,  he 
resides  mostly  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. 

Mingrelia  is  in  Asia, 
bordering  on  Circassia  and 
the  Black  sea,  and  is  a  part 
of  the  lieutenancy  of  the 
Caucasus,  of  which  the 
Grand-duke  Michael  is  the 
satrap. 

The  people  of  Mingrelia  NICHOLAS,  PRINCE  OF  MINGRELIA. 
do  little  beside  raise  corn  and  rice  enough  for  tobacco, 
and  bad  wine  enough  to  supply  their  appetites.  There  are 
practically  no  roads  or  other  improvements,  and  the  whole 
country  has  a  savage  and  forbidding  aspect.  The  inhabitants 
number  about  two  hundred  and  forty  thousand,  and  are  of 
the  most  debased  type  of  Georgians,  being  physically,  men- 
tally, and  morally,  the  lowest  of  the  Caucasian  tribes.  Min- 
grelia was  taken  in  conquest  by  Russia  in  1804. 


304 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


MILAN  I,  KING  OF  SERVIA. 

Born  in  1855. 

THE  king  of  Servia,  Milan  I,  was  crowned  in  1882,  with 
the  consent  of  the  powers;  but  before  that  he  had  held 
the  throne  for  fourteen  years  by  election  as  Prince  Milan 
Obrenovic  IV.  He  is  the  fourth  of  his  dynasty  since  Servia 
threw  off  the  Turkish  yoke  in  1829.  His  predecessor  was 

assassinated. 

In  1885,  the  king,  with- 
out a  declaration  of  hos- 
tilities, led  his  army  across 
the  Bulgarian  frontier,  ac- 
tuated by  motives  of  jeal- 
ousy at  the  prospect  of 
Prince  Alexander  becom- 
ing the  ruler  of  a  united 
Bulgaria.  After  decisive 
successes  had  been  won 
by  the  Servian  troops, 
Prince  Alexander  rallied 
his  men,  and  drove  the  Ser- 
vians out  of  Bulgaria.  The 
intervention  of  Austria  put 
a  stop  to  hostilities,  and 
peace  was  made  in  1886. 
Servia  has  a  population  of 
two  millions;  the  regular 
army  consists  of  fifteen  thousand  soldiers,  with  a  reserve  of 
sixty  thousand  men. 

The  constitution  of  this  kingdom  was  recently  remodeled 
in  liberal  form.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  king 
and  his  ministers,  and  the  legislative  power  in  an  assembly 
of  two  houses  elected  by  the  people.  The  king  was  married 
in  1875;  a  year  later  the  heir  apparent,  Alexander, was  born. 


MILAN  I,  KING  OF  SERVIA. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  305 

GEK  ROSECRAKS 

Born  in  1819. 

GEN.  ROSECRANS  is  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  late  war. 
He  was  employed  as  an  engineer  until  1654,  when  he  resign- 
ed. He  commanded  the  army  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
army  of  Cumberland  in  1862-63;  and  commanded  at  Stone 
river  and  Chickamauga.  Graduating  at  West  Point,  he  en- 
tered the  army,  but  resign- 
ed in  1854.  He  re-entered 
the  service  in  1861,  and  re- 
signed again  a  major-gen- 
eral in  1867.  In  1868  was 
minister  to  Mexico;  from 
1881  to  1885  a  member  of 
congress  from  California. 
Was  appointed  register  in 
1885. 

The  register  of  the  treas- 
ury was  established  in 
17-'.'.  It  is  the  duty  of  the 
register  to  keep  a  strict  ac- 
count  of  every  receipt  and 
disbursement  on  behalf  of| 
the  government. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general, and  com- 
manded the  union  forces  GEN" 
in  West  Virginia.  In  1862  he  commanded  the  army  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  gained  an  important  victory  at  Corinth  in 
October  of  the  same  year.  In  1863  ho  defeated  Bragg  at 
Stone  river;  and  going  in  pursuit  of  him  into  Georgia,  he 
occupied  Chattanooga  but  was  compelled  to  retire.  The 
general  has  filled  many  diplomatic  and  military  appointments 
and  was  American  minister  to  Mexico  in  1868 


306 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


LILLIE  LANGTKY. 

Born  in  1852. 

THIS  noted  beauty,  Lillie  Langtry,is  the  daughter  of  a  clergy- 
man and  a  native  of  the  little  Isle  of  Jersey.  She  made  her 
debut  as  Lady  Clara  in  "  A  Fair  Encounter,"  soon  afterward 
appearing  at  the  noted  London  Haymarket  theatre. 

After  a  provincial  tour,  during  which  she  assayed  new 
characters,  she  again  appeared  in  London  in  September,  1882, 
in  "As  You  Like  It." 

la  the  fall  of  the  same 
year  she  came  to  the  United 
States,  and  played  in  New 
York  and  Boston  to  large 
audiences,  which,  like  the 
English  public,  manifested 
at  first  a  qualified  approv- 
al. As  she  improved  rap- 
idly in  her  acting,  she 
gained  the  praise  of  critics 
and  popular  applause. 

Returning  to  London  she 
leased  a  theatre  and  play- 
ed to  large  audiences, 
winning  great  applause  as 
Pauline  in  the  "Lady  of 
Lyons." 

In  1886sheagain  visited 
the  CTnited  States,  and  repeated  her  successes  in  this  country, 
where  she  has  invested  most  of  her  earnings. 

In  July,  1887,  while  in  San  Francisco,  Lillie  Langtry  re- 
nounced British  allegiance,  and  applied  for  naturalization  as 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

When  in  Chicago,  a  correspondent  visited  her,  and  found 
the  "Jersey  Lily"  in  the  reception  room  of  her  parlor-car, 


LILLIE  LANGTRY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  307 

in  which  she  always  rides  when  traveling  in  this  country. 
The  beauty,  in  a  loose  Turkish  robe,  sat  among  her  rugs,  her 
silks,  and  her  books.  There  were  books  of  all  kinds:  Swin- 
burne and  Owen  Meredith,  Shelley  and  Shakspeare,  Irving 
on  the  "Art  of  Acting/' and  an  abstruse  treatise  on  botany. 

"Even  when  I  was  only  fourteen  years  of  age  "  she  said, 
ua  sighing  swain  had  proposed  for  my  hand.  He  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  forty-third  foot,  and  I  was  a  tomboy,  play- 
ing cricket  and  football  and  saddling  my  own  rnare.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  former  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  my 
father,  who,  you  know,  was  dean  of  Jersey,  thought  it  would 
be  delightful  to  marry  me  to  the  son  of  an  archbishop.  But 
you  can't  think  how  I  hated  the  man.  He  was  very  nice, 
no  doubt;  but  I  had  a  girlish  dislike  of  him,  and  much  pre- 
ferred the  society  of  my  seven  big  brothers  and  my  lesson- 
books.  For,  do  you  know,  I  was  quite  studious  when  I  was 
simply  Miss  Le  Breton  of  Jersey. 

"At  that  time  I  studied  Latin  and  Greek.  Even  mathe- 
matics. I  could  translate  Virgil  and  dabble  in  Xenophon. 
I  was  pretty  good,  too,  in  algebra  and  trigonometry.  But 
this  learning  seems  to  have  vanished  like  a  dream,  and  I 
sometimes  feel,  like  Roger  Tichborne,  that  a  good  education 
has  been  wasted  on  me. 

"A  great  many  people  have  said  that  I  had  an  early 
training  for  the  stage.  But  I  had  none.  I  never  trod  the 
boards,  even  at  home,  till  I  appeared  at  Twickenham  town 
hall  in  'A  Fair  Encounter.'  And  all  I  knew  of  the  stage 
I  learned  from  the  boxes  of  the  little  theatre  of  my  native 
town." 

She  married  Mr.  Langtry  when  but  nineteen  years  of  age. 
When  asked  about  him  she  was  silent.  And  the  actress 
traveled  back  in  memory  to  a  day  when  she  was  neither 
famous  nor  thought  of  fame  —  to  a  day  when  she  only 
thought  of  love,  and  a  Viking  came  over  the  seas  to  win  her. 

"  Though  only  twenty-five,  he  was  a  widower,"  she  said, 


308  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW, 

after  a  pause.  "Plis  first  wife  was  a  Miss  Price.  The 
Prices  were  Irish  people  living  in  Jersey;  and  Mr.  Langtry 
•was  Irish,  too,  his  people  being  among  the  chief  land-owners 
of  Belfast.  One  of  my  brothers  married  his  sister,  and  so 
our  families  contracted  their  intimacy.  "  My  father  thought 
he  was  richer  than  he  was.  He  was  nearly  at  the  end  of 
his  fortune,  and  I  knew  nothing  of  what  was  in  store  for  me. 
His  money  lasted  only  three  years  after  I  married  him. 
When  we  went  to  London  we  were  miserably  poor. 

"I  was  an  artists'  success.  The  paintings  made  me  famous. 
My  face  belonged  to  the  Greek  type,  which  was  popular  in 
London.  Watts  used  to  measure  my  face  when  I  sat  for 
him.  He  would  say,  'Good  God!  Not  a  hair's  breadth  out.' 
Then  my  pictures  were  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  and  that 
made  everybody  talk  of  me.  My  poverty  did  even  more 
than  the  painters  popularity.  I  had  recently  lost  one  of  my 
brothers,  and  I  went  to  parties  in  a  plain  black  dress  that  I 
possessed,  and  I  wore  it  everywhere.  The  women  sneered 
at  first,  but  the  men  commended.  'Notice  her  simplicity,' 
they  said.  'She  always  appears  in  a  plain  black  dress. 
She  wears  no  jewelry,  no  ornaments  of  any  kind.'  And  in 
this  way  they  thought  me  to  be  lovelier, 'perhaps,  than  I 
really  was.  But  after  all  it  is  luck  — blind  luck.  There  are 
so  many  pretty  women  in  London  that  there  was  no  reason 
why  I  should  be  singled  out. 

'•All  my  best  successes  have  been  in  dramas  of  society. 
I  love  to  play  the  part  of  a  wronged  wife.  Perhaps  I  feel 
the  character  more  then  others  do. 

"In  'A  Wife's  Peril,'  she  is  not  a  wronged  wife;  she  is  a 
naughty  wife.  I  don't  like  the  type  myself;  but  the  public 
seem  to  like  it. 

"In  'As  in  a  Looking  Glass' the  heroine  is  an  adventuress. 
She  is  a  woman  of  society.  I  have  seen  many  such  women 
in  society.  So  has  everybody  else.  And  I  doubt  if  the  type 
had  ever  been  presented  on  the  English-speeaking  stage." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


309 


JOHN  BROWN. 

]>»rn  in  1790. 

IN  these  days  of  rapid  changes  in  political  affairs,  a  man 
who  has  been  continuously  employed  by  the  government  for 
a  half-century  or  more,  is  certainly  an  object  of  interest. 
Such  a  man  is  John  Brown,  the  founder  and  still  a  resident 
of  Brownsville,  Washington  county,  Maryland. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  commenced  driving  his  father's 
team  to  Baltimore,  follow- 
ing this  pursuit  for  six 
years.  Then  he  went  to 
work  at  the  United  States 
armory  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
a  place  destined  to  be  in- 
separably associated  long 
afterward  with  the  deeds 
of  a  namesake. 

Remaining  there  about 
eighteen  months,  he  next 
enlisted  in  the  army  for 
the  war  of  1812.  He  first 
encamped  at  Camp  Han- 
sted;  his  company  fought 
bravely  at  the  battle  of 
North  Point,  under  the 
command  of  Captain  Stem- 
pie.  Upon  the  restoration  of  peace  he  was  honorably  dis- 
charged, and  returned  to  the  old  homestead. 

In  1816  he  started  a  tan-yard,  and  erected  the  buildings 
f< •;•  u  tannery  ifl  what  is  now  Brownsville,  continuing  in  the 
trade  until  a  short  time  ago. 

In  1826  he  put  up  the  first  house  in  Brownsville,  the  place 
taking  its  name  from  him;  two  vrurs  hitcT  he  married,  two 
children,  Catherine  and  Cornelius  blessing  this  union  with 


JOHN   BROWN. 


310  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Hannah  Dare,  who  is  yet  healthy  and  strong,  at  the  jovial 
age  of  eighty-four.  The  venerable  pair  occupy  the  dwelling 
which  Mr.  Brown  erected  in  1826,  situated  in  the  center  of 
the  village.  The  little  tannery  prospered,  bringing  people 
to  the  place  and  leading  to  the  beginning  of  a  settlement. 
A  postoffice  became  a  necessity,  in  due  course,  and  one 
was  established  by  President  Jackson,  in  charge  of  John  H. 
Beall,  whose  appointment  dated  from  January  28,  1833, 
his  successor  being  Andrew  Burns,  who  served  from  Octo- 
ber 27,  1835,  to  February  30,  1836,  when  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  succeeded  to  that  position,  which  he  held  for  twenty- 
seven  years. 

On  February  25,  1863,  his  son  Cornelius  took  the  office  his 
worthy  father  had  filled  so  long  and  faithfully,  and  he  is 
the  present  postmaster.  The  old  gentleman  did  not  entirely 
sever  his  connection  with  the  postal  business,  although  retir- 
ing from  the  more  active  duties  of  the  village  "•  Narby,"  to 
this  day  he  is  in  the  employ  of  the  department  as  mail  car- 
rier, although  ninety-eight  years  old  he  never  misses  a  trip. 
Thus  for  upward  of  fifty  years  he  has  served  the  government 
without  a  break,  and  he  is  certainly  the  oldest  of  its  employ- 
es engaged  in  actual  work. 

The  patriarch  enjoys  excellent  health,  retains  his  faculties 
unimpaired,  and  is  a  veritable  encyclopedia  of  events  reaching 
back  to  the  dawn  of  the  century.  The  portrait  is  engraved 
from  a  photograph  taken  a  few  years  since,  and  is  an  ad- 
mirable likeness. 

There  are  many  people  in  the  employ  of  the  United  States 
government  who  have  led  more  eventful  lives,  if  not  of  so 
long  a  duration,  as  that  of  John  Brown;  and  could  the  lives 
of  such  persons,  however  unimportant  a  part  they  may  have 
played  in  the  world's  history,  be  placed  before  us,  undoubt- 
edly they  would  be  of  more  interest  to  the  great  majority  of 
the  reading  public,  than  are  the  lives  of  many  a  monarch  or 
*'  eminent "  man. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


311 


LUCIUS  QUINTIUS  C.  LAMAR. 

Born  Sept.  17, 1825. 

THIS  great  statesman  was  born  in  Putnam  county, Georgia, 
and  graduated  from  Emory  college  in  1845.  Studying  law 
under  the  Hon.  A.  H.  Chappell,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1847.  Going  to  Mississippi  in  1849,  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  the  Mississippi  university.  In  1850 
he  resigned  and  went  to  Covington,  Georgia,  where  he  estab- 
lished a  law  practice,  and 
was  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture in  1853. 

In  1854  he  returned  to 
Mississippi,  and  was  sent  to 
congress,  serving  in  the 
thirty-fifth  and  thirty-sixth 
congresses. 

In  1861  he  represented 
his  state  in  the  convention 
of  the  southern  states,  and 
during  the  same  year  en- 
tered the  confederate  army. 
In  18f  3  he  was  sent  by 
President  Davis  to  Russia 
on  diplomatic  business. 

In  1866,  he  became  LUCIUS  QUINTIUS  c.  LAMAR. 
professor  of  political  and  social  science  in  the  university  of 
Mississippi;  but  in  the  succeeding  year,  he  was  transferred 
to  the  law  professorship.  In  1876  he  was  chosen  United 
States  senator  for  the  full  term,  having  previously  been 
elected  to  the  forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth  congresses. 

He  was  appointed' secretary  of  the  interior  by  Cleveland 
on  March  5,  1885,  and  chief  justice  in  1888. 

Senator  Lamar's  speech  in  congress,  after  the  death  of  the 
eminent  Charles  Sumner,  made  a  deep  impression  and  creat- 


312  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

ed  a  profound  sensation,  coming  as  it  did  from  southern 
lips,  yet  praising  sincerely  and  fervently,  with  eloquent  words, 
the  life  of  one  who  had  criticized  with  severity  the  south  and 
its  policy.  All  his  prepared  efforts  are  remarkable  for  their 
beauty  of  conception  and  dignity  of  expression. 

When  Mr.  Lamar  was  in  congress  before  the  war  he  was 
a  popular  and  well-known  figure  at  the  capitol.  He  has  al- 
ways had  as  many  friends  on  the  republican  side  of  the 
senate  as  on  the  democratic  side.  He  and  Roscoe  Conkling 
were  boon  companions,  and  it  was  one  of  their  favorite 
diversions  to  meet  for  a  friendly  round  with  the  gloves. 
The  new  judge  is  also  an  excellent  swordsman,  and  he  is  al- 
ways happy  to  take  up  the  foils  with  any  one  who  pretends 
to  have  skill  in  fencing. 


SHELBY  M.  CULLOM. 

Born  Nov.  22, 1829. 

SHELBY  M.  CULLOM,  of  Springfield,  Illinois,  was  born  ID 
Wayne  county,  Kentucky,  his  father  removing  to  Tazewell 
county,  Illinois,  when  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  but  one 
year  old.  After  receiving  an  academic  and  university  edu- 
cation, he  went  to  Springfield  in  the  autumn  of  1853  to 
study  law,  and  has  since  resided  there. 

Immediately  upon  receiving  license  to  practice,  he  was 
elected  to  the  position  of  city  attorney,  still  continuing,  how- 
ever, in  the  business  and  practice  of  law  until  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  house  of  representatives  In  the  year  of  1865. 

Mr.  Cullom  became  a  presidential  elector  in  1856  on  the 
Fillmore  ticket,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  the  Illinois  legislature  in  1856,  1860, 
18T2,  and  1874,  being  elected  speaker  in  1861  and  in  18T3. 
He  was  also  a  representative  from  Illinois  in  the  thirty-ninth, 
fortieth,  and  forty-first  congresses,  serving  from  1865  to  1871. 
This  great  statesman  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  national  re- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


313 


publican  convention  at  Philadelphia  in  1872,  being  chairman 
of  the  Illinois  delegation,  on  which  occasion  Gen.  Grant  was 
placed  in  nomination;  and  again  in  1884  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  national  republican  convention  as  chairman  of  the  Il- 
linois delegation. 

After  filling  numerous  positions  of  trust,  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Illinois  in  1876,  was  re-elected  in  1880,  serving 
until  1883, when  he  resign- 
ed, having  received  the 
election  to  the  senate  of  the 
United  States  as  a  republi- 
can. This  term  expires  in 
March,  1889. 

Mr.  Cullom  is  an  unpre- 
tending, capable,  and  an 
exceedingly  conscientious 
man. 

Senator  Cullom's  popu- 
larity makes  his  house  a 
favorite  resort,  and  there  is 
seldom  a  moment  during 


the  morning  or  the  evening       ^^^^^^^^^ 
that  he  is  without  callers. 


SHELBY  M.  CULLOM. 


Mrs.  Cullom  is  equally 
popular  in  society,  and  her 
parlors  are  constantly  sought  by  a  host  of  friends  and  admir- 
ers. The  senator  says  that  his  wife's  enthusiasm  for  the 
inter-state  commerce  bill  was  simply  intense  until  she  learn- 
ed by  the  merest  accident  that  when  it  became  a  law  she 
would  not  be  able  to  ride  on  passes  any  more.  After  that 
she  turned  a  regular  somersault  and  became  one  of  the  haul- 
ers of  the  opposition. 

The  Senator  labors  in  the  plain,  old-fashioned  way  that  his 
facial  counterpart  —  Abraham  Lincoln  —  did,  giving  his  time 
and  his  mind  incessantly  to  his  arduous  legislative  duties. 


314 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  EEVIEW- 


MARIE  CHRISTINA. 

Born  July  21, 1858. 

THE  Queen  Regent  of  Spain,  Marie  Christina,  widow  of 
King  Alfonso,  gave  birth  to  a  son  in  1886.  This  son,  whose 
royal  sire  died  before  his  birth,  is  named  Alfonso  Leon,  and 
is  the  heir  to  the  throne  of  Spain. 

Queen  Marie  Christina  is  the  daughter  of  the   Archduke 

Karl  Ferdinand  and  the 
Archduchess  Elizabeth,  a 
cousin  of  Francis  Joseph, 
emperor  of  Austria.  She 
was  married  to  King  Al- 
fonso XII,  of  Spain,  in  the 
year  of  1879. 

A  daughter  was  born  to 
them  in  1880,  who  was  ac- 
cepted, at  the  death  of  the 
king,  as  heir  to  the  Span- 
ish throne;  but  the  birth  of 
this  male  heir,  of  course, 
took  from  her  that  royal 
honor. 

In  1886  the  queen  sign- 
ed a  decree  freeing  the 
slaves  in  Cuba,  which  lit- 
MARIE  CHRISTINA.  tie  island  is  a  Spanish  pos- 

session. This  brought  to  a  close  the  emancipation  move- 
ment of  that  country,  and  the  curse  of  slavery  no  longer  ex- 
ists in  Cuba.  The  decree  of  the  queen  released,  it  is  estimat- 
ed, about  two  hundred  thousand  slaves. 

The  military  glory  of  Spain  has  passed  away,  it  is  true, 
yet  she  has  an  army,  on  a  peace  footing,  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred thousand  men.  The  expenditure  generally  exceeds  her 
revenue,  and  there  is  a  debt  of  $1,190,000,000. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


315 


DON  PEDRO  M.  SAGASTA. 

THE  prime  minister  of  Spain,  Senor  Sagasta.  is  the  leader 
of  the  Spanish  liberals.  He  is  an  old  and  experienced 
statesman,  and  is  backed  by  a  very  large  majority  in  the 
cortes. 

The  king  of  Spain,  Alfonso  XII,  died  November  25,  1885, 
of  consumption,  deeply  mourned  by  his  loyal  subjects.  His 
son  and  heir,  Alfonso  XIII, 
was  born  May  17,  1886;  it 
was  the  very  unusual  case 
of  a  child  born  to  the 
throne  —  acknowledged  a 
king  from  the  moment  of 
its  birth. 

The  Carlists  had  hoped 
to  profit  by  political  disor- 
ders after  the  death  of  the 
late  monarch,  but  were 
doomed  to  sad  disappoint- 
ment, as  it  seems  to  have 
rallied  all  classes  in  sup-( 
port  of  the  throne.  For 
in  the  general  elections  of 
1 880  the  ministerial  party 
headed  by  Senor  Sagasta. 
secured  an  overwhelming 
majority  in  both  houses,  completely  discouraging  the  follow- 
ers of  Don  Carlos,  the  pretender  to  the  Spanish  throne.  This 
pretender  is  the  grandson  of  Carlos  de  Bourbon,  the  second 
son  of  Charles  IV. 

Of  course  the  power  and  authority  of  the  present  king, 
on  account  of  his  infancy,  is  limited  by  the  regency  of  his 
mamma,  Marie  Christina. 


SENOR  SAGASTA. 


816 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ. 

Born  Dec.  17. 1835. 

THE  son  of  Louis  Agassiz  occupies  a  place  probably  not 
less  distinguished  than  that  filled  by  his  illustrious  father. 
Alexander  Agassiz  is  one  of  our  most  eminent  men  of  science, 
and  is  regarded  with  the  grateful  interest  to  which  men  of 
superior  attainments  who  employ  them  for  the  public  good 
are  surely  entitled.  He  was  born  at  Neuchatel,  Switzerland. 
His  mother  was  the  sister 
of  Alexander  Braun,  Louis 
Agassiz's  friend  while  at 
college,  a  woman  distin- 
guished in  many  ways,  but 
especially  in  the  skill  of 
drawing. 

When,  in  1846,  his 
father  left  home  for  the 
United  States,  Alexander 
remained  at  home  with  his 
mother.  He  was  fifteen 
years  of  age  when  he  land-; 
ed  in  the  United  States,  ai 
motherless  boy.  His  father 
had  him  prepared  for  col- 
lege, and  he  was  entered  a 
student  at  Harvard,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1855. 

Young  Agassiz    chose  ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ. 

civil  engineering  as  his  profession,  and  studied  in  the  Law- 
rence scientific  school  of  Harvard,  and  took  his  degree  of 
B.S.  in  1857.  During  three  terms  in  the  chemical  school, 
with  which  he  supplemented  his  studies  at  the  scientific  school, 
he  devoted  apart  of  his  time  to  teaching  in  his  father's 
school  for  young  women. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  317 

Alexander  Agassiz  went  to  California  in  1859,  where  he 
received  the  appointment  of  assistant  on  the  United  States 
coast  survey.  His  work  was  on  the  northwestern  boundary. 
After  resigning  office  he  employed  himself  in  San  Francisco 
making  drawings  of  fish  that  had  been  caught  along  the 
boundary.  At  this  time  also  he  began  to  make  additions  to 
his  fathers  collection  of  natural  objects. 

He  spent  the  greater  part  of  the  winter  of  1859-60  at  Pa- 
nama and  Acapulco,  collecting  specimens  for  the  museum 
of  comparative  zoology  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

The  next  spring  he  returned  to  his  work  in  San  Francisco. 
After  examining  mines  in  the  interior  of  California,  in  July, 
1860,  he  returned  to  Cambridge,  where  he  was  appointed 
agent  of  the  museum.  He  then  took  the  full  course  in  the 
zoological  and  geological  departments  of  the  Lawrence  scien- 
tific school.  Previous  to  the  absence  of  his  father  in  Brazil 
in  1865,  he  had  been  appointed  assistant,  in  zoology  at  the 
museum,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  in  full  charge  at  the 
time. 

In  1865  he  also  engaged  in  coal  mining  in  Pennsylvania, 
additional  to  his  work  at  home  in  Massachusetts.  From  1866 
to  the  autumn  of  1869  Agassiz  assisted  with  brilliant  success 
in  the  development  of  mining  property  in  Michigan.  He 
afterward  went  abroad  to  examine  the  museums  of  the  lead- 
ing countries  of  Europe. 

In  1870  he  returned  to  Cambridge,  when  he  was  made 
assistant  curator  of  the  museum.  His  father  died  in  1874, 
when  Alexander  succeeded  him  as  curator  of  that  institution. 
In  that  year  also,  he  was  elected  by  the  alumni  one  of  the 
overseers  of  Harvard.  Four  years  subsequently  he  was  chosen 
by  the  corporation  one  of  its  fellows.  He  resigned  the  honor 
several  years  ago  on  account  of  bad  health. 

Mr.  Agassiz  retains  his  connection  with  the  museum, 
which  he  has  enriched  by  liberal  gifts.  It  is  stated  that  in 
all  he  has  given  more  than  half  a  million  dollars  to  Harvard 


318  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

university.  He  was  away  on  a  long  voyage  to  Alaska,  to 
get  rest  and  to  regain  strength,  after  the  exhaustion  induced 
by  excessive  application. 

Mr.  Agassiz  was  for  a  time  connected  with  the  Anderson 
school  of  natural  history,  on  Penikese  Island.  Some  results 
of  his  work  in  various  parts  of  South  America  in  1875  are 
seen  in  the  collection  of  Peruvian  antiquities  at  the  Peabody 
museum,  Cambridge. 

In  1873  he  gained  the  Walker  prize  of  a  thousand  dollars 
from  the  Boston  society  of  natural  history.  Two  years  later  he 
assisted  Sir  Wyville  Thompson  to  arrange  and  make  up  the 
collection  of  the  Challenger  exploring  expedition. 

He  was  the  first  foreigner  to  receive  the  "  Prix  Serres  " 
from  the  academic  des  sciences  de  Paris.  The  honor  is 
awarded  once  only  in  ten  years. 

Agassiz  spent  the  winters  from  1876  to  1881  in  deep-sea 
dredging,  the  steamer  ' '  Blake  "  being  placed  at  his  disposal 
for  this  purpose  by  the  coast  survey. 

His  degree  of  LL.D.  is  from  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
England.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  asso- 
ciation for  the  advancement  of  science  in  1869;  six  years 
later  he  became  a  fellow;  and  in  1870  was  made  vice-presi- 
dent. In  1866  was  elected  to  membership  in  the  national 
academy  of  science,  and  held  the  office  of  foreign  secretary 
till  1886. 

Dr.  Agassiz  is  likewise  a  member  of  numerous  societies, 
both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  including  the  academy 
of  natural  sciences,  Philadelphia;  the  New  York  academy  of 
science;  and  American  philosophical  society,  Philadelphia. 

The  list  of  his  published  works  would  be  a  long  one.  'All 
his  papers  and  volumes  are  on  subjects  of  natural  history. 
This  eminent  man  of  science  is  unpretending  in  his  manners, 
lively  and  energetic  in  his  movements.  He  is  kindly-natured 
and  affable,  a  good  and  a  wise  man;  like  his  great  father,  an 
honor  to  human  nature. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


319 


ABDURRAHMAN  KHAN. 

Born  in  1840. 

THE  ameer  of  Afghanistan,  Abdurrahman  Khan,  is  the 
son  of  Dost  JVlohamed,  the  ruler  of  Afghanistan  fifty  years 
ago.  When  Shere  Ali  was  disposed  by  the  British,  his  son, 
Yakoob  Khan,  was  made  ameer,  but  being  a  weak  man,  he 
was  unable  to  maintain  his  authority.  In  1879  he  was  de- 
posed, and  his  cousin  Abdurrahman  succeeded  him. 

The  ameer  has  made 
an  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance  with  Great  Britain, 
for  the  sake  of  protecting 
his  country  from  an  inva- 
sion by  Russia  from  the 
north.  Afghanistan  lies 
in  the  path  between  Russia 
and  British  India,  and  its 
conquest  is  undoubtedly  a 
part  of  Russia's  plans.  So 
far,  however,  Russia's  ad- 
vance has  been  checked  by 
British  diplomacy. 

Russia  is  steadily  ad- 
vancing her  conquest  of 
Asia.  The  Transcaspian 
district  has  been  wholly 
conquered  and  the  railroad 
extended  through  Merv  to 
Bokhara,  which  is  the  next  country  to  be  annexed.  This  will 
extend  the  Russian  power  all  along  the  northern  boundary 
of  Afghanistan  and  further  endanger  the  peace  of  that  country. 

Furthermore,  Ayoub  Khan,  the  pretender  to  the  anu-cr- 
ship,  has  been  released  by  the  Persians,  and  with  secret  as- 
sistance from  the  Russians,  seeks  to  gain  the  favor  of  the 
disaffected  Afghans. 


ABDURRAHMAN    KHAN. 


320 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEORGE  F.  EDMUNDS. 

Born  about  1828. 

AMONG  those  who  are  universally  conceded  to  be  among 
the  most  prominent  statesmen,  is  Senator  George  F.  Ed- 
munds of  Vermont.  As  a  lawyer,  statesman  and  debater, 
he  ranks  among  the  highest  in  the  land.  The  country  hears 
from  him  on  all  great  public  questions,  which  do  not  seem  to 
have  been  thoroughly  discussed  until  the  illumination  of  his 

learning,  cool  judgment 
and  perspicuous  statement 
have  been  brought  to  bear 
upon  them. 

He  is  a  genial  man, 
warm  and  constant  in  his 
friendships,  as  is  seen  in 
the  brotherly  association 
with  ex -Senator  Thurman 
of  Ohio.  That  he  is  a  man 
against  whose  fair  name 
calumny  would  be  power- 
less, needs  not  be  said. 

In  1880  and   1884  sev- 
eral   newspapers  strongly 
urged  his  nomination   for 
GEORGE  F.  EDMUNDS.  the    presidency,   and   the 

latter  year  he  received  ninety-three  votes  for  that  office.  Ed- 
munds is  a  Yermonter  by  birth,  having  been  born  at  Rich- 
mond. 

Receiving  a  public  school  education,  he  read  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  At  twenty-three  years  of  age  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  continued  to  assist  in  its 
proceedings  five  years,  during  three  of  which  he  served  as 
speaker  of  the  house.  In  1861-2  he  acted  as  temporary  pre- 
siding officer  of  the  senate  of  Vermont.  The  seat  in  the 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  321 

United  States  senate  has  been  held  by  him  continuously 
since  1866.  On  the  resignation  of  David  Davis  as  the  pres- 
ident of  the  senate,  he  was  elected  to  succeed  him. 

No  public  man  commands  greater  respect  than  Senator 
Edmunds.  His  honors  are  universally  felt  to  be  due  to  his 
superior  talents,  exemplary  diligence  and  exalted  character. 


WILLIAM  M.  EVAKTS. 

Born  in  1818. 

IT  is  said  of  Senator  Evarts,  that  his  favorite  amuse- 
ment rests  in  his  feet  rather  than  in  his  hands,  and  he  winds 
his  long  legs  in  and  out  like  the  India-rubber  man  of  the  cir- 
cus. He  is  said  to  be  able  to  twist  one  leg  around  the  other 
three  times  and  rest  both  feet  flat  on  the  floor*  and  this  is 
his  favorite  attitude  while  listening  to  a  good  story  or  think- 
ing up  an  after-dinner  speech.  Evarts  is  one  of  the  best  af- 
ter-dinner speakers  in  congress,and  he  is  one  of  the  best  sto- 
ry-tellers. He  rarely  remains  in  his  seat  for  any  length  of 
time,  and  slides  about  through  the  senate  chairs  from  one 
brother  senator  to  the  other,  giving  a  word  of  wisdom  here 
and  a  witty  repartee  there,  and  carrying  good  nature  with 
him  wherever  he  goes.  Evarts  is  a  good  laugher— that  is, 
he  is  a  good  laugher  for  Evarts. 

lie  seldom  laughs  loud  enough  for  any  one  else  to  hear 
him,  and  the  only  time  when  he  gets  the  wrinkles  out  of  his 
anatomy  is  when  he  hears  a*good  joke  and  shakes  all  over 
with  that  convulsive  but  silent  laugh. 

This  statesman,  William  M.  Evarts,  is  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished citizens  of  the  United  States.  Although  he  is  an 
uncompromising  republican,  he  is  revered  and  esteemed  by 
his  political  opponents,  fully  as  much  as  by  his  friends.  The 
Evarts  family  hail  from  Massachusetts,  and  Jeremiah  Evarts, 
the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  one  of  the  most 


322 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


prominent  of  Boston's   clergymen.     William  M.  Evarts  was 
born  in  Boston,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1837. 

He  studied  law  at  the   Harvard   law  school  and  was  ad 
mitted  to  the  bar  in  1840.     He  practiced  law  in  New  York 
city  and  soon  established  a  lucrative  practice,  and  became 
celebrated  for    his   great    profundity   and    great  erudition. 
When  the  republican  party  was  founded,  he  was  one  of  the 

first  to  enroll  himself  as  a 
member. 

At  the  time  of  Presi- 
dent Johnson's  impeach- 
ment, Mr.  Evarts  was  his 
principal  counsel,  and  suc- 
ceeded Stan  berry  in  the 
cabinet. 

Before  this,  from  1 847 
to  1853,  he  was  United 
States  district  attorney.  In 
1871,  he  with  two  col- 
leagues were  appointed  by 
Gen.  Grant  to  defend  the 
interests  of  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States  before 
the  ''Tribunal  of  Arbitra- 
tion" that  met  to  settle 
the  "Alabama  claims." 
Mr.  Evarts  was  the  principal  counsel  in  the  notorious 
Tilton-Beecher  trial  in  1875.  In  1877  he  argued  the  repub- 
lican side  of  the  case  before  the  electoral  commission.  Up- 
on the  accession  of  Mr.  Hayes  to  the  presidential  chair,  he 
entered  the  cabinet  as  secretary  of  state.  He  is  considered 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  orators,  and  he  was  honored  in 
receiving  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Union  college  in  1857; 
from  Yale,  his  "Alma  Mater,"  in  1865;  and  from  Harvard 
in  1870.  The  senator's  term  expires  in  1891. 


WILLIAM    M.   EVARTS. 


7  HE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


323 


JOHN  RUSSELL  YOUNG. 

Born  in  1841. 

THIS  popular  author  and  newspaper  writer  was  born  at 
Downington,  Pennsylvania,  and  was  educated  at  the  high 
school  at  New  Orleans.  Upon  attaining  a  proper  age  he 
became  connected  with  the  Philadelphia  "•  Press,1'  and  work- 
ed upon  the  paper  in  the  capacity  of  compositor,  reporter, 
and  news  editor.  Such  was 
the  ability  with  which  he 
managed  his  department 
on  that  paper  that  he  at- 
tracted the  attention  of 
Horace  Greeley.who  offer- 
ed him  a  position  on  the 
New  York  "Tribune, "then 
at  the  zenith  of  its  success. 

Mr.  Young  accepted  the 
offer  and  became  the  man- 
aging editor.  This  was  in 
1865;  in  1869  he  resigned 
and  started  the  "Stand- 
ard, "which  did  not,  how- 
ever,meet  his  expectations; 
and,  in  1872,  he  joined  the 
staff  of  the  New  York 
'-Herald." 

When  General  Grant  made  his  tour  of  the  world,  Young 
was  elected  to  accompany  him,  representing  the  New  York 
"Herald;"  and  he  sent  that  paper  graphic  accounts  of  the 
journey.  Returning  with  Grant  to  America,  he  wrote  his  ex- 
periences and  published  them  in  book  form,  which  was  pro- 
fusely illustrated.  In  1882  Mr.  Young  was  made  minister 
to  China.  He  was  married  shortly  before  his  departure  for 
that,  country,  where  his  wife  died. 


JOHN  RUSSELL  YOUNG. 


324 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


LOUISE  MICHEL. 

THE  life  of  Louise  Michel  lias  been  one  of  sadness  and  of 
unusual  intensity. 

She  was  born  at  the  Chateau  de  Vroncourt,  where  her 
mother  was  a  domestic;  her  father  is  said  to  have  been  an 
aristocrat.  Her  early  life  was  passed  in  plenty,  and  she 
was  the  pet  of  the  household  circle,  who  admired  her  pre- 
cocity and  the  originality  of  her  views.  Upon  the  death  of 

her  protectress  and  the  ad- 
vent of  new  owners  to  the 
home  in  which  she  had 
lived  in  comfort  and  honor, 
her  mother  and  she  were 
sent  out  into  the  cold 
•world.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances she  opened  a 
school  in  the  village  of 
Audelencourt,  but  did  not 
|Succeed;and  an  experiment 
fof  •  the  same  character, 


LOUISE   MICIIKL 


in  Paris,  was  also  a 
ffailure.  She  then  found 
more  congenial  associa- 
tions than  those  of  the 
school-room  in  the  political 
clubs  which  were  springing 
up  in  the  French  capital;  and  she  became  a  leader  in  the 
diffusion  of  ideas  which,  in  the  course  of  time,  took  the  form 
in  her  mind  of  a  new  social  system.  During  the  struggle 
made  by  the  Commune  she  fought  under  the  red  flag,  was 
made  prisoner  and  exiled  to  New  Caledonia.  The  noble 
generosity  of  the  woman  appeared  in  many  ways  while  on 
her  way  to  that  far-off'  land  and  while  a  resident  there.  Her 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  325 

bestowing  her  stockings  and  shoes  upon  a  wretch  more  in 
need  of  them  than  she  while  on  the  way  out  is  remembered  as 
one  of  her  numerous  acts  of  self-denial.  Upon  her  pardon 
and  return  to  her  native  country  she  resumed  her  old  occu- 
pation as  a  political  agitator,  and  came  the  second  time 
under  legal  constraint,  being  sentenced  to  a  long  term  of 
imprisonment.  By  the  clemency  of  the  president  of  the 
French  republic  she  was, however,  soon  liberated. 

Louise  Michel  is  described  as  a  quiet,  kind-looking  middle- 
aged  woman,  homely  in  her  general  appearance.  Her  brow 
is  intellectual,  her  mouth  too  large  for  beauty,  her  hair 
brown  in  color  and  cut  short,  her  eyes  gray  and  full  of  ex- 
pression. She  dresses  shabbily  in  black.  One  of  her  ad- 
mirers says  that  after  a  brief  conversation  with  her  the 
plainness  of  her  features  is  lost  sight  of  in  the  charm  of  her 
manner  and  of  her  mind.  Her  delivery  as  a  public  speaker 
is  quiet  and  subdued;  she  utters  terrible  things  in  a  manner 
amiable  and  winning.  Her  political  views  are  summarized 
in  her  own  words,  thus:  "  Tear  down  the  whole  social  edifice, 
and  begin  over  again."  She  maintained  that  crime  is  the 
result  of  existing  abuses,  which  would  be  destroyed  in  the 
creation  of  a  new  social  edifice,  in  which  justice  and  love 
would  rule.  Her  scheme  involves  the  abolishment  of  govern- 
ment and  the  creation  of  social  groups,  in  which  every 
member  would  contribute  to  the  general  good,  the  abler 
members  without  superior  reward  on  account  of  superior  ser 
vices,  but  content  with  doing  more  for  the  association. 
Money  would  have  no  place  in  this  arrangement,  the  wants 
of  all  being  supplied  from  a  public  store  to  which  all  would 
contribute  according  to  the  nature  of  their  production  and 
the  extent  of  their  capacity. 

The  apostle  of  this  dream  has  her  home  in  poverty  in  one 
of  the  obscure  parts  of  Paris.  She  has  realized  but  little  by 
the  authorship  of  school  -books,  which  are  said  to  possess 
superior  merits. 


326 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


JOHN  WANNAMAKER. 

Born  about  1840. 

THK  leading  merchant  in  Philadelphia,  John  Wannamaker, 
is  yet  a  middle-aged  man.  His  youth  was  a  laborious  struggle, 
rewarded  in  early  manhood  with  the  means  to  open  a  cloth- 
ing establishment  in  "the  city  of  Brotherly  Love."  Untiring, 
honest,  straightforward,  shrewd,  the  young  merchant 
prospered. 

A  good  story  is  told  of  him  wlie-ling  a  barrow  containing 
a  large  package  promised 
to  a  customer  for  delivery 
at  a  certain  time,  rather 
than  to  disappoint  his 
customer.  He  continued  in 
the  clothing  business  un- 
til about  the  year  1880, 
when  he  opened  the  bazar, 
which  is  one  of  the 
"  sights  "  of  Philadelphia. 
New  York  has  nothing  to 
compare  with  it.  It  is  a 
wonderful  transformation 
of  the  depot  formerly  oc- 
cupied by  the  Pennsylvania 
Railway  Company.  Every- 
thing for  which  a  place. can 
be  found  in  the  house  is 
purchaseable  at  Wannamaker's  excepting,  perhaps,  groceries 
and  meat. 

To  fully  enumerate  its  variety  is  an  impracticable  and  un- 
necessary task.  Of  course,  old-fashioned  and  conservative 
business  people  said  Wannamaker  would  fail  in  his  great 
enterprise.  They  were  mistaken.  He  is  the  first  mer- 
chant of  his  city. 


JOHN  WANNAMAKER. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


327 


GEORGE  I,  KING  OF  GREECE. 

Born  in  ix-i~>. 

GEORGE  I,  the  king  of  Greece,  or  king  of  the  Hellenes, 
has  been  king  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  or  since  he  was  but 
eighteen  years  of  age,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Hellenic 
throne.  He  finds  it  a  hard  job  to  rule  the  modern  Greeks 
or  keep  their  favor,  and  has  never  been  too  firmly  establish- 
ed on  the  throne.  More 
than  once  during  his  event- 
ful career  it  seemed  as  if 
King  George  would  even 
have  to  abandon  the 
throne. 

Neither  can  it  be  said 
that,  undor  his  reign,  agri- 
culture has  much  improved 
or  even  that  brigandage 
has  diminished. 

The  relations  between 
Greece  and  European  pow- 
ers (except  France  and 
DC- 11  mark)  are  not  altogeth- 
er friendly,  as  Greece  re- 
sents the  action  of  the 
powers  in  forcing  her  to 
desist  from  war  with  Tur- 
key in  the  spring  of  1886.  GEORGE  i,  KING  OF  GREECE. 

Like  Servia,  Greece  resented  any  disturbance  of  the  exist- 
ing order  of  things  by  which  she  did  not  profit,  and  armed 
iicr>elf  in  preparation  for  a  general  conflict,  advancing  her 
claims  to  Epirus  and  Thessaly,  based  on  the  award  of  the 
Berlin  conference;  but  she  was  ordered  by  the  powers  to  dis- 
band her  armies.  The  population  of  the  country  is  about 
two  millions,  with  an  army  of  thirty-five  thousand  men. 


328 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


MURAT  HALSTEAD. 

Born  Sept.  2,  182!). 

THE  great  journalist,  Murat  Halstead,  is  a  native  of  Ohio, 
being  born  in  Paddy's  Run,  in  Butler  county  of  that  state. 
He  spent  the  summers  on  his  father's  farm,  and  the  winters 
in  school  until  he  was  nineteen  years  old.  He  then  taught 
school  for  a  short  time,  entered  Farmer's  college,  near  Cin- . 
cinnati,  Ohio,  whence  he  graduated  in  1851. 

He  had  already  contri- 
buted to  the  press,  and 
after  leaving  college,  be- 
came connected  with  the 
Cincinnati  "Atlas,"  and 
later  on  with  the  "  Enquir- 
er." He  afterward  estab- 
lished a  Sunday  school 
paper  in  that  city,  and  din- 
ing 1852-53  worked  on  the 
"Col  umbian  Great  West, " 
a  weekly  newspaper. 

After  working  on  the 
Cincinnati  ' '  Commercial  " 
a  short  time,  he  bought  an 
interest  therein,  and  in 
1867  its  control  passed  in- 
to his  hands. 

After  pursuing  for  a  time  a  course  of  independent  journal- 
ism, he  allied  himself  with  the  republican  party,  which  he 
has  since  supported. 

The  Cincinnati  "Gazette"  was  consolidated  with  his  paper 
in  1883,  and  he  became  president  of  the  company  that  pub- 
lish the  combined  journal  under  the  name  of  the  "Commer- 
cial-Gazette." 


MTTRAT  HALSTEAD. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


829 


WILLIAM  C.  ENDICOTT. 

Born  Nov.  19, 18&. 

THE  prominent  lawyer  and  statesman,  William  Crownin- 
shield  Endicott,  is  a  native  of  Salem,  in  the  state  of  Massa- 
chusetts. He  is  a  direct  descendant  of  ex-gov.  John  Endicott, 
and  a  grandson  of  Jacob  Crowninshield.  Graduating  at 
Harvard  in  1847,  he  studied  in  the  law  school  and  with  Na- 
thanael  J.  Lord,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Massachu- 
setts bar  in  1850. 

He  then  practiced  law 
until  1873,  when  he  was 
appointed  associate  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachusetts,  which  office 
he  held  for  ten  years,  when 
he  resigned. 

Mr.  Endicott  was  origin- 
ally a  "whig"  in  politics, 
but  when  that  party  was 
broken  up,  he  joined  the 
democrats,  and  was  a  can- 
didate of  that  party  for  the 
governorship  of  Massachu- 
setts in  1884,  but  received 
defeat,  although  he  was  very  popular,  and  polled  quite  a 
large  vote. 

In  March,  1885,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war,  which 
position  he  still  holds  (1888).  The  war  department  was  es- 
tablished by  act  of  congress  in  1789.  The  secretary  of  war 
is  at  the  head,  and  performs  the  duties  respecting  military 
affairs,  subject  to  the  wishes  of  the  president,  of  whose  cab- 
inet the  secretary  is  a  member.  The  duties  of  this  office  are 
manifold,  requiring  a  general  supervision  of  army  affairs. 


WILLIAM   ('.   KNIMCOTT. 


«30 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  M.  HARLAN. 

Born  in  1833. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  John  M.  Harlan,  before  he 
became  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  was  well  known  as  a 
politician  and  public  speaker. 

Judge  Harlan  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  Kentucky,  and 
still  remains  one  of  the  citizens  of  that  state.  Early  in  life 

he  studied  law,  and  before 
he  had  attained  his  thir- 
tieth year  was  elected  at- 
torney -  general  of  his 
state. 

In  1877  he  was  appoint- 
ed by  President  Hayes  to 
the  position  of  justice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the 
the  United  States,  which 
he  still  retains. 

The  duties  of  the  supreme 
court  are  very  arduous,  and 
the  increase  of  appeals 
made  to  it  grows  larger 
every  year.  Justice  Har- 
lan says  :  "In  1803  the 
whole  number  of  cases  on 
the  docket  of  the  supreme  court  was  fifty-one.  In  1819 
there  were  one  hundred  and  thirty- one  cases.  But  in  1860 
the  number  had  increased  to  three  hundred  and  ten,  of  which 
ninety-one  were  determined  during  the  term.  In  1870  the 
docket  contained  over  six  hundred  cases;  in  1880,  over 
twelve  hundred;  and  in  1886,  nearly  fourteen  hundred,  of 
which  four  hundred  and  fifty-one  cases  were  disposed  of  dur- 
ing the  term."  This  shows  the  heavy  work  that  falls  to  the 
lot  of  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court. 


m 


JOHN  M.    HARLAN. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


331 


HENRY  L.  MULDROW. 

Born  about  1835. 

THE  lawyer  and  politician,  Henry  Loundes  Muldrow,  is  a 
native  of  the  state  of  Mississippi.  After  studying  law  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1859. 

When  the  war  broke  out,  he  entered  the  confederate 
army  and  served  four  years,  rising  to  the  rank  of  colonel. 

In  18T5  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature,  and 
two  years  later  was  sent  to 
congress.  Here  he  con- 
tinued until  1885,  when 
he  was  chosen  for  the  first 
assistant  secretaryship  of 
the  interior  department. 

The  department  of  the 
interior  was  established  by 
act  of  congress  in  1849. 
At  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment is  the  secretary  of 
the  interior,  who  is  charg- 
ed with  the  supervision  of 
public  business  relating  to 
the  following  subjects: 
Public  lands,  including  HENRY  L.  MULDROW. 

mines;  the  Indians;  pensions  and  bounty  lands;  patents  for 
inventions;  the  custody  and  distribution  of  publications;  ed- 
ucation; the  census;  government  hospital  for  the  insane; 
Columbia  asylum  for  the  deaf  mid  dumb;  and  the  territories 
of  the  United  States.  There  are  two  assistant  secretaries 
and  a  large  clerical  force  in  the  general  office,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  employes  in  the  different  bureaus  of  the  department. 
Some  idea  can,  therefore,  be  seen  of  the  work  that  would 
naturally  fall  upon  the  shoulders  of  Mr.  Muldrow. 


332 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOE  MULHATTAN. 

Born  about  1845. 

IN  1884,  as  a  joke,  Joseph  Mulhattan  was  nominated  for 
president  of  the  United  States,  by  the  drummers'  national 
convention,  held  in  Louisville,  Kentucky,  on  the  ticket  of  the 
"business  men's  reform  party.1' 

Mr.  Mulhattan  professed  not  to  regard  his  nomination  as 
a  joke,  but  spoke  of  it  quite  seriously.  In  an  interview  at 
the  time  he  said:  "There 
are  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  drummers  in  the 
United  States,  and  though 
we  do  not  expect  a  large 
vote  this  time,  we  shall 
make  a  good  showing,  and 
organize  for  the  next  cam- 
paign. This  year  we  had 
to  do  everything  inside  of 
a  week,  and  we  did  not  have 
time  to  get  properly  orga- 
nized. The  drummers  are 
good  canvassers,  and  they 
will  stump  the  country 
from  Maine  to  California; 
so,  you  will  see,  we  shall 
have  lots  of  stump  speak- 
ers on  the  road.  We  may 
carry  a  state  or  two,  and  J°E  MULHATTAN. 

thus  throw  the  election  into  the  house,  and  in  that  case  the 
present  political  parties  will  have  to  compromise  with  us.  I 
have  always  been  a  democrat,  but  now  I  suppose  I  shall  have 
to  call  myself  the  leader  of  the  business  men's  reform  party. 
In  1888  the  drummers  propose  to  down  the  bummers." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  333 

Joseph  Mulhattan  was  born  near  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania, 
the  son  of  a  presbyterian  minister.  He  was  educated  at  Pitts- 
burgh, and  graduated  with  honor  in  the  high  school  of  that 
city.  Upon  leaving  school  he  began  business  life  with  a 
hardware  firm  in  Pittsburgh,  and  in  a  short  time  he  was  sent 
on  the  road  as  a  drummer  for  the  house.  Subsequently  he  en 
tered  the  employment  of  a  firm  of  wholesale  hardware  mer- 
chants, Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  began  to  travel  in  their 
interest.  His  peregrinations  were  extensive,  over  the  south- 
ern and  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States,  and  had  been 
continued  six  years  for  one  concern,  when  he  accepted  an 
engagement  from  a  Louisville  house  who  had  an  establish- 
ment at  Galveston,  Texas,  which  was  made  Mr.  Mulhattan's 
headquarters.  Having  traveled  about  a  year  in  Texas  and 
Mexico  in  this  position,  he  returned  to  the  service  of  the 
Louisville  firm  who  first  employed  him,  with  whom  he  still 
remains.  His  experience  as  traveling  salesman  has  been  a 
great  success. 

Mi1.  Mulhattan  is  a  remarkably  bright  and  clever  business 
man,  is  genial  and  tender-hearted,  sunny  of  disposition, 
truthful,  excepting  in  joke,  and  apractical  philanthropist.  A 
year  ago  he  organized  the  Kentucky  humane  society,  and  has 
worked  hard  since  to  promote  the  success  of  this  benevolent 
enterprise. 

He  is  still  a  bachelor,  having,  as  he  says,  refused  all  offers 
of  marriage  and  never  made  one.  In  personal  appearance 
this  ex-presidential  candidate  is  very  pleasing.  He  is  a 
small,  and  shapely  man,  about  five  feet  five  inches  in  height, 
and  weighing  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  pounds.  His  hair 
and  beard  are  dark,  and  heavy  dark  eye-brows  reach  acro>s 
his  nose.  He  speaks  with  astonishing  rapidity,  and  is  quick 
in  all  movements.  His  blue  eyes  give  the  impression  of  com- 
prehensive observation.  Slanderous  attacks  on  Mulhattan 
would  fail  of  their  purpose;  he  is  a  good  man,  and  is  highly 
esteemed  wherever  he  is  known. 


384  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  expression  "the  greatest  liar  in  America,"  as  applied 
to  Mr.  Mulhattan,  must  be  understood  with  modification.  It 
has  been  given  him  on  account  of  the  harmless  weakness 
with  which  he  beguiles  the  monotony  of  selling  hardware  all 
over  the  country  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  "  Joe  Mulhat- 
tan "  is  known  everywhere  in  connection  with  the  authorship 
of  newspaper  yarns  as  surprisingly  clever  and  impossible  as 
the  creations  of  Baron  Munchausen.'  They  are  as  entirely 
harmless  as  brilliant  in  conception  and  treatment,  such  as 
only  a  pure-minded  and  educated  gentleman  of  exceptional 
endowments  can  write  As  a  rule  they  have  been  used  with- 
out remuneration  to  the  author,  who  has  sometimes  done 
graver  work  for  the  magazines  and  newspapers  for  pay,  and 
with  the  conscientious  regard  for  trustworthiness  which 
characterizes  ail  Mr.  Mulhattan's  merely  business  operation. 
Apart  from  these  his  genius  takes  wing  and  indulges  in  flights 
which  amaze  by  the  sublime  range  of  their  unveracity.  Hence 
the  .epithet  applied  to  this  American  Munchausen,  which  he 
never  resents,  because  his  unassailable  character  as  a  business 
man  and  good  citizen  gives  the  proper  limits  to  its 
application. 

"The  champion  liar  of  America,"  a  variation  in  phraseol- 
ogy which  some  affect  in  speaking  of  this  ex-presidential  can- 
didate, is  credited  with  the  enormous  feat  of  "  laying  out  " 
Tom  Ochiltree,  who,  with  characteristic  chivalry,  acknowled- 
ged his  defeat.  Threats  were  made  of  sending  him  to  con- 
gress in  Tom's  place  on  this  account,  and  he  had  to  leave 
the  district  in  order  to  avoid  what  was,  at  that  time,  an  un- 
desirable consummation.  The  story  which  produced  such 
momentous  results  is  briefly  .outlined  as  follows:  A  huge 
meteor  fell  from  the  heavens,  crushing  houses,  people,  cattle 
and  trees  by  its  stupendous  weight.  So  enormous  was  its 
ponderosity  that  its  fall  imbedded  it  two  hundred  feet  in  the 
earth,  and  left  seventy  feet  in  height  still  exposed  to  the 
light  of  day.  This  meteor  was  red  hot,  blasting  everything 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  335 

about  it,  and  from  huge  fissures  in. its  substance*  proceeded 
sulphurous  gases  of  baneful  strength.  The  Fort  Worth 
Gazette  published  this  incredible  fabrication  in  collusion  with 
its  author.  An  associated  press  agent  read  the  account,  in  his 
hunger  for  news  swallowed  it,  and  telegraphed  it  to  the  main 
office  in  New  York,  from  whence  it  was  distributed  the 
length  of  the  United  States.  The  morning  after  its  univer- 
sal publication,  the  Gazette  received  one  hundred  and  four- 
teen telegrams  of  inquiry  respecting  the  alleged  phenomenon, 
of  which  several  were  from  Europe;  and  letters  asking  for 
further  imforrnation  poured  into  the  office  for  months.  Even 
more  horrifying  was  the  alleged  discovery  of  five  skeletons 
found  in  a  carriage  in  a  lonely  place  on  the  wild  prairie  of 
Texas.  This  little  story  had  the  distinction  of  being  illustra- 
ted in  several  weekly  publications,  and  is  most  devoutly  be- 
lieved by  a  great  multitude  which  no  man  can  number. 

When  the  readers  meet  with  a  circumstantial  account  of 
hidden  rivers  being  found  here  or  there,  of  vast  bodies  of 
water  deep  under  ground,  the  haunts  of  eyeless  sharks  and 
whales  and  other  monsters  who  swim  in  its  waters  of  untold 
depth,  upon  which  icebergs  float,  he  is  exhorted  to  think  of 
Mulhattan;  and  the  ethnologist  and  geologist  are  warned 
against  believing  all  they  see  in  newspapers  about  newly 
discovered  works  by  prehistoric  man. 

How  many  persuasively  written  and  circumstantial  fabrics 
of  lies  Mr.  Mulhattan  has  written  probably  only  their  author 
knows.  Recent  oft-repeated  accounts  of  John  Wilkes  Booth 
having  been  seen  in  many  places,  which  have  caused  great 
excitement,  had  their  origin  "on  the  road;"  and  that  biggest 
of  all  "  sells,"  his  "  great  national  joke,"  as  Mulhattan  calls 
it,  was  characterized  with  his  usual  felicity  of  expression. 
Everybody  refnembers  it,  and  the  time  of  its  origin,  1870. 
A  proposal  was  published  all  over  the  country  to  remove  the 
bodies  of  Washington  and  Lincoln  to  the  centennial  exhibi- 
tion, and  charge  fifty  cents  a  head  to  view  them. 


336 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEORGE  A.  JENKS. 

Born  in  1836. 

GEORGE  A.  JENKS  was  born  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  has  followed 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  Mr.  Jenks  was  elected  as  a 
representative  from  his  district  to  congress,  serving  one  term 
in  that  body.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  assistant  secretary 

of  the  interior,  the  ardu- 
ous duties  of  which  posi- 
tion he  fulfilled  with  great 
executive  ability  and  faith- 
fulness. 

In  July,  1886,  he  was 
transferred  from  the  posr 
tion  of  assistant  secretary 
of  the  interior  to  that  of 
solicitor  general,  which  of 
fice  he  still  retains. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  de 
partment  presided  over  by 
the  attorney  -  general  to 
consider  and  report  on  the 
questions  of  law  submitted 
by  the  president  or  the 
head  of  any  executive  de- 
partment, and  also  to  conduct  and  argue  the  case  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  any  suits  at  law  in  which  the  United  States  may 
be  interested.  Beyond  this,  the  attorney-general  has  the  su- 
pervision of  the  United  States  district  attorneys  and  their 
assistants,  and  the  superintendence  of  lawsuits  in  which  these 
local  officers  are  engaged.  United  States  marshals  and  clerks 
of  the  federal  circuit  courts  are  likewise  under  the  authority 
of  the  department  of  justice.  This  office  has  also  the  editing 
and  publication  of  legal  opinions  and  court  decisions. 


GEORGE  A.  JENKS. 


THE  HLOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


337 


CHARLES  B.  FARWELL. 

Born  July  1, 1823. 

THE  successor  of  the  late  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  to  the  Uni 
ted  States  senate'  was  Charles  B.  Farwell,  a  native  of  Painted 
Post,  in  the  state  of  New  York.  His  education  was  gained 
at  the  Elrnira  academy  in  that  state.  When  he  was  fifteen 
years  of  age,  young  Farwell's  father  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  upon  a  farm  in  the 
county  of  Ogle,  where  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  did 
the  work  that  usually  falls 
to  the  share  of  farmer's 
sons,  but  at  the  same  time 
learning  something  about 
surveying. 

But  Ogle  county  was 
not  suited  to  his  taste,  and 
he  went  to  Chicago  when 
he  was  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  the  possessor  of  a 
good  store  of  pluck,  per- 
severance and  energy. 

He  was  given  a  position 
in  the  county  clerk's  office, 
and  it  is  related  that,  dur- 
the  illness  of  his  superior, 
he  virtually  ran  the  office  for  a  period  of  four  months.  In 
addition  to  his  duties  in  this  office,  he  obtained  employment 
in  a  dry  goods  house  to  work  in  the  evenings.  Saving  money 
from  his  wages,  in  less  than  two  years  he  began  the  purchase 
of  real  estate. 

During  1841-49  he  was  a  clerk  in  a  real  estate  office,  and 
when  he  left  that  office  he  entered  a  private  banking  house, 
where  he  remained  until  the  year  1853.  In  that  year  he  was 


CHARLES  B.  FARWELL. 


338.  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

elected  county  clerk  of  Cook  county,  holding  that  office  until 
1861,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 

The  war  gave  him  a  chance  to  invest  in  commercial  trans- 
actions the  money  he  had  accumulated,  and  he  began  to  grow 
rich.  In  1864  he  bought  an  interest  in  the  dry  goods  house 
of  his  brother,  John  V.  Farwell,  and  his  tremendous  energy 
assisted  in  building  up  for  the  firm  an  extensive  business 
which  it  still  retains.  Financially,  Mr.  Farwell  is  a  very 
wealthy  man  indeed,  being  rated  a  millionaire  several  times 
over. 

In  1870  he  ran  against  John  Wentworth  for  congress  and 
defeated  him  in  one  of  the  most  bitter  campaigns  ever  ran 
in  the  state  of  Illinois.  He  was  re-elected  in  1872  and  again 
in  1874.  Four  years  later  he  again  came  forward  as  a  can 
didate  for  congress  and  was  again  elected.  His  service  i  i 
the  lower  house  was  creditable  alike  to  him  and  to  the  dis- 
trict he  represented. 

In  1885  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  nomination  as  senator 
against  Logan.  There  was  said  to  be  a  time  when  Farwe  1 
and  Logan  were  far  from  being  friends  politically,  but  it  is 
understood  that  their  differences  were  patched  up  long  be- 
fore the  death  of  Gen.  Logan. 

On  the  death  of  Gen.  Logan,  Mr.  Farwell  succeeded  him  as 
Senator  from  Illinois.    His  term  of  office  expires  in  1891. 


JUDGE  THOMAS  M.  COOLEY. 

Born  Jan.  6, 1824. 

MR.  COOLEY  is  a  native  of  Attica,  in  the  state  of  New 
York.  Removing  to  Michigan  in  1843,  he  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Adrian  in  1846,  where  he  settled 
permanently  two  years  later. 

In  1857  he  was  appointed  to  compile  the  statutes  of  Mich- 
igan, which  were  published  in  two  volumes.  About  this  time 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


339 


he  was  also  a  reporter  of  the  Michigan  supreme  court,  una 
•published  eight  volumes  of  reports. 

In  1850  he  became  professor  of  law  in  the  University  of 
Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  held  the  position  for  many  years. 

In  1864  he  was  elected  a  justice  of  the  Michigan  supreme 
court,  but  was  defeated  for  re-election  in  1885. 

Mr.  Cooley  has  published  a  "  Digest  of  Michigan  Reports" 
in  1866,  and  a'kTreatise 
on  Constitutional  Limita- 
tions of  the  Legislative 
Power  of  the  States  "  in 
1868,  on  which  latter  work 
largely  rests  his  fame  as  a 
jurist. 

Several  years  ago  he 
served  with  E.  B.  Wash- 
burne  and  Allen  G.  Thur- 
man  as  an  advisory  com- 
mission to  settle  trunk-line 
disputes,  becoming  sole  ar- 
bitrator on  the  withdrawal 
of  his  fellow-commission- 
ers. In  1886  he  was  re- 
receiver  of  the  Wabash. 

Of  Judge  Cooley  it  is  related  that  in  early  life  he  was  not 
thought  to  be  much  of  a  lawyer;  and,  indeed,  he  once  aban- 
doned that  profession  for  farming,  and  bought  one  hundred 
acres  of  land  near  Adrian,  which  for  a  long  time  claimed 
more  of  his  attention  than  did  his  profession. 

Falling  in  love  with  a  rosy  young  lass,  the  daughter  of  a 
farmer,  his  timid  proposal  to  the  old  gentlemen  was  emphat- 
ically rejected,  who  darkly  swore  that  no  child  of  his  should 
marry  a  man  that  could  not  earn  his  own  living.  The  young 
lady  consented  to  elope,  however, and  married  "Torn"  despite 
her  father.  He  is  now  chairman  of  the  inter-state  commission. 


JUDGE  COOLEY. 


340 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CAKOL  I,  KING  OF  ROUMANIA. 

Born  in  1839. 

CAROL  I,  king  of  Roumania,  is  the  son  of  Prince  Karl  of 
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.  He  was  elected  prince  by  the 
national  assembly  of  Roumania  in  the  year  of  1866,  and 
proclaimed  king  in  1881,  succeeding  Prince  Alexander  John 
I,  who  had  been  deposed  by  a  revolution.  In  1869  he  was 

married  to  Princess  Eliza- 
beth von  Neuwied. 

Roumania  is  governed 
by  a  parliament  of  two 
houses,  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple. The  executive  power 
is  vested  in  the  king,  with 
the  limitation  that  all  roy- 
al acts  must  be  sanctioned 
by  a  responsible  ministry, 
thus  checking  the  powet 
of  the  monarch. 

The  population  of  Rou- 
mania is  estimated  at  a  lit- 
tie  over  five  millions.  This 
country  maintains  a  stand- 
ing army  of  eighteen  thou- 
sand soldiers,  and  could, in 
case  of  war,  place  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
soldiers  in  the  field.  The  expenses  of  the  government  gen- 
ally  exceed  the  revenue,  and  at  the  present  time  there  is  no 
surplus  in  the  treasury.  The  indebtedness  of  the  country 
is  something  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars,  the 
interest  on  which  is  a  constant  strain  upon  the  taxpayers. 
The  king  is  fifty  years  of  age,  a  brave  soldier,  and  well-be- 
loved by  his  subjects. 


CAROL  I,  KING  OF  ROUMANIA. 


THE 


REVIEW. 


THOMAS  E.  BENEDICT. 

Born  in  1839. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  Thomas  E.  Benedict,  is  a  native 
of  New  York.  He  is  a  printer  and  publisher  by  trade,  and 
for  SOUR-  years  ran  a  political  paper  in  aid  of  the  New  York 
democrats.  He  was  elected  and  served  three  years  in  the 
legislature  of  his  native  state.  In  1886  he  was  appointed  to 
the  position  of  public  prin- 
ter at  the  national  capital. 

The  government  printing 
office  is  the  largest  print- 
ing and  binding  establish- 
ment in  the  world.  It  does 
all  of  this  kind  of  work 
that  is  needed  by  the  gov- 
ernment, except  the  fine 
work  specially  entrusted  to 
the  treasury  bureau  of  en- 
graving and  printing.  • 

The  public  printer  is  un- 
der heavy  bonds  to  account 
for  the  money  received  by 
him,  and  on  the  strength 
of  these  bonds,  money  is 
advanced  to  him  by  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury  to  keep  the  office  "going"  until  the 
work  is  finished  and  charged  to  the  proper  appropriation. 

Congressmen  and  executive  officers  authorized  to  order 
printing  at  government  expense,  deal  directly  with  the  pub- 
lic printer,  who  is  accountable  chiefiy  to  the  congressional 
committees  on  printing.  The  average  number  of  persons  em- 
ployed in  this  department  is  fifteen  hundred.  They  arc  \\vll 
paid,  but  retain  their  places  only  by  favor  of  the  managers 
or  of  congressmen  who  claim  the  right  of  work  for  proteges. 


THOMAS  E.  BENEDICT. 


342 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


FKEDERICK  DOUGLASS. 

Born  about  1817. 

THE  colored  people  of  America  are  now  very  thoroughly 
organized  for  the  protection  of  their  rights,  and  at  their  na- 
tional convention  a  few  years  ago  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
Frederick  Douglass,  the  famous  colored  orator  and  journal- 
ist, was  elected  permanent  chairman.  The  colored  men  could 
not  find  among  their  num- 
ber a  more  able  and  trust- 
worthy leader,  or  a  man  of 
more  influence  in  political 
councils. 

Mr.  Douglass  is-  not  aware 
of  the  exact  date  of  his 
birth,  but  thinks  that  it 
was  in  the  year  1817.  His 
father  was  a  white  man 
and  his  mother  a  negro 
slave;  and  his  birthplace 
was  Tucakahoe,  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Mary- 
land, a  place  noted  for  the 
sterility  of  its  soil  and  the 
wretchedness  of  its  inhab- 
itants. 

He  was  reared  as  a  ne- 
gro slave  on  the  plantation  of  Col.  Edward  Lloyd;  and  at  ten 
years  of  age  was  transferred  to  a  relative  of  his  owner,  at 
Baltimore.  Mr.  Douglass  endured  great  suffering  as  a  slave, 
which  was  the  more  keenly  felt  on  account  of  his  extraordi- 
nary intelligence. 

The  story  is  familiar  how  he  first  learned  to  make  the  let- 
ters of  the  alphabet,  by  studying  the  carpenter's  marks  on 
the  planks  and  timbers,  in  the  ship-yard  at  Baltimore.  He 


FREDERICK  DOUGLASS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL- REVIEW.  343 

used  to  listen  to  his  mistress  reading  the  bible,  with  a  curi- 
ous interest,  and  lie  longed  to  learn  the  secret  which  enabled 
her  to  read  and  enjoy  the  holy  book.  One  day  he  asked  her 
if  she  would  not  teach  him  to  read.  The  good  lady  consent- 
ed, and  he  proceeded  with  such  aptitude  and  rapidity  that 
his  master,  who  did  not  believe  "in  teaching  niggers  to 
read,"  summarily  put  an  end  to  the  good  work. 

In  spite  of  every  obstacle  which  was  thrown  in  his  way, 
he  at  length  learned  to  read,  and  in  company  with  another 
young  man  started  a  Sunday  school.  This  excited  the  righte- 
ous indignation  of  the  church  people,  and  the  Sunday  school 
was  rudely  broken  up  at  one  of  its  sessions. 

The  sensitive  nature  of  our  young  hero  began  to  chafe 
under  the  hardships  to  which  he  was  subjected,  and  the  ig- 
nominy which  rested  upon  his  race.  His  whole  soul  was  in 
rebellion,  and  he  resolved  to  break  away  from  his  bondage. 
For  many  years  he  kept  secret  the  manner  of  his  escape,  but 
it  was  made  known  not  long  since. 

Procuring  what  was  called  sailor's  protection  papers  from 
a  friend  who  had  been  a  seaman,  and  making  himself  up  to 
answer  the  description  in  it  as  nearly  as  possible,  he  boarded 
the  train  at  Washington  and  succeeded  in  reaching  New 
York.  Thence  proceeding  to  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts, 
he  married  a  colored  woman-and  settled  down.  He  worked 
here  until  1841,  when  he  attended  an  anti-slavery  convention 
at  Nantucket  and  spoke  so  eloquently  that  he  was  immedi- 
ately employed  as  a  lecturer  by  the  Massachusetts  Anti-Sla- 
very society,  and  for  four  years  he  lectured  with'  success. 

In  1845  he  published  his  autobiography,  and  made  a  lec- 
turing tour  of.  Great  Britain,  where  one  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds  was  contributed  for  the  purchase  of  his  freedom.  In 
1M7  he  established  a  weekly  abolition  paper.  He  was  a 
presidential  elector  for  the  state  of  New  York  in  1872.  Mr. 
Hayes  appointed  him  United  States  marshal  for  the  District 
of  Columbia. 


H44 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ADMIRAL  LUCE. 

Born  March  23, 1827. 

THE  noted  naval  officer,  Admiral  Stephen  Bleecker  Luce, 
is  a  native  of  Albany,  in  the  state  of  New  York. 

Entering  the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1847,  he  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant  commander  in  1862,  commander  in 
I860,  captain  in  1872,  commodore  in  1881,  and  rear-admiral 

in  1885,  filling  these  posi- 
tions with  great  skill. 

In  1862  he  served  on 
the  frigate  "Wabash," 
which  was  at  that  time  at- 
tached to  the  blockading 
squadron  on  the  coast  of 
South  Carolina;  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  battles  of 
Hatteras  Inlet  and  Port 
Royal.  The  same  year  he 
commanded  a  h  o  w  i  t  z  e  r 
launch  during  an  engage- 
ment with  the  confeder- 
ates. 

Also  in  1863  he  com- 
manded the  monitor  ••Xan- 
tucket,''  and  later  com- 
manded the  "Pontiac." 

During  1869-70  he  was 

on  the  steam-sloop  kt  Juniata."  From  1884  to  1886  he  was 
president  of  the  United  States  naval  college;  and  in  the  lat- 
ter year  he  was  appointed  commander  of  the  North  Atlantic 
Squadron.  This  great  naval  officer  was  a  founder  of  the 
United  States  naval  war  college,  and  was  also  instrumental 
in  the  establishment  of  the  naval  training  school;  and  has 
written  a  Wv>rk  on  *•  Seamanship,"  and  edited  "Naval  Songs.' 


ADMIRAL    LUCE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


345 


JAMES  W.  HYATT. 

MR.  HYATT  is  a  native  of  Norwich,  in  the  state  of  Con 
necticut,  and  still  has  his  residence  in  that  city.  He  has 
been  distinguished  as  president  or  manager  of  various  rail- 
road companies,  in  which  positions  he  has  always  shown 
marked  ability,  both  from  a  business  and  financial  stand- 
point. Indeed,  for  ten 
years  he  was  a  bank  com- 
missioner of  the  state  of 
Connecticut. 

He  has  also  served  as  a 
member  of  the  state  sen- 
ate. 

In  January,  1887,  he  was 
appointed  a  national  bank 
examiner  for  the  states  of 
Connecticut  and  Kliode  Is- 
land, and  toward  the  end 
of  the  same  year  he  was 
made  treasurer  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

This  office  was  establish- 
ed in  1789.  The  treasurer 
and  assistant-treasurers  (at 
the  sub-treasuries  throughout  the  union  i  receive  all  munevH 
paid  to  the  United  States  government.  Payments  of  m^ney 
are  made  by  the  treasurer  upon  warrants  issued  by  the  sec- 
retary. The  treasurer  is  also  fiscal  agent  of  the  United  States, 
in  paying  on  demand  the  intere.it  on  the  public  debt,  and  re- 
deeming in  coin  such  United  States  notes  as  maybe  pn— nt- 
ed.  He  also  pays  the  salaries  and  mileage  !'ee>.  and  s«>  t'.n-th, 
of  the  house  of  representatives.  The  treasury  also  receives  :md 
disburses  the  funds  of  the  postoftice  department. 


JAMES  W.   HYATT 


346 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  LEE  TRENHOLM. 

Born  in  1836. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  William  Lee  Trenholm,  was 
born  in  the  state  of  South  Carolina,  and  received  a  very  fair 
education. 

When  the  war  broke  out  he  joined  the  confederate  forces, 
and  served  gallantly  through  the  war. 

In  1865   he   resumed   business  in  Charleston,  continuing 

it  for  a  number  of  years. 
In  1885  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  civil  service  of  the 
United  States.  Previous 
to  this  he  had  held  no  pub- 
lic office,  except  that  of 
city  alderman  for  a  term 
of  two  years. 

In  1886  he  was  transfer- 
red from  his  office  of  com- 
missioner to  that  of  the 
comptroller  of  the  curren- 
cy- 
Like  his  father,  who  was 

secretary  of  the  treasury 
in  the  southern  confeder- 
a  c  y ,  Mr.  Trenholm  has 
shown  a  taste  for  questions 
of  finance,  and  was,  previous  to  his  appointment,  well  known 
to  the  American  public  through  his  numerous  writings  and 
public  addresses. 

.  The  office  of  the  comptroller  of  the  currency  dates  only 
from  1863,  and  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  national  banking 
system  established  during  the  war.  This  office  has  charge  of 
the  national  bank  note  issue. 


WILLIAM  LEE  TRENHOLM. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


347 


LEOPOLD  II,  KING  OF  THE  BELGIANS. 

Born  in  183,'t. 

THE  king  of  the  Belgians,  Leopold  II,  has  been  on  the 
throne  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century;  and  if  he  should  reign 
till  he  reaches  the  age  at  which  his  father  died,  he  will  be 
king  up  to  the  year  1910. 

He  is  the  son  of  Leopold  I,  the  father  being  before  his 
election  to  the  throne  of  Belgium  a  prince  of  the  house  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Leo- 
pold II  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther in  1865. 

The  first  part  of  his 
reign  was  uneventful,  but 
in  1870,  on  the  outbreak 
of  the  Franco-German  war, 
the  position  of  Belgium 
was  naturally  one  of  great 
anxiety;  but  a  neutrality 
was  maintained  through 
the  influence  of  the  pow 
ers,  and  notably  that  of 
England. 

The  king  was  married  in 
1853  to  Marie  Her.riette, 
daughter  of  Archduke  Jos- 
eph of  Austria.  Three 
daughters  have  been  born  to  them,  but  no  sons;  and  as  the 
royal  succession  is  in  the  direct  line  of  heirs  male,  the  king's 
eldest  brother  Philippe,  Count  of  Flanders,  is  heir  apparent. 
Wage-workers  in  many  parts  of  the  state  are  infected  with 
socialistic  doctrines,  and  strikes  and  riots  frequently  occur. 

Among  King  Leopold's  many  philanthropic  efforts  is  the 
International  African  Association  for  opening  up  the  Congo 
to  trade,  of  which  he  was  the  leading  spirit,  and  Henry  M. 
Stanley  the  executive. 


LEOPOLD  II. 


348 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  EEVIEW. 


GEORGE  F.  HOAR. 

Born  Aug.  29, 1826. 

A  CORRESPONDENT  speaks  of  Senator  Hoar  as  a  round-faced, 
fair-skinned  man, with  features  like  those  of  Horace  Greeley; 
looks  out  through  big  spectacles  at  the  gallery,  and  his  hands 
nervously  play  with  a  bunch  of  keys  as  he  does  so.  This 
gray-haired,  cannon-ball-headed  senator,  who  sits  there  and 
plays  with  these  keys  all  day  long,  is  the  senator  from  Mass- 
achusetts. When  rising  to 
speak  he  passes  the  bunch 
from  one  hand  to  the  oth- 
er, and  as  he  sits  and  thinks 
of  his  Massachusetts  gene- 
alogy, and  of  the  close  line 
which  divides  the  Massa- 
chusetts mugwump  from  a 
Massachusetts  republican, 
his  actions  become  nervous 
and  a  pronounced  jingle  of 
the  keys  may  be  heard  in 
the  press  gallery.  It  ap- 
pears that  without  these 
keys  he  would  indeed  be 
lost. 

The  correspondent  fur- 
ther says  that  "  the  play- 
ing with  them  has  become 
a  part  of  himself,  and  I  am  told  that  he  has  a  pocket  for 
them  in  his  night-shirt,  away  down  at  the  side  corresponding 
with  the  pocket  of  his  pantaloons,  and  that  he  sometimes 
gets  them  out  in  his  dreams." 

George  F.  Hoar,  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  was  born  at 
Concord,  of  that  state,  and  studied  at  Concord  academy  and 
Harvard,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1846. 


GEOKGE  F.  HOAR. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  349 

After  studying  law.  he  graduated  from  the  Daur  law  school 
of  Harvard,  and  settling  in  Worcester,  was  there  admitted 
to  the  bar. 

Mr.  Hoar  was  a  member  of  the  state  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1853,  and  of  the  state  senate  in  1857.  He  was  elect- 
ed, as  a  representative,  to  the  forty-first,  forty-second,  forty- 
third,  and  forty-fourth  congresses,  and  declined  are-nomina- 
tion for  the  forty -fifth  session. 

From  1874  to  1880  he  was  an  overseer  of  Harvard  col- 
lege. He  presided  over  the  Massachusetts  republican  con- 
ventions of  1871,  1877,  and  1882;  was  a  delegate  to  the  re- 
publican national  conventions  of  1876, 1880,  and  1884;  and 
presided  over  the  convention  of  1880. 

Mr.  Hoar  was  one  of  the  managers,  on  the  part  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  of  the  Belknap  impeachment  trial 
in  1876;  and  was  a  member  of  the  famous  electoral  com- 
mission during  the  same  year.  To  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
he  has  been  a  regent,  and  also  president  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society. 

In  1877  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  as  a 
republican,  was  re-elected  in  1883,  which  term  expires  in  the 
year  1889. 

Mr.  Hoar  is  a  gentleman  whose  culture  represents  his  na- 
tive state,  and  he  is  numbered  among  its  most  earnest  phil- 
anthropists. 


WILLIAM  F.  VILAS. 

Born  in  July,  1840. 

THE  steady  and  consistent  democrat,  William  F.  Vilas,  is  a 
native  of  Vermont,  but  at  the  age  of  eleven  years  removed 
to  Wisconsin.  After  graduating  from  the  Wisconsin  state 
university,  he  studied  law  at  Albany. 

During  the  civil  war  lie  served  as  an  officer  in  a  ivgmicnt 
from  his  adopted  state.  The  attention  of  the  general  public 


350 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


was  first  attracted  by  him  through  a  speech  at  a  banquet  of 
the  army  of  the  Tennessee  in  1879.  So  eloquent  was  this  ad- 
dress that  it  made  him  the  cynosure  of  all  eyes. 

Mr.  Yilas  is  one  of  the  foremost  lawyers  of  Wisconsin, 
practicing  at  Madison,  where  he  is  a  popular  citizen.  He 
was  commissioned  to  revise  the  statutes  of  his  state;  the 
state  university  made  him  a  regent,  and  also  a  professor  in 
its  law  school.  In  July, 
1884,  he  came  into  nation- 
al prominence,  having  been 
chosen  chairman  of  the 
democratic  national  con- 
vention at  Chicago.  He 
was  also  made  chairman 
of  the  committee  entrusted 
with  the  commission  to 
formally  announce  to  Mr. 
Cleveland  his  nomination 
to  the  presidency  of  the 
United  States. 

As  an  orator  he  has 
gained  a  national  reputa- 
tion for  his  eloquence. 

As  a  rising  man   of  the 
bar,   he  is    considered   to  WILLIAM  F.  VILAS. 

have  great  prospects  of  becoming  a  most  eminent  jurist.  In 
the  democratic  party  he  is  also  considered  a  leader,  and  one 
who  is  yet  destined  to  play  a  most  prominent  part  in  the  po- 
litical arena  of  the  nation. 

In  the  Cleveland-Elaine  campaign  of  1884  he  was  most 
active  in  the  western  states,  and  through  his  ability  did  much 
to  effect  the  election  of  Cleveland.  As  a  reward  for  his  ser- 
vices he  was  appointed  postmaster-general  by  the  president 
in  1885;  and  in  January,  1888,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  interior. 


T1JK  niOORAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


351 


HARRISON  H.  RIDDLEBERGER. 

Born  Oct.  4, 1844. 

MR.  RIDDLEBERGER  was  born  in  Virginia,  received  a  com 
mon  school  education,  and  had  a  home  preceptor  for  two 
years.  Serving  three  years  in  the  confederate  army,  he  held 
the  rank  of  second  and  first  lieutenant  of  infantry  and  cap- 
tain of  cavalry. 

Mr.  Riddleberger  is  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  served  as 

attorney  for  the  common- 
wealth for  two  years,  also 
two  terms  in  the  house  of 
delegates,  and  one  term  in 
the  state  senate. 

Since  1870  he  has  edited 
three  newspapers, — "The 
Tenth  Legion,"  »  The  She- 
nandoah  Democrat,"  and 
the  "•  Virginian."  Until 
1875  he  was  a  member  of 
the  state  committee  of  the 
conservative  party;  in  the 
year  1876  he  was  a  presi- 
dential elector  on  the  dem- 
ocratic ticket;  and  also  an 
elector  on  the  read j uster 

HARRISON  H.  RIUDLEBERGER.          ticket  in   1880. 

By  a  combination  of  circumstances  not  unusual  in  politi- 
cal bodies,  Riddleberger,  the  only  member  of  the  upper  house 
not  elected  as  a  representative  of  either  of  the  great  parties, 
holds  what  is  practically  the  balance  of  power, —  as  the  sen- 
ate contains  thirty-eight  republicans,  thirty-seven  democrats, 
and  one  independent,  the  latter  being  Senator  Riddleberger, 
whose  position  is  naturally  an  interesting  one,  and  a  source 
of  anxiety  to  both  sides  of  the  house. 


352  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  Riddleberger  in  the  first  part  of  his  terra  general- 
ly co-operated  with  the  republicans,  but  later  on  showed  a 
tendency  to  assist  the  democratic  side.  He  is  swayed  by  his 
own  personal  feelings  in  regard  to  public  matters,  and  no 
one  can  tell  how  he  will  vote  on  any  given  proposition  upon 
which  he  has  not  previously  declared  himself.  With  \io  party 
ties  to  bind  him  to  support  caucus  resolutions,  his  individual 
prejudices  or  fancies  may  swing  him  to  one  side  or  the  other. 
This  feature  of  uncertainty  in  his  character  is  a  constant 
source  of  apprehension  to  both  sides  when  political  questions 
are  involved. 

Riddleberger  is  not  popular  with  the  grave  and  reverend 
senators.  Defeated  by  them  for  the  position  of  sergeant-at- 
arrns,  his  late  ally,  Mahone,  then  in  control  of  the  politics  of 
Virginia,  made  his  erratic  lieutenant  his  colleague  in  the 
senate,  and  constructively  the  equal  of  the  senators  who  had 
refused  him  the  less  exalted  position  of  sergeant-at-arms. 
Under  such  conditions  Riddleberger  felt  under  no  obligations 
to  his  fellow-senators.  He  has  been  a  terror  to  them  for  his 
utter  disregard  of  the  ponderous  dignity  of  the  senate.  The 
rules  of  the  body  confine  him  within  no  pent-up  Utica,  and 
regardless  of  points  of  order  he  says  and  does  what  he  feels 
inclined  to  when  upon  the  floor.  For  nothing  does  he  show 
such  manifest  contempt  as  he  does  for  the  sacredness  of  the 
secrets  of  executive  sessions,  which  he  has  time  and  again 
announced  as  a  humbug. 

The  readjuster  senator's  most  recent  exploits  was  in  the 
tactics  he  used  to  defeat  the  ratification  of  the  extradition 
treaty  between  this  country  and  Great  Britain.  His  opposi- 
tion to  it  was  based  upon  the  assumption  that  it  would  give 
Great  Britain  the  opportunity  to  extradite  Irish  suspects  who 
had  taken  refuge  in  this  country.  There  is  no  more  sincere 
friend  in  the  Irish  cause  in  public  life  than  Riddleberger, 
and  he  was  determined  to  prevent,  by  all  means  in  his  power, 
whether  regular  or  irregular,  the  proposed  treaty.  Day 


THE  Hind RA PHICA L  EEYIFA\ \ 


35:} 


after  day  he  moved  to  have  it  considered  in  open  senate,  a 
course  which  meant  its  certain  defeat.  Under  the  rules  of  the 
senate  such  a  motion  was  out  of  order,  but  he  defied  the 
rules  and  insisted  on  a  public  discussion  of  the  treaty.  Final- 
ly he  gave  his  fellow  senators  to  understand  that  if  the  trea- 
ty was  ratified  in  secret  session  he  would  make  public  the 
names  of  those  who  favored  it.  They  took  the  hint,  and  the 
consideration  of  the  treaty  was  postponed.  It  is  a  curious  in- 
cident that  one  senator,  without  a  party  or  without  political 
following  or  allies,  could  thus  defeat,  single-handed,  a  great 
international  measure.  His  term  expires  in  1889. 


ORVILLE  H.  PLATT. 

Born  July  19, 1827. 

ORVILLE  H.  PLATT  is  a  native  of  Washington, Connecticut, 
and  received  the  advan- 
tage of  a  thorough  classical 
education.  After  the  coin- 
p  1  e  t  i  o  n  of  his  college 
course,  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law  at  Litchfield, 
and  in  1849  was  admitted 
to  the  bar. 

He  established  a  law  of- 
fice in  Meridian,  which  he 
has  ever  since  maintained. 
In  1855  he  was  chosen 
clerk  of  the  Connecticut 
state  senate.  In  185T  he 
was  state  secretary,  and  in 
1861-62  was  state  senator. 
During  18 64-09  he  was  a 
state  representative.  ORVILLE  H.  PLATT. 

He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  in  1879,  and 
received  the  re-election  in  l*s:>,  which  term  expires  in  1891. 


354 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  DILLON. 

Born  in  1851. 

JOHN  DILLON  is  the  son  of  John  Blake  Dillon,  an  Irish 
rebel  leader  in  1848.  Dillon  the  younger  has  no  special 
gift  of  oratory,  but  he  is  a  recognized  leader  of  his  party  both 
in  parliament  and  in  appeals  to  the  people.  He  is  bitterly 
hostile  to  the  Irish  landlords  and  to  English  rule  in  Ireland 
and  has  often  been  arrested  for  inciting  the  people  to  violence. 

He  was  educated  at  the 
catholic  university  of  Dub- 
lin. During  1879  he  as- 
sisted Mr.  Parnell  and  Mi- 
chael Davitt  in  founding 
the  land  league  in  America. 
Of  his  numerous  speech- 
es, perhaps  the  most  re- 
markable was  that  made  at 
a  land  league  meeting,  in 
w  h  i  c  h  lie  expressed  his 
opinion  that  the  "cattle 
would  not  thrive"  on  the 
fields  of  the  occupier  of  the 
land  of  an  evicted  tenant, 
and  advised  the  men  of  the 
land  league  to  enroll  them- 
selves in  order  to  resist  the 
paying  of  rent.  In  1886 
he  took  his  seat  once  more 
in  the  house  of  commons.  He  defended  boycotting  and  re- 
fused to  denounce  outrages  as  long  as  the  government  re- 
fused to  denounce  evictions.  At  another  time  he  very 
much  regretted  that  Ireland  was  unable  to  resist  England 
in  arms. 


JOHN    DILLON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


355 


HENRI  BRISSON. 

Born  in  1835. 

THE  French  statesman,  Henri  Brisson,  is  the  son  of  a  law- 
yer of  Bourges,  and  was  called  to  the  French  bar  in  the  year 
of  1859. 

In  1864,  after  an  extended  tour  for  his  health,  he  returned 
to  France,  and  distinguished  himself,  in  the  columns  of  the 
popular  newspaper  "Le 
Temps,"  as  one  of  the 
leading  political  writers  of 
France.  And  he  also  be- 
came known  as  a  down- 
right opponent  of  the  Sec- 
ond Empire. 

Upon  the  downfall  of 
Bonapartisrn,  M.  Brisson 
became  deputy  mayor  of 
Paris,  but  he  soon  resign- 
ed from  that  position  be- 
cause of  his  inability  to 
conscientiously  deal  with; 
the  communists  as  severely  j 
as  his  office  required  him 
to  do. 

Elected   in    1871  as  a 
deputy  to  Paris,  he  became  HENRI  BRISSON. 

known  as  a  politician  of  the  highest  order,  and  in  1879 
was  chosen  sneaker,  a  position  that  he  tilled  with  very  great 
credit. 

In  1885,  on  the  downfall  of  Jules  Ferry,  Henri  Brisson, 
sorely  against  his  will,  undertook  the  premiership  of  France. 
He  resigned,  however,  in  the  following  year,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  M.  Freycinet,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  anoth- 
er premier,  so  hard  is  it  to  please  the  changeable  populace. 


356 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


M.  DE  FREYCINET. 

Born  in  1828. 

THIS  great  French  politician,  Charles  Louis  de  Saulces  de 
Freycinet,  was  born  at  Dauphine.  At  an  early  age  he  was 
apprenticed  to  an  engineer,  which  trade  he  adopted  as  a  pro- 
fession. 

In  the  year  of  1870  he  was  chosen  by  M.  Gambetta  as 

chief  of   his  military  cab- 
inet. 

In  1876  this  eminent 
statesman  was  elected  sen- 
ator. A  year  later  he  be- 
came minister  of  public 
works,  which  position  he 
again  occupied  in  the  year 
of  1882. 

On  January  7,  1886,  M. 
de  Freycinet  was  made  pre- 
mier of  France;  but  on 
December  3  of  the  same 
year  he  resigned. 

Rene  Goblet,  the  rninis- 
'ter  of  public  instruction  in 
M.  de  Freycinet's  cabinet, 
then    formed    a    ministry, 
M.  DE  FREVCINET.  but    continued    in    power 

less  than  six  months.  France  is  burdened  with  a  large  and 
.increasing  public  debt,  and  economy  seems  impossible,  since 
the  army  must  be  maintained,  together  with  the  other  extrav- 
agances for  which  French  voters  clamor.  This  is  principally 
the  cause  of  the  constant  changes  in  the  ministry,  which  is 
continually  at  odds  with  the  chamber  over  money  matters. 
M.  Rouvior  is  now  (1888)  prime  minister,  who,  in  the  past 
has  shown  great  ability  as  a  lawyer  and  as  a  financier. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


357 


PERRY  BELMONT. 

Born  Dec.  28, 18TA. 

THE  young  statesman,  Perry  Belmont,  is  the  son  of  Au- 
gust Beimont,  the  banker-politician.  He  was  born  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1872.  and  at  the 
Columbia  law  school  four  years  later. 

After  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  practiced  in  the  city 
of  his  birth  until  1881,  when  he  was  elected  to  congress  as 
a  democrat,  serving  from 
1S81  to  1887. 

During  his  first  term  in 
congress  he  was  a  member 
of  the  committee  on  for- 
eign affairs,  and  in  that 
capacity  came  into  notice 
by  his  cross-examination  of 
James  G.  Blaine  concern- 
his  relations  with  a  syndi- 
cate of  American  capital- 
ists interested  in  the  devel- 
opment of  certain  guano 
deposits  in  Peru.  It  was 
sought  to  prove  that  Mr. 
Elaine's  efforts,  while  sec- 
retary of  state,  to  mediate 
the  differences  and  restore 
peaceful  relations  between 
Chili  and  Peru,  were  actuated  through  motives  of  a  pecuni- 
ary nature. 

Perry  Belmont  owes  not  a  little  of  his  prominence  to  his 
father's  wealth  and  political  influence, although  he  is  a  lawyer 
and  politician  of  no  mean  ability.  He  still  occupies  a  seat 
in  the  house  of  representatives  at  Washington,  being  a  repre- 
sentative from  the  first  district  of  New  York. 


PERRY  BELMONT. 


358 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


MILTON  J.  DURHAM. 

Born  in  1824. 

MILTON  J.  DURHAM  was  born  in  Mercer  county,  in  the 
state  of  Kentucky,  graduated  at  Asbury  university  in  1844, 
after  which  he  studied  law  with  Joshua  Bell,  and  graduated 
at  the  Louisville  law  school  in  1850. 

For  several  years  he  followed   his  profession  with  great 

success,  and  in  1861-62 
was  a  circuit  judge  in  his 
section  of  the  state. 

He  then  returned  to  his 
law  practice  at  Danville, 
which  he  continued  till  the 
year  1873,  when  he  was 
elected,  as  a  democrat,  to 
congress,  and  continued  a 
member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  for  six 
years. 

At  the  expiration  of  that 
time  he  again  resumed  the 
practice  of  the  profession 
of  law. 

In  1885  Mr.  Durham 
was  appointed  first  comp- 
troller of  the  treasury,  an  office  which  he  has  filled  with  ef- 
ficiency. 

The  duty  of  the  comptroller  of  the  treasury  is  to  examine 
and  certify  accounts.  The  office  is  as  old  as  the  treasury 
department,  but  the  divisions  in  first  and  second  comptroller- 
ship  date  only  from  1817.  The  comptroller  literally  con- 
trols the  disbursements  of  the  departments  under  his  super 
vision,  for  his  signature  must  always  accompany  that  of  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury. 


MILTON  J.  DURHAM. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


359 


STEPHEN  JOHNSON  FIELD. 

Born  in  1816. 

THIS  great  jurist,  Stephen  Johnson  Field,  was  born  in  Had- 
dam,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut.  When  but  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  accompanied  his  sister,  who  had  married  a  mission- 
ary, to  Smyrna,  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of 
oriental  languages. 

On  his  return  he  entered  Williams  college,  and  graduated 
in  1837,  standing  first  in 
his  class. 

Having  studied  law,  he 
begun  its  practice  as  the 
partner  of  his  brother,  Da- 
vid D.  Field  of  New  York, 
and  spent  some  time  in 
European  travel. 

In  1  849  he  emigrated  to 
California,  where  he  was 
shortly  afterward  elected 
to  the  state  legislature.  In 
1859  he  became  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  state,  and  four 
years  later  was  made  a  jus- 
tice of  the  federal  supreme 
court. 

In  1880  Mr.  Field's  name  was  placed  in  nomination  for  the 
presidency  of  the  United  States  at  the  Cincinnati  convention, 
and  he  received  sixty-five  votes  on  the  first  ballot,  a  fact  that 
at  least  proves  the  popularity  of  this  eminent  scholar  and 
jurist. 

Hi-  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Williams  colh-gc. 
and  later  was  appointed  professor  of  law.  He  was  appointed 
subsequently  to  the  high  place  of  honor  of  associate  justice 
of  the  supreme  court. 


s.  J.  FIELD. 


360 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ELLEN  TERRY. 

Born  about  1849. 

THE  famous  English  actress,  Ellen  Terry,  accompanied, 
as  leading  lady,  Henry  Irving  on  his  recent  professional  tour 
through  this  country.  The  greater  part  of  the  life  of  this 
lady,  who  is  one  of  the  most  successful  of  English  speaking 
actresses,  has  been  spent  behind  the  footlights.  Her  pro- 

fessional  life  began  when 
she  was  a  child,  at  the 
Princess  theatre,  London, 
where  she  assayed  with 
striking  success  the  role  of 
Mamilius  in  the  "Winter's- 
Tale."  Mr.  Kean  was  then 
manager  of  that  theatre, 
and  is  said  to  have  been 
greatly  impressed  with  her 
precocity. 

With  equal  success  she 
played  the  part  of  Arthur 
in  the  revival  of  "King 
John  "  at  that  theatre  soon 
afterward. 

Miss  Terry  made  her 
professional  debut  as  Ger- 
trude in  "The  Little  Trea- 
sure, "with  Mr.  Sothern  in 
the  principal  role.  In  all  her  early  attempts  she  displayed 
great  vivacity  and  a  careful  fidelity  to  real  life.  At  the  new 
Queen's  theatre  in  1867  she  made  her  next  notable  appear- 
ance, when  she  played  Rose  de  Beaurepaire  in  Charles 
Reade's  "Double  Marriage." 

After  an  interval   of  seven  years  she  reappeared  in  the 
"Wandering  Heir,"  by  Charles  Reade.   She  received  a  most 


ELLEN  TEKRY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  361 

hearty  welcome  on  this  return  to  the  boards,  and  the  evi- 
dence of  improved  methods  and  matured  power  in  her  act- 
ing was  greeted  with  well-deserved  applause. 

Shortly  after  her  appearance  in  1874,  she  won  her  first  tri- 
umph as  Portia  in  "The-  Merchant  of  Venice."  She  made 
an  equally  decided  hit  as  Pauline  in  uThe  Lady  of  Lyons." 
These,  two  master  strokes  following -each  other  in  quick  suc- 
cession, produced  quite  a  sensation  in  London.  The  theatre 
was  crowded  nightly,  and  the  press  of  the  city  proclaimed 
the  rising  of  a  new  genius.  The  seal  was  set  upon  her  grow- 
ing reputation,  and  since  then  she  has  been  one  of  the  most 
prominent  figures  on  the  British  stage. 

Up  to  1878  she  appeared  regularly  in  the  Prince  of  Wales 
theatre;  but  shortly  after  that  date  she  began  an  engagement 
at  the  Lyceum  theatre,  and  since  then  her  professional  life 
has  been  confined  to  that  place  of  amusement,  where  she  has 
won  enviable  distinction  as  the  coadjutor  of  Henry  Irving. 

In  her  recent  tour  of  this  country  with  the  Lyceum  com- 
pany, she  was  accorded  applause  from  press  and  public, 
which  her  excellence  as  an  artist  entitled  her  to. 

Ellen  Terry  has  an  original  and  most  intelligent  concep- 
tion of  the  part  she  plays,  and  all  her  efforts  show  evidence 
of  careful  study.  Her  features  are  not  particularly  hand- 
some, but  they  are  very  expressive.  She  has  been  twice 
married;  her  present  husband  is  Mr.  Charles  Kflly,  an  Eng- 
lish actor. 


GENERAL   LEWIS   WALLACE. 

Born  April  10,  1827. 

LAWYER,  legislator,  politician,  soldier,  and  d.p'omat,  the 
author  of  "  Ben  Hur"  adds  to  these  distinctions  that  of  hav- 
ing written  the  most  successful  and  most  popular  bock  of  the 
century,  with  possibly  two  exceptions, "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  " 


362 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


and  Macaulay's  history.  But  as  these  have  been  before  the 
public  for  forty  years  and  "Ben  Hur"  only  since  1880, 
it  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  the  latter,  the  sales  of  which 
have  already  reached  a  quarter  of  a  million  copies,  will  at 
least  equal  if  not  in  time  surpass  them.  It  has  been  repub- 
,lished  in  Canada,  England,  and  on  the  continent  of  Europe, 
and  has  been  translated  into  German,  French,  Italian,  Swed- 
i  s  h  ,  Bohemian,  Spanish, 
.and  other  languages.  Al- 
though founded  upon  the 
times  of  Christ,  with  a 
thread  of  religious  feeling 
running  through  its  warp 
and  woof,  it  has  had  the 
good  fortune  to  find  favor 
with  all  sorts  of  readers, 
catholic,  protestant,  and 
Jew. 

Lewis,  or  "Lew,"  as  he 
prefers  to  write  himself,! 
was  born  at  Brookville,  inj 

the  state  of  Indiana.    His] 

f 

father,  David  Wallace. was 
one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed citizens  of  Indiana;  in- 
deed, he  was  governor  of 
that  state,  a  congressional 
member,  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and  a  lawyer,  states- 
man and  soldier. 

Young  Lewis  lost  his  mother  when  he  was  but  ten  years 
of  age,  and  so  far  as  schooling  was  concerned  he  grew  up 
a  rather  unmanageable  boy.  His  father  was  wont  to  say  that 
he  had  "paid  tuition  for  him  for  fourteen  years  and  he  had 
never  gone  to  school  one."  He  was  not  a  wild  and  dissolute 
youth,  but  he  loved  solitude  and  nothing  for  companionship, 


GEN.  LEW  WALLACE. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  3fi3 

lived  entirely  in  a  world  of  his  imagination,  and  was  an  om- 
niverous  reader  of  romance  and  poetry.  From  his  mother  he 
inherited  a  love  of  art,  and  he  early  exhibited  a  taste  for 
drawing  and  painting  which  if  duly  cultivated  might  have 
made  him  a  great  artist;  and  such  was  his  ambition.  But  art 
in  the  West  at  that  time  was  considered  of  small  account. 

He  was  reading  law  when  the  Mexican  war  broke  out.  If 
from  his  mother  he  inherited  a  love  of  poetry  and  art,  from 
his  father  he  inherited  decided  military  tastes,  for  though 
but  nineteen  years  of  age  at  the  outbreak  of  that  war,  he  en- 
listed in  the  Indiana  first  regiment  and  was  soon  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant.  '  The  chief  result  of  this  mil- 
itary experience  was  the  conception  of  his  first  novel,  "The 
Fair  God."  While  in  Mexico  he  saw  about  him  the  evidences 
of  a  strange  civilization,  long  passed  away,  which  kindled  his 
imagination  and  made  him  ambitious  to  make  it  live  again 
in  the  pages  of  romance.  And  he  resolved  that  when  he 
returned  to  his  home  he  would  write  that  romance.  It  was 
also  while  in  Mexico  that  he  first  heard  of  the  young  lady 
who  afterward  became  his  wife.  Miss  Susan  Elston  of  Craw- 
fordsville. 

After  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war  he  began  the  practice 
of  the  law  at  Covington,  Indiana,  whence  he  removed  to 
Crawfordsville  Between  then  and  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  he  served  one  term  in  the  senate  of  Indiana. 

When  the  war  of  the  rebellion  commenced,  Capt  Wallace 
immediately  tendered  his  services  to  Gov.  Morton,  who  ap- 
pointed him  adjutant-general  of  the  state  After  a  short 
period  of  service  in  this  position  he  was  appointed  colonel  of 
the  eleventh  Indiana  regiment.  Just  previous  to  the  battle 
at  Fort  Donelson  he  was  made  brigadier-general,  and  had 
command  of  a  division.  And  he  was  the  first  federal  gen- 
eral to  enter  the  rebel  lines. 

His  gallant  services  at  Donelson  won  him  a  major-gener 
alship,  and  he  commanded  a  division  in  the  army  of  the 


364  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Tennessee  on  its  march  up  the  river  to  Pittsburg  landing. 
Gen.  Wallace  fought  at  Shiloh,  saved  Cincinnati  from  cap- 
ture, and  prevented  Early's  capture  of  Washington,  by  fight- 
ing the  battle  of  Monocacy,  Maryland,  July  9,  1804,  which 
resulted  in  his  defeat,  but  gave  Gen.  Grant  time  to  reinforce 
the  capital  from  City  Point.  Gen.  Hallack  having  deprived 
him  of  his  command  after  this  action,  Gen.  Grant  re-instated 
him,  and  acknowledged  in  handsome  terms  the  obligation 
which  the  country  owed  him  in  the  saving  of  its  capital  city 
from  capture. 

Gen.  Wallace  was  a  member  of  the  court  which  tried  the 
persons  alleged  to  have  been  in  complicity  with  Wilkes  Booth, 
in  the  murder  of  President  Lincoln;  and  he  presided  at  the 
trial  of  Captain  Wirth  at  Andersonville. 

After  these  exciting  events  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law 
at  Crawfordsville,  and  continued  his  literary  work.  He  had 
commenced  his  romance,  "The  Fair  God,"  shortly  after  his 
return  from  Mexico;  he  now  took  it  up,  publishing  it  in  1874, 
when  it  created  a  great  sensation. 

In  1876,  after  the  disputed  Hayes  and  Tilden  vote  in  the 
South, Gen.  Wallace  was  one  of  the  visiting  statesmen  to 
Florida  to  look  after  the  count  there.  When  Mr.  Hayes  was 
inaugurated  he  appointed  him  governor  of  Mexico.  During 
1880-8-4  he  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey,  and  there 
gained  the  high  regard  and  admiration  of  the  Sultan. 

"Ben  Hur"  was  published  by  Harper  Brothers  in  1880. 
Gen.  Wallace  made  a  tour  of  the  Holy  Land,  and  visited  those 
scenes  described  in  his  great  work,  which  he  had  as  yet  only 
seen  in  imagination.  During  this  journey  he  was  entertain- 
ed as  the  guest  of  the  Sultan;  palaces  were  placed  at  his 
disposal;  a  retinue  of  servants  and  a  detachment  of  soldiers 
accompanied  him;  and  he  was  met  at  the  gates  of  Jerusalem 
by  an  official  deputation.  This  noted  man  resides  in  Craw- 
fordsville with  his  wife  and  son.  This  lady  is  herself  a  wri- 
ter of  considerable  note,  and  a  woman  of  rare  mind. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


365 


HON.  ZEBULON  B.  VANCE. 

Born  in  1830. 

SENATOK  VANCE  laughs  like  a  boy,  and  his  rollicking  ha! 
ha!  can  be  heard  a  block  away  on  a  cold  day.  He  likes  to 
laugh  and  he  is  a  good  story-teller,  and  is  one  of  the  sena- 
tors who  has  a  story  ready  for  every  occasion. 

Senator  Vance  has  so  long  been  before  the  public  in  im- 
portant political  capacities,  that  it  is  almost  superfluous  to 
speak  of  his  ability  and 
popularity.  As  a  speaker 
he  is  perhaps  the  best  re- 
presentative of  the  South, 
being  witty,  brilliant  and 
eloquent;  his  appearance 
on  the  platform  is  always 
hailed  with  applause. 

Zebulon  B.  Vance  was 
born  in  Buncombe  county, 
North  Carolina.  His  colle- 
giate education  was  obtain- 
ed at  Washington  college, 
Tennessee,  and  at  the  uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina. 
Studying  law,  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  full  practice  in 
1852,  and  was  the  same  year  made  county  solicitor.  His  po 
litical  career  began  in  1856,  when  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  what  was  then  called  the  house  of  commons  of  North 
Carolina.  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  to  congress  and  serv- 
ed until  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 

Like  several  of  the  best  men  of  his  state,  Mr.  Vance  was 
originally  opposed  to  secession,  but  when  the  step  was  talu-n, 
threw  his  fortunes  in  with  those  of  his  state.  As  colonel  of 
tl><5  twenty-sixth  North  Carolina  regiment  he  was  present  at 


HON.  ZEBULON  B.  VANCE. 


366  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

the  battle  of  Newbern,  the  seven  days  before  Richmond,  and 
Malvern  Hill. 

In  1862  Col.  Vance  was  elected  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  in  1864  re-elected.  After  the  "reconstruction" 
of  the  state,  Gov.  Yance  was  chosen  to  represent  North 
Carolina  in  the  senate,  but  not  admitted,  and  in  1 872  handed 
in  his  resignation.  He  ran  again  for  the  position  in  1872, 
but  was  defeated  by  a  coalition  of  bolting  democrats. 

In  1876  Mr.  Vance  was  elected  governor  of  the  state, 
after  an  exciting  canvass,  by  a  very  handsome  majority. 
Three  years  later  he  again  met  his  old  antagonist,  Col.  Mer- 
rimon,  and  defeated  him  before  the  legislature  as  candidate 
for  United  States  senator.  He  received  the  re  election  to  the 
senate  in  1885,  and  his  term  expires  in  1891. 


"DON"  CAMERON. 

Born  in  1833. 

JAMES  DONALD  CAMERON  or  "Don"  Cameron  as  he  \A 
familiarly  called,  has  acquired  a  national  reputation  as  a 
republican  "boss."  Other  bosses  have  risen  up  in  large 
numbers  and  soon  suffered  a  decadence  of  their  power,  but 
"  Don  "  still  retains  his  political  prestige  and  is  likely  to  for 
some  years  to  come. 

He  is  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Simon  Cameron,  the  famous 
political  veteran,  who  resigned  the  senatorial  chaii*  which 
the  "Don"  now  occupies. 

Mr.  Cameron  was  born  in  Middletown,  in  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  college,  and  be- 
gan life  as  a  clerk  in  the  Middletown  bank,  where  he  rose  to 
the  position  of  cashier.  He  learned  railroading  by  engaging 
in  the  transportation  of  troops  and  supplies,  and  in  1866  be- 
came president  of  the  Northern  Central  railroad,  now  a  part 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Central.  His  first  appearance  in  politics 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


367 


was  in  the  cabinet.  President  Grant  made  him  secretary  of 
war  in  1876,  and  he  served  the  remainder  of  Grant's  term 
till  18TT. 

When  he  left  the  office  of  secretary,  his  father,  the 
Hon.  Simon  Cameron,  who  was  growing  old,  resigned  his 
seat  in  the  United  States  senate,  and  instructed  the  legisla- 
ture of  Pennsylvania  to  elect  "Don/'  It  did  so.  The  young 
"  boss"  was  re-elected  in  1878,  and  on  the  death  of  Zach 
Chandler  in  1879  he  succeeded  him  as  chairman  of  the  national 
republican  committee.  It 
is  now  a  matter  of  history 
that  if  the  other  third  term- 
ers of  that  committee  had 
sustained  his  position  at 
the  Chicago  convention, 
when  he  claimed  that  by 
precedent  he  had  the  right 
of  naming  the  temporary 
chairman.  Grant  would 
have  been  nominated  in- 
stead of  Gartield. 

"Don"  cannot  make  a 
speech.  As  a  "boss"  this 
is  fortunate,  as  speeches 
have  been  known  to  rise 
up  and  ruin  him  that  ut- 
tered them.  He  is  a  man 
with  keen  foresight,  un- 
flinching determination  and  of  great  executive  ability.  He 
concedes  when  cdncession  will  win;  he  defies  where  defiance 
is  victory. 

Mr.  Cameron  has  been  married  twice.     By   his  first  wife 
he  has  a  daughter  older  then  his  second  help-mate. 

"Don  "Cameron  was  re-elected  to  the  senate  in  1885, 
and  his  term  expires  in  1891. 


DON  "    CAMERON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


688 


DON  GUZMAN  BLANCO. 

THE  president  of  Venezuela,  Guzman  Blanco,  was  elected 
jn  March,  1886.  This  remarkable  man  has  since  1876  so  far 
controlled  political  affairs  in  his  country  that  the  government 
has  been  practically  administered  by  him. 

The  government  .of  Venezuela  is  a  federation  of  states, 
united  by  their  own  choice,  and  reserving  to  themselves  most 

of  the  attributes  of  sover- 
eignty. As  in  our  own 
country,  under  the  articles 
of  confederation,  the  laws 
passed  by  the  federal  con- 
gress are  administered  by 
state  officers. 

The  congress  consists  of 
a  senate  representing  the 
states,  and  a  house  repre- 
senting the  people.  The 
president  of  Venezuela  is 
chosen  by  a  federal  council 
of  sixteen,  which  is  in  its 
turn  selected  by  the  con' 
gress. 

The  population  of  Vei; 
ezuela  is  estimated  at  ovet 
two  millions.  The  national 
expenditure  is  about  ten 
million  dollars  per  annum,  the  revenues  generally  yielding 
that  amount.  The  indebtedness  of  the  country  is  something 
over,fifty  millions. 

Don  Guzman  Blanco  is  a  well-educated  anan,  an  expert 
«nced  statesman  and  wise  ruler,  and  very  popular  with  the 
people  of  his  country. 


DON    GUZMAN    BLANCO. , 


THE  BWGltAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  D.  C.  ATKINS. 

Born  in  1825. 

JOHN  D.  C.  ATKINS  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  Tennessee. 
He  studied  law  early  in  life,  and  practiced  his  profession  in 
his  native  state.  He  was  elected  as  a  representative  to  the 
state  legislature,  and  was  subsequently  elected  to  the  senate. 
In  1857  Mr.  Atkins  was  elected  as  a  representative  in  con- 
gress at  Washington.  This 
position  he  tilled  with 
great  credit. 

When  the  war  broke  out 
he  served  in  the  confeder- 
ate army,  and  was  elected 
to  the  congress  of  the  con- 
federacy in  1861;  receiving 
the  election  again  in  1863, 
he  again  took  his  seat. 

In  1874  he  was  elected 
to  the  federal  congress  as 
a  representative  from  Ten-! 


JOHN  D.  C.  ATKINS. 


er  of  Indian  affairs. 

The  office  of  Indian  af- 
fairs was  established  in  1832,  and  transferred  to  the  interior 
department  in  1849.  The  head  of  the  office  —  the  commis- 
sioner of  Indian  affairs  —  has  charge  of  all  matters  arising 
out  of  treaty  relations  with  the  various  Indian  tribes.  The  ful- 
fillment of  all  agreements  with  these  tribes,  the  care  of  the 
Indian  wards  of  the  government,  and  the  discharge  of  duties 
arising  out  of  treaty  stipulations  on  the  one  hand,  and  out 
of  congressional  legislation  on  the  other — these  are  assigned 
to  the  office  of  Indian  affairs. 


370 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


COKNELIUS  VANDERBILT. 

Born  about  1845. 

THERE  seems  to  have  never  been  any  doubt  that  the  bulk  of 
the  vast  fortune  left  by  the  richest  man  in  the  world  would  be 
inherited  by  his  eldest  son,  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  who,  like 
his  grandfather,  the  Commodore,  and  his  father,  had  evi- 
denced that  he  knows  not  only  how  to  take  care  of  the  money 
but  to  make  it  increase  and  multiply.  The  past  of  Cornelius 
Yanderbilt's  life  presents 
what  amounts  to  demon 
stration  that  the  Vauder. 
bilts'  distinction  as  finan- 
cial magnates  of  unequal- 
ed  majesty,  will  be  main- 
tained for  at  least  as  long 
as  Cornelius  Vanderbilt 
shall  be  the  head  of  the 
family. 

This  man,  upon  whose 
broad  shoulders  unequaled 
financial  responsibilities 
to  be  placed,  was  born  at 
New  Dorp,  Staten  Island, 
New  York,  forty  years  ago. 
William  H.  Yanderbilt,  his 
father,  was  at  that  time 
cultivating  a  seventy-acre 

farm.  CORNELIUS  VANDERBILT. 

He  gained  the  rudiments  of  education  at  his  mother's 
knee.  When  old  enough  he  was  placed  at  an  academy  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  worked  with  exemplary 
diligence  and  thoroughness.  He  left  school  a  well  educated,  if 
not  a  liberally  educated,  young  gentleman. 

He  was  eighteen  years  old  when  he  found  employment  at 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  871 

a  bank  on  Wall  street.  His  business  ability  gratified  the 
pride  of  his  grandfather,  after  whom  he  had  been  named, 
and  before  long  he  was  made  assistant  treasurer  in  the  office 
of  the  Harlem  Railroad,  then  virtually  owned  by  the  first  of 
the  Vanderbilts.  During  the  year  he  spent  in  this  office  Mr. 
Vanderbilt  became  thoroughly  aquainted  with  comprehensive 
details  of  railroad  management,  and  acquired  the  superior 
executive  ability  which  impresses  men  who  deal  with  him. 

The  Commodore  died  in  the  beginning  of  1877,  leaving  a 
trifle  of  five  millions  dollars  as  a  bequest  to  his  promising 
grandson  and  namesake.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  is  said  to  have 
trebled  this  amount  in  the  few  years  which  have  elapsed 
since  he  became  possessed  of  it. 

Among  the  changes  brought  about  by  the  death  of  the  first 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  was  the  installment  of  his  grandson 
as  first  vice-president  of  the  New  Central.  He  held  this  po- 
sition till  1883,  when  his  father  retired  from  the  presidency 
of  the  road.  Cornelius  then  became  chairman  of  the  board 
of  directors.  At  that  time  he  had  been  made  a  director  in 
the  Canada  Southern,  St.  Paul  and  Omaha  and  Nickel-Plate 
railways,  and  in  the  Union  Trust  Company  of  New  York. 
Of  late  the  condition  of  his  health  has  forbidden  his  attentions 
to  new  undertakings,  however  tempting  to  a  man  of  his 
capacity  and  ambition. 

Cornelius  Vanderbilt  has  been  married  about  sixteen  years. 
His  wife  is  the  daughter  of  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  practising 
in  Cincinnati.  The  couple  have  five  children;  of  whom  the 
two  eldest  boys  are  preparing  for  college.  Their  home  is  a 
centre  of  elegant  hospitality.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  in 
New  York. 

In  public  spirit  and  usefulness  Mr.  Vanderbilt  is  one  of 
the  leading  men  of  the  Empire  city.      His  name  is  con>pK- 
uous  among  those  who   support  the  varied  institutions   and 
charities  of  the  protestant  episcopal  church,  and  other  phil- 
anthropic activities. 


378 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HENRY  IRVING. 

Born  Feb.  6,  1838. 

HENRY  IRVING  arrived  at  New  York  in  1887  and  made  a 
professional  tour  in  this  country.  His  genius  as  an  actor, 
his  irreproachable  character  and  social  standing,  have  elevat- 
ed the  histrionic  art  and  helped  to  bring. about  a  recognition 
of  its  essential  dignity. 

Henry  Irving  was  born  at  Keinton,  near  Gladstonbury, 
Somersetshire,  England, 
his  full  name  being  John 
Henry  Brodrib  Irving. 
He  was  educated  at  a 
private  academy  in  Lon- 
don, with  the  view  of  his 
engaging  in  commercial 
pursuits.  In  pursuance  of 
this  intention,  upon  his  re- 
moval from  school  he  was 
placed  in  the  office  of  an 
East  India  merchant;  but 
his  bias  towards  the  stage 
was  so  strong  within  him 
that  while  still  young  he 
broke  away  from  business 
and  committed  himself  to 
the  vicissitudes  of  the  act- 
or's career.  His  first  ap- 
pearance before  the  public  HENRY  IRVING. 
was  in  1856  at  Sunderland,  in  the  North  of  England,  where 
he  essayed  the  part  of  Orleans  in  '"Richelieu."  The  next 
year  he  became  very  popular  in  the  theatre  Royal,  Edinburgh, 
where  he  did  responsible  business.  Two  years  and  a  half 
with  a  company  including  such  performers  as  Miss  Cushman, 
Miss  Helen  Faucit,  Messrs.  Yandenhoff,  Robson,  Charles 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  373 

Mathews  the  younger,  Benjamin  Webster  and  Wright,  prov- 
ed invaluable  to  the  young  aspirant,  who,  in  1859,  appeared 
in  the  Princess  theatre,  London.  His  brief  engagement 
there  was  succeeded  by  his  appearance  in  Manchester,  where 
he  played  Hamlet.  By  1866  he  had  earned  a  high  position 
in  his  profession,  and  had  made  his  appearance  on  the  board 
of  the  St.  James'  theatre,  London,  in  various  important  parts. 
In  1868  and  1869  he  acted  in  the  Queen's  and  Drury  Lane 
theatres  in  the  same  metropolis,  with  still  increasing  reputa- 
tion. Engagements  at  the  Vaudeville  and  Lyceum  theatres 
followed.  In  the  last-named  house  his  personation  of  Mathias 
in  "The  Bells"  gave  him  a  reputation  equal  to  the  greatest 
ever  earned  on  the  stage,  and  his  place  in  the  forefront  of 
contemporary  actors  has  been  maintained  ever  since.  This 
was  in  November,  1871,  a  date  memorable  in  the  annals  of 
triumphant  acting.  His  undertaking  was  to  depict,  in  the 
language  of  the  London  "Times,"  "the  concluding  hours  of 
life  passed  in  a  constant  effort  to  preserve  a  cheerful  exterior 
with  a  conscience  tortured  till  it  had  become  a  monomania." 
A  subsequent  notable  success  was  his  part  of  Charles  I  in 
Mr.  W.  J.  Wills'  "^Charles  the  First,"  which  was  performed 
on  consecutive  nights  for  more  than  half  a  year.  Mr.  Irving's 
Richelieu,  Macbeth,  Philip  in  Tennyson's  "Queen  Mary," 
Richard  III,  his  assumption  of  the  two  parts  of  Lesurques 
and  Dubosc  in  Mr.  Charles  Reade's  "Lyon's  Mail,"  and  his 
Louis  the  Eleventh  are  known,  by  name  at  least,  to  all  read- 
ers of  the  newspapers.  Hamlet  especially  commanded  great 
attention  from  scholarly  critics,  and  Mr.  Irving's  personation 
of  this  difficult  character  was  given  probably  greater  at- 
tention than  any  other  in  his  wide  range  of  parts,  during  his 
visit  to  America.  Since  1878  he  has  been  manager  of  the 
Lyceum  theatre,  London,  which  is  described  as  a  perfect 
temple  of  the  drama. 

It  may  be  gathered  from  considerable  reading  on  the  sul> 
ject  that    Henry  Irving  is  a  hard  student  with  the  means  of 


374  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

assisting  his  natural  extraordinary  histrionic  perception  with 
the  observations  of  scholarly  and  .gifted  people.  He  is  a 
sympathetic  man,  and  possessed  of  an  astonishing  celerity 
of  thought  and  changeful  emotion.  He  makes  a  skilful  use 
of  his  hands  in  reading  his  lines,  and  their  shapely  beauty  is 
said  to  assist  the  illusion  wrought  by  his  sympathetic  and  in- 
tense elocution. 

Lastly,  Mr.  Irving  is  always  original;  in  all  Jiis  parts  he 
is  true  to  his  own  intelligent  perception  of  the  manner  in  which 
they  should  be  played.  He  does  not  lean  his  back  against 
tradition,  content  with  the  ideas  of  other  men.  He  goes  to 
the  book  of  Shakespeare  and  not  to  the  business  of  a  scene  as 
others  have  played  it. 

The  prominent  actor  is  a  tall  slim  man,  somewhat  nervous 
in  his  movements.  His  appearance  indicates  the  great  actor. 
You  feel  it  in  talking  with  him;  but  there  is  a  cordiality  and 
well-bred  dignity  in  his  manner  that  puts  you  at  ease  in  his 
company.  Here  is  a  man  who  is  -'every  inch  a  king,"  but 
he  don't  seem  to  be  conscious  of  the  fact  himself,  and 
from  the  moment  of  shaking  hands  you  feel  quite  at  home 
with  him.  He  is  rather  slow  and  deliberate  in  his  speech, 
now  sitting  carelessly  in  his  chair,  now  standing  in  a  grace- 
ful pose,  and  now  striding  the  room  and  stamping  his  foot 
impetuously  at  times  by  way  of  emphasis.  What  an  ex- 
pressive countenance  he  has  !  It  is  not  handsome,  but  its 
features  are'strongly  marked  and  capable  of  picturing  every 
emotion  of  his  heart.  His  long  nervous  frame  is  like  a  deli- 
cately-stringed instrument,  which  his  artistic  spirit  plays 
upon  with  masterly  skill. 

No  living  actor  has  a  more  correct  understanding  of  the 
principles  of  art,  and  his  success  marks  an  epoch  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  British  stage. 

Mr.  Irving  thinks  that  the  Shakespearean  drama  is  rapidly 
growing  in  popular  favor;  certainly  in  his  own  country,  and 
apparently  in  others. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


375 


GEN.  JOSEPH  E.  JOHNSTON. 

Born  in  1807. 

THE  soldier  and  statesman,  Gen.  Jos.  E.  Johnston,  is  a  na- 
tive of  the  state  of  Virginia.  In  1829  he  graduated  at  the 
United  States  military  academy,  in  the  same  class  with  Kob- 
ort  E.  Lee.  Mr.  Johnston  at  once  entered  into  active  military 
life,  and  served  with  distinction  through  many  battles,  nota- 
bly those  of  the  Indian 
Florida  and  the  Mexican 
wars. 

In  18C1  he  resigned  from 
the  military  service  of  the 
United  States,  and  entered 
the  confederate  service,  in 
•which  he  became  one  of 
its  most  noted  generals. 

In  1865  Gen.  Johnston 
was  ordered  by  Gen.  Lee, 
Commander-in-chief  of  all 
the  armies  of  the  confed- 
erate states,  to  assume 
command  of  the  army  of 
the  Tennessee,  and  all  of 
the  troops  in  South  Caro-  GEN.  jos.  E.  JOHNSTON. 

lina, Georgia,  and  Florida,  "to  concentrate  all  the  available 
forces  to  drive  back  Sherman." 

Gen.  Johnston  was  wounded  in  the  Florida  Indian-  war, 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  civil  war, —  ten  times  in  all. 

After  the  war  he  was  president  of  numerous  business  en- 
terprises, and  in  1877  was  sent  to  congress.  He  is  now 
(1888)  cominissioner*of  railroads  of  the  United  States,  being 
appointed  by  President  Cleveland  in  1885. 

Gen.  Johnston  has  published  a  narrative  of  the  late  war, 
which  attracted  considerable  attention. 


376 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ALFRED  P.  EDGERTON. 

Born  in  1813. 

A  VARIED  career  has  been  that  of  Mr.  Edgerton,  who  in 
his  lime  has  been  an  editor,  merchant,  and  politician.  He  is 
a  native  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Removing  to  north- 
western Ohio,  he  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  representative 
from  his  district;  and  so  popular  had  he  become  that  he  re- 
ceived the  re-election,  thua 
being  a  member  of  that 
body  for  two  terms 

Mr.  Edgerton  s  u  b  s  e  - 
quently  removed  to  the 
state  of  Indiana,  where  he 
now  resides. 

He  is  a  prominent  dem- 
ocrat, and  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  democratic 
party. 

The  educational  move- 
ments in  his  adopted  state 
have  also  claimed  a  fair 
share  of  his  attention,  and 
in  which  he  is  ever  ready 
to  take  a  prominent  part. 
In  1885  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  office  of  civil  ser- 
vice commissioner,  in  which  position  he  has  distinguished 
himself  as  a  man  of  great  ability  and  broad  principles. 

The  idea  that  the  one  hundred  thousand  or  more  officers 
of  the  government  civil  service  belong  to  the  party  in  power 
is  acknowledged  as  a  bad  one,  and  the  civil  service  commis- 
sion was  established  to  draft  rules  for  the  administration  of 
the  civil  service  on  the  basis  of  merit  and  competition. 


ALFRED  P.  EDUERTON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


377 


SAMUEL  SULLIVAN  COX. 

Born  Sept.  30, 1824. 

MR.  Cox  is  a  native  of  Ohio.  His  father  Ezekiel  Taylor 
Cox  was  by  trade  a  printer,  but  served  in  the  Ohio  senate 
during  1832-33.  Mr.  Cox  received  his  education  at  the  Ohio 
university  at  Athens,  and  Brown  university  in  Rhode  Island, 
graduating  with  honor  from  the  latter  institution  in  1846. 
He  shortly  afterward  be- 
gan the  study  of  law  in 
the  office  of  Yachel  Worth- 
ington,  in  Cincinnati,  and 
he  made  the  Queen  city 
his  home  until  1850,  when 
he  went  abroad  on  an  ex- 
tended European  tour. 

On  his  return  he  pub- 
lished "The  Buckeye 
Abroad."'  a  wrell  written 
and  popular  work,  descrip- 
tive of  his  travels.  In  1853, 
Mr.  Cox  became  proprie- 
tor and  editor  of  the  - '  Ohio 
Statesman,"  a  Columbus 
paper,  at  which  place  he 
took  up  his  abode. 

While  editor  of  this  paper  he  received  the  sobriquet  of 
"Sunset"  Cox,  having  obtained  the  appellation  from  a  de- 
scription of  a  beautiful  sunset  witnessed  by  him  and  pub- 
lished in  his  paper. 

In  1855  he  was  offered  the  secretaryship  of  the  legation 
to  England,  but  he  declined  the  honor;  he,  however,  the 
same  year,  accepted  the  secretary  ship  of  the  legation  to  Peru, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  ill-health. 

He  was  elected  representative  from  the  Columbus  district 


S'AMUEL    S.  COX. 


378  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

in  the  thirty-fifth,  thirty-sixth,  thirty-seventh,  ,and  thirty- 
eighth  congresses,  serving  on  various  committees,  and  as 
one  of  the  regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute.  He  did  all 
in  his  power  to  avert  secession  and  civil  strife,  but  the  war 
having  begun  he  heartily  supported  all  constitutional  meas- 
<ures  for  bringing  it  to  a  speedy  termination. 

In  the  thirty-eighth  congress  (1863)  he  was  the  unsuccess- 
ful nominee  of  his  party  for  speaker  against  Mr.  Coif  ax. 

In  March,  1865,  Mr.  Cox  removed  to  New  York,  and  the 
same  year  published  his  "Eight  Years  in  Congress."  Short- 
ly after  this  he  made  a  visit  to  the  shores  and  islands  of  the 
Mediterranean.  As  the  result  of  his  trip  he  gave  to  the  pub- 
lic a  volume  entitled  "A  Search  for  Winter  Sunbeams," 
published  in  London  and  New  York.  It  is  a  work  commend- 
able on  account  of  its  elaborate  and  philosophical  style. 

Mr.  Cox  has  met  with  great  success  as  an  author  and  as  a 
lecturer  on  literary  themes:  his  most  popular  lectures  being 
"Spain  "  and  "Poetry  of  Mechanism." 

In  1868  Mr.  Cox  was  elected  a  representative  from  the 
sixth  district  of  New  York  to  the  forty-first  congress,and  was 
re-elected  over  Horace  Greeley  in  1870.  His  principal  ef- 
forts being  made  in  connection  with  the  tariff,  he  has  been 
constant  in  protesting  against  the  doctrine  of  "protection," 
presenting  his  views  with  elaborate  statistics.  He  was  re- 
elected  to  the  forty-tfiird  congress,  and  to  every  congress 
until  he  was  appointed  United  States  minister  to  Turkey, 
from  which  he  soon  resigned. 

He  is  again  a  congressional  member  from  New  York.  He 
has  occupied  a  seat  in  the  house  for  a  longer  period  than 
any  of  its  present  members.  While  he  does  not  pretend  to 
great  activity  in  originating  measures,  he  pledges  himself  to 
understand  every  bill  that  comes  to  a  vote  in  the  house. 

Of  the  members  of  congress,  certainly,  none  on  the  dem- 
ocratic side  "hold  the  house"  better  than  Mr.  Cox.  He  is 
a  ready,  graceful,  self-possessed  and  vigorous  debater. 


THE  BIOGEAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


379 


SIR  WIILLIAM  VERNON  HARCOURT. 

Born  in  1827. 

SECOND  to  Gladstone,  Sir  William  Vernor  Harcourt,  Q.C.. 
M.P. ,  is  undoubtedly  the  foremost  leader  and  spokesman 
of  his  party  in  the  house  of  commons.  Yet  his  succession 
to  the  chieftainship  in  the  event  of  Gladstone's  retirement  is 
by  no  means  certain. 

Harcourt  was  born  in  1827,  was  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  England, 
and  in  1851  took  a  distin- 
guished degree.  He  is  a 
lawyer  by  profession;  en- 
tered parliament  in  1868  as 
member  for  the  city  of 
Oxford.  In  1880  he  be- 
came home  secretary.  In 
the  liberal  cabinet  of  1886 
he  held  the  office  of  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer. 

He  has  exhibited  remark- 
able   power  as  a  debater 
both  in  the  house   and  on:' 
the  stump.     His  attacks  on 
the  ministry  have  been  al- 

v  . 

most  cruel  in  their  effec- 
tiveness. Some,  indeed,  SIB  w.  v.  HARCOURT. 
say  that  his  attacks  ruined  Mr.  Goschen  as  a  politician.  This 
service,  rendered  in  the  darkest  days  of  the  liberal  party, 
has,  of  course,  helped  to  wipe  out  the  memory  of  the  vacilla- 
tion, which  Sir  William  undoubtedly  displayed  in  his  earlier 
days.  In  1874  it  seemed  very  doubtful,  after  Gladstone's 
defeat,  whether  he  would  stand  by  him  any  longer  or  not. 
Reflection  probabJy  brought  wisdom,  and  he  has,  since  the 
Irish  question  came  up,  come  to  the  discussion  of  it  with  the 
greatest  experience. 


380 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


DORMAN  B.  EATON. 

Born  Jan.  27. 1823. 

DORMAN  B.  EATON,  LL.D.,  was  borfi  in  Hardwick,  Cale- 
donia county,  in  the  state  of  Vermont.  He  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Vermont  in  1848,  and  at  Harvard  school 
two  years  later,  where  he  took  the  first  prize  for  a  legal  essay. 

The  same  year  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  New  York 
bar,  and  became  interested 
in  politics. 

Mr.  Eaton  traveled  in 
Europe  in  1866  and  in 
1870-73,  giving  particular 
attention  to  the  status  and 
probable  development  of 
the  civil  service  in  various 
countries. 

After  his  return,  Presi- 
dent Grant  appointed  him 
a  member  of  the  civil  ser- 
vice commission,  of  which 
he  held  the  chairmanship. 
He  again  visited  Europe 
in  1885;  and  in  1887  Pres- 
ident Hayes  requested  him 
to  secure  material  in  Eng- 
land for  a  historical  report 
upon  the  British  civil  service.  And  when  the  civil  service 
commission  was  re-established,  he  was.  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Arthur  as  commissioner,  a  position  which  he  also  held 
under  President  Cleveland,  resigning  therefrom  in  1886. 

Mr.  Eaton  has  written  several  works  on  civil  service  re- 
form, law,  and  other  subjects. 


DOKMAN    B.    EATON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


381 


DON  M.  DICKINSON. 

THE  present  postmaster-general,  Don  M.  Dickinson,  was 
appointed  to  that  position  by  President  Cleveland  in  Janu- 
ary, 1888. 

Previous  to  this,  he  was  known  as  a  prominent  lawyer  of 
Detroit,  Michigan,  who  had  shown  some  skill  in  political 
management,  and  of  course 
received  the  appointment 
as  a  reward  for  his  services 
to  the  party. 

Occupied  in  the  practice 
of  law,  however,  he  had 
never  sought  office  for 
himself,  but  had,  it  is  said, 
secured  the  election  or  ap- 
pointment of  innumerable 
friends  and  political  allies. 

The  duties  of  the  office 
of  postmaster  -  general  - 
under  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  the  chief  clerk  of 
the  department  —  relate  to 
miscellaneous  correspond- 
ence, to  the  appointment  of  department  employes,  to  re- 
cording and  promulgating  general  orders,  to  the  supervision 
of  advertising,  and  such  work  as  conies  into  the  province  of 
this  department.  The  postoffice  department  was  established 
temporarily  by  act  of  congress  in  1ST!),  and  permanently  by 
an  act  five  years  later.  The  head  is  the  postmaster-general, 
who  is  subject  to  the  wishes  of  the  president,  in  whose  cabinet 
he  is  a  member.  There  are  three  assistant  postmaster- generals. 
the  supervision  of  the  different  branches  of  the  postoffice 
work  being  divided  according  to  traditional  custom. 


••'•I-  .•.•'.*•.'    -. .  •,'.-•"   .--"•** 
DON   M.  DICKIN7SON. 


382  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

According  to  the  estimates  in  senator  Cockrell's  report, 
there  are  more  than  fifty  thousand  postoffices  in  the  United 
States.  The  postofiice  department  comes  closer  to  the  peo- 
ple than  any  other  department  at  Washington,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  biggest  machines  in  Uncle  Sam's  workshop.  There  are 
every  year  about  fifty  thousand  million  letters  posted  in  the 
world,  and  of  these  America  post  more  than  any  other  nation. 
England  post  every  year  about  seven  hundred  million  letters, 
and  America  two  thousand  five  hundred  million  letters,  or 
four  letters  to  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  country. 
The  Japanese  are  great  writers,  and  they  mail  nearly  every 
year  one  hundred  million  letters,  and  the  Japanese  postoffice 
is  an  offshoot  of  the  American. 

Japan  got  its  postofiice  through  a  man  named  Bryan,  who 
was  a  clerk  in  the  postoffice  department  at  Washington,  but 
who  woke  one  morning  to  find  himself  out  of  a  position.  He 
decided  to  go  to  Japan  and  to  inaugurate  the  American 
postal  service  there.  Pie  went,  and  though  the  foreign  ele- 
ment of  the  country  was  against  him,  he  succeeded  in  getting 
the  Japanese  government  to  make  the  trial.  Mr.  Bryan  im- 
ported the  best  of  machinery.  He  established  postoffices 
over  the  country,  and  his  work  was  a  success  from  the  start. 
He  made  a  nice  thing  out  of  it  too,  and  he  is  now  back  at 
Washington  worth  a  fortune.  The  nest  egg  of  this  he  got  in 
Japan,  but  the  bulk  of  it  he  made  in  speculation  since  here- 
turned  from  there.  He  is  now.  making  about  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  a  year,  is  mixed  up  with  many  of  the  new 
inventions  of  the  country,  and  everything  he  touches  seems 
to  prosper. 

The  postoffice  department  at  Washington  regulates,  of 
course,  the  mails  of  the  United  States.  It  is  a  big  white  mar- 
ble building  which  seems  to  be  turned  wrong  side  first,  and 
which  looks  more  like  a  prison  than  a  workshop.  Guards 
stand  at  its  doors,  and  you  have  to  go  through  telegraph  of- 
fices in  going  into  it.  The  city  postoffice  of  Washington  is  en- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  383 

tirely  separated  from  it,  and  the  postal  arrangements  of  the 
capital  are  connected  with  it  no  more  than  are  those  of  Cleve- 
land and  New  York. 

The  city  postoftice  of  Washington  has  as  big  a  business  as 
many  cities  three,  four  and  five  times  its  size.  It  ranks  third 
among  the  cities  of  the  United  States  in  postal  business,  and 
about  seventy  thousand  letters  pass  through  it  every  day. 
The  president  gets  an  average  of  nearly  fifty  thousand  a  day, 
and  by  this  is  meant  the  president  and  his  chief  clerks,  the 
cabinet  ministers.  Seventy  per  cent  of  the  letters  received 
there  are  on  government  business,  and  Washington  sends  out 
more  letters  than  she  receives. 

The  capital  fills  a  mail  car  or  so  every  day,  and  then  they 
cart  the  letters  and  documents  away  from  the  halls  of  con- 
gress by  the  wagon  load.  Oif  some  days  there  are  two  thou 
sands  sacks  sent  away,  and   the  speeches  on  the  tariff  which 
are  sent,  out  during  the  session  fill  thousands  of  sacks. 

Congressmen  as  a  rule  receives  thirty  or  forty  letters  a  day, 
and  the  mail  of  some  of  them  runs  into  the  hundreds. 

The  dead  letters  that  go  to  Washington  also  make  up  a 
big  part  of  the  mail,  and  there  are  five  million  pieces  of 
dead  letter  matter  received  every  year.  Sixteen  thousand 
letters  and  packages  come  into  this  dead  letter  office  every 
day  and  it  takes  one  hundred  and  four  clerks  to  handle  them. 
It  takes  eleven  clerks  to  open  the  letters,  and  they  have  no 
right  to  read  the  letters  they  open.  They  merely  cut  open 
the  envelope  and  lay  the  letters  on  a  pile  for  others  to  read. 
There  is  lots  of  money  in  these  letters,  and  last  year  over 
thirty  thonsand  dollars  was  found  in  them.  Of  this  six  thou- 
sand dollars  could  not  be  restored  to  the  owners,  for  wantof 
directions,  and  Uncle  Sam  gets  five  or  six  thousand  dollars  in 
this  way  every  year. 

The  packages  which  are  not  claimed  or  which  cannot  be 
sent  back  are  catalogued  and  sold,  and  about  two  million 
letters  and  packages  are  sold  every  year  for  waste  paper. 


384 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


IGNATIUS  DONNELLY. 

Born  Nov.  3,1831. 

THE  native  place  of  Mr.  Donnelly  is  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  was  educated,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  practiced  his  profession. 

In  1857  he  went  to  Minnesota;  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  in  1859,  and  again  in  1861;  he  was  then  elected  to 
congress  as  a  republican, 
serving  from  1863  to  1869. 

Besides  doing  a  large 
amount  of  journalist  work 
he  has  written  an  "Essay 
on  the  Sonnets  of  Shake- 
speare;" "Atlantis,  the  An- 
tediluvian World,  "appear- 
ed in  1882.  In  this  work 
he  attempts  to  demonstrate 
that  there  once  existed  in 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  oppo- 
site the  straits  of  Gibral- 
tar, a  large  island,  known 
to  the  ancients  as  "Atlan- 
tis." 

Then  in  1883  appeared 
"Ragnarok,"  in  which  he 
tries  to  prove  that  clay,  gravel,  and  decomposed  rocks,  char- 
acteristic of  the  drift  age,  were  the  result  of  contact  between 
the  earth  and  a  comet. 

'  Mr.  Donnelly's  sister,  Eleanor  Cecilia,  has  attained  great 
celebrity  as  a  poet,  and  is  seven  years  younger  than  her 
brother. 

But  the  great  stir  that  this  authoi  and  statesman  has  made 
is  the  publication  of  his  new  book,  in  which  he  claims  that 
Bacon  wrote  the  plays  attributed  to  Shakespeare. 


IGNATIUS   DONNELLY. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  385 

The  list  of  venerable  fictions  long  accepted  as  facts,  but 
of  late  exploded,  promises  to  receive  a  most  startling  addition. 
Hon.  Ignatius  Donnelly,  of  Minnesota,  announces  that  he  has 
discovered  in  the  Shakespeare  plays  a  curiously  interwoven 
cipher  narrative  which  proves  beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt 
that  there  was  never  a  man  as  we  all  imagine  William  Shake- 
speare to  have  been;  that  the  plays  which  all  the  world  unites 
in  placing  at  the  head  of  tne  world's  literature  were  written 
by  Francis  Bacon,  England's  great  jurist  and  philosopher; 
that  they  were  produced  by  Bacon  in  order  to  "  keep  the  wolf 
from  the  door,"  and  at  the  same  time  to  inculcate  doctrines 
which  his  political  aspirations  and  his  regard  for  his  own 
personal  safety  prevented  him  from  proclaiming  publicly  over 
his  own  name,  and  that  they  were  sold  to,  and  published 
under  the  name  of  a  comparatively  ignorant  play-acter  and 
theatre  manager.  The  cipher  narrative,  which  Donnelly 
unravels  out  of  the  first  complete  edition  of  the  plays,  print- 
ed in  1623,  also  discloses  other  startling  facts,  and  is  in  fact 
a  secret  of  that  eventful  period  which  is  known  as  the  Eliza- 
bethan era. 

The  book  in  which  Mr.  Donnelly  makes  public  his  dis- 
covery, was  issued  in  1888,  and  its  title  is  "The  Great 
Cryptogram:  Francis  Bacon's  Cipher  in  Shakespeare's  Plays." 
It  is  a  large  octavo  volume  of  one  thousand  pages,  and  is 
divided  into  three  parts. 

In  part  I,  Mr.  Donnelly  gives  his  reasons  for  believing  that 
William  Shakspere  could  not  possibly  have  written  the  plays, 
and  that  Lord  Bacon  is  the  real  author.  Fart  II  tells  just 
how  he  was  led  to  think  that  there  must  be  a  concealed  cipher 
in  the  first  edition  of  the  immortal  writings,  and  shows  in 
details  the  successive  steps  in  his  progress  towards  a  solution 
of  the  problem.  It  also  gives  the  story  as  unraveled  and  the 
mathematical  calculation  for  each  word  obtained.  This 
portion  of  the  volume  also  contains  fac  similes  from  the  orig- 
inal folio  so  marked  and  numbered  that  Mr.  Donnelly's  work 


383  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

may  be  traced  and  verified  by  the  reader.  Part  III  gives 
a  compact  history  of  the  Bacon-Shakespeare  controversy  and 
short  biographies  of  eminent  Baconians;  and  one  chapter  is 
devoted  to  Francis  Bacon  himself,  wherein  Mr.  Donnelly 
proves  the  fallacy  of  the  popular  opinion  concerning  Bacon's 
character.  Thoughout  Mr.  Donnelly  writes  in  an  easy,  en- 
tertaining style,  such  as  will  hold  the  attention  of  the  reader, 
and  the  chapter  on  the  meaning  and  purposes  of  the  immort- 
al plays  in  question  will,  aside  from  the  cipher  discovery, 
make  the  author  a  favorite  for  all  time. 

The  first  part  of  Mr.  Donnelly's  book  covers  every  part  of 
the  Bacon-Shakespeare  controversy, and  is  a  model  argument. 
It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  question  was  ever  more  thoroughly 
handled  or  more  convincingly  presented. 

Prof.  Colbort  says:  "I  am  compelled  to  endorse  the 
claim  made  by  Donnelly  that  he  has  found  a  cipher  in  some 
of  the  plays.  It  can  be  intelligently  traced  by  explanations 
given  by  him.  I  do  not  say,  nor  does  he  claim,  that  he  has 
discovered  the  complete  cipher;  and  I  think  it  very  likely 
that  some  of  the  readings  he  gives  will  bear  modification  in 
the  light  of  subsequent  knowledge.  But  the  cipher  is  cer- 
tainly there." 

Bidder  has  investigated  the  cipher  for  the  "  Nineteenth 
Century  Review,  "a  leading  magazine  in  England,  and  in  his 
report  he  says  he  has  made  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  case, 
verifying  the  countings,  etc., of  the  cipher  story,  and  that  in 
his  opinion  the  wonderful  coincidences  shown  by  Mr.  Don- 
nelly could  not  possible  be  due  to  chance;  that  he  believed 
Mr.  Donnelly  to  be  right,  and  that  there  is  a  cipher  in  the 
plays,  possibly  several;  and  that  they  were  probably  inter- 
woven into  the  text  by  Bacon.  Although  Mr.  Bidder  thinks 
that  more  time  and  labor  will  be  required  to  bring  the  cipher 
to  mathematical  exactness,  he  expresses  his  confidence  that 
Mr.  Donnelly  will  be  quite  able  in  the  end  to  perfect  the 
rule. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  387 

To  convey  an  idea  of  the  nature  of  the  cipher,  we  need 
in  this  place  only  use  a  familiar  form.  Suppose  that  in  some 
current  writing  we  find  that  the  tenth  word  is  "  our,"  the 
twentieth  "father,"  the  thirtieth  "who,"  the  fortieth  "art," 
and  thus  on  through  the  Lord's  prayer  —  we  are  compelled 
to  conclude  that  it  is  the  result  of  design. 

Mr.  Donnelly's  cipher,  however,  proceeds  on  a  far  more 
intricate  plan.  It  is  as  if  one  should  take  the  fifth  word, 
the  tenth,  the  fiftieth,  the  hundredth,  the  hundred  and  fiftieth, 
and  thus  on  to  fifteen  hundred;  then  return  through  a  totally 
different  series  of  figures,  arrived  at  by  dividing,  to  the  place 
of  beginning,  and  then  proceed  on  a  new  series  of  which 
the  separate  increments  were  obtained  by  a  fixed  system  of 
division  between  the  previously  obtained  increments. 

Of  course  this  is  not  Mr.  Donnelly's  system,  but  it  gives 
some  idea  of  it;  and  those  who  maintain  that  it  is  the  true 
solution,  admit  that  many  days'  labor,  of  tedious  hunting, 
are  necessary  to  evolve  even  one  paragraph  of  the  concealed 
story.  But  when  evolved,  they  insist  that  it  gives  the  inside 
history  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  and  why  the  authorship 
of  the  plays  had  to  be  concealed. 

Mr.  Donnelly's  extraordinary  book  has  been  the  subject 
of  so  much  discussion,  both  in  Europe  and  America,  that 
the  notices  of  it  in  magazines,  reviews  and  newspapers  would 
fill  many  volumes.  In  fact,  nothing  in  the  line  of  literature 
has  so  appealed  to  the  curiosity  of  the  world,  and  its  sale 
will  probably  be  phenomenal,  despite  the  bitter  attacks  made 
upon  its  author  before  his  theory  was  fully  presented  to  the 
world.  Prior  to  the  publication  of  this  work  the  feeling 
against  Mr.  Donnelly  and  his  book  manifested  itself  in  almost 
every  form  of  opposition  imaginable,  from  the  flippant 
charge  of  hallucination  and  crankiness  to  the  sober  imputa- 
tion of  wilful  and  deliberate  fraud. 

Mr.  Donnelly  is  now  (1888)  in  England,  where  he  has  al- 
ready delivered  several  lectures  on  his  Baconian  theory. 


388 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  L.  SULLIVAN. 

MEN  may  admire  the  manly  art  of  self-defense  as  a  means 
for  protection  against  insolence  or  injury,  but  when  two  men 
meet,  with  smiles  and  hand-shaking,  and  then  proceed  to 
pummel  each  other's  features  beyond  recognition,  the  sci- 
ence of  pugilism  becomes  interesting  only  to  those  whose 
lower  natures  are  strongly 
predominant. 

John  L.  Sullivan  has  a 
magnificent  physique.  He 
is  as  lithe  and  graceful  as 
a  tiger,  and  as  merciless  in 
his  punishments. 

Boston  claims  the  honor 
of  Mr.  Sullivan's  citizen- 
ship, and  Boston  liberally 
swelled  his  banking  ac- 
count by  patronizing  liber 
ally  the  elegant  saloon  of 
which  he  is  the  presiding 
genius. 

In  1888  he  was  present-  ,  !& 

,'.\\.  ::::::•;"  li\<\ 

ed  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  f?|\v  .;j£: 

and  other  royal  personages     "%• 
who  had  expressed  a  desire 

to  meet  this  great  pugilist.  JOHN  L.  SULLIVAN. 

The  prince  took  away  the  frigid  air  of  newness  from  the  ac- 
quaintance by  saying  that  he  felt  as  if  he  had  known  Sulli- 
van for  years;  and  John  L.  reciprocated  by  remarking  that, 
next  to  Jem  Smith  [the  English  champion  pugilist]  Albert 
Edward  was  the  man  he  had  most  wanted  to  see  on  coming 
to  England.  Then  the  prince  looked  Sullivan  over  carefully. 
Sullivan  did  ditto,  and  they  again  shook  a  shake  of  mutual 
satisfaction. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


A.  J.  WARNER. 

Born  Jan.  13t  1834. 

THE  author  of  what  is  known  as  the  Warner  compromise 
measure,  is  A.  J.  Warner,  a  native  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
He  received  his  education  at  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  and  in  the 
New  York  Central  College.  After  graduating,  he  made  his 
way  to  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  a  principal  of  the  Lew- 
istown  academy,  and  su- 
perintendent of  the  public 
schools  of  Mifflin  county, 
in  the  same  state. 

From  1856  to  1861  he 
was  principal  of  the  Mer- 
cer union  school. 

In  1861  he  entered  the 
army  as  captain  in  a  Penn- 
sylvanian  regiment,  and  he 
was  successively  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel,  colonel,  and  brev- 
et brigadier-general.  He 
served  through  the  war, 
participated  in  a  number  of 
engagements,  was  wounded 
at  Antietam,  and  was  hon- 
orably discharged. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  he  took  up  the  study  of  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865.  Mr.  Warner  was  sent 
to  the  forty-sixth  and  forty-eighth  congresses.  He  is  now  a 
resident  of  Marietta,  in  the  state  of  Ohio. 

The  measure  that  brought  his  name  into  such  prominence 
sought  to  restrict  the  coinage  of  silver,  and  to  issue  therefor 
silver  certificates,  for  which  bullion  purchased  by  the  govern- 
ment and  deposited  in  the  treasury  vaults  is  collateral. 


A.   J.  WAKNKR. 


390 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ISAAC  H.  MAYNAKD. 

Born  in  1838. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  Isaac  H.  Maynard,  is  a  native 
of  the  state  of  New  York.  He  has  had  considerable  expe- 
rience in  politics,  and  has  attained  some  prominence  as  a 
democrat;  in  fact,  in  1883  he  was  the  democratic  candidate 
for  secretary  of  state  in  New  York,  and  although  defeated, 

he  polled   a  very  large 
vote. 

Mr.  Isaac  H.  Maynard 
was  appointed  to  the  posi- 
tion of  second  comptroller 
of  the  treasury  in  June, 
1885;  and  in  1887  was 
made  first  assistant  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury. 

The  treasury  department 
has  existed  since  1789, 
when  it  was  established  to 
take  the  place  of  a  similar- 
office  that  had,  in  one  form 
or  another,,  existed  since 
1776.  At  first  it  was  but 
a  very  small  office,  but  it 
has  greatly  increased  in 
size  and  importance,  especially  so  since  the  commencement 
of  the  civil  war.  There  are  now  employed  by  the  depart- 
ment at  Washington,  something  over  three  thousand  persons, 
and  its  transactions  affect  business  interests  in  all  parts  of 
the  union.  The  department  embraces  far  more  than  the  col- 
lection, safe-keeping  and  disbursement  of  public  moneys. 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  assistant  secretaries  to  supervise  the 
work  of  the  various  bureaus.  Mr.  Maynard,  as  first  assist- 
ant secretary,  holds  a  position  requiring  great  ability. 


ISAAC  H.   MAYNARD. 


I  HE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


391 


CHARLES  LYMAN. 

THE  civil  service  commissioner,  Charles  Lyman,  is  by  birth 
a  New  Englander.  During  the  war  he  served  in  the  army, 
and  as  early  as  1864  became  a  clerk  in  the  treasury  depart- 
ment. Mr.  Lyman  continued  in  this  branch  of  the  civil  ser- 
vice till  his  appointment,  by  President  Arthur,  to  the  post  of 
chief  examiner  of  the  ser- 
vice under  the  Pendleton 
bill. 

In  1886  he  was  appoint- 
ed civil  service  commis- 
sioner by  President  Cleve- 
land, which  position  he 
still  retains. 

The  latest  revision  of 
the  civil  service  commis- 
sion was  approved  by  the 
president  on  February  3, 
1888,  and  promulgated  by 
his  order.  These  rules  give 
particular  directions  con- 
cerning the  competitive 
and  non-competitive  exam- 
inations that  must  precede 
appointments  in  these  branches  of  the  government  service. 
In  the  progress  of  civil  service  reform,  permanence  of  tenure 
M-iMiis  to  have  declined  in  favor.  There  was  at  first  an  at- 
tempt made  to  give  the  officeholder  a  sort  of  vested  interest 
in  his  position,  so  that  he  could  not  be  deprived  of  it  except 
for  manifest  cause.  This  may  come  in  time,  but  so  far  the 
responsible  managers  of  the  service  ivt'u>e  to  account  for  the 
dismissal  of  employes,  and  the  new  rules  offer  no  protection 
against  arbitrary  discharge  from  the  public  service. 


CHARLES  LYMAN. 


392 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEN.  NICHOLAS  KAULBARS. 

Born  in  1845. 

THE  noted  Russian  general,  Nicholas  Kaulbars,  has  seen 
much  active  service  for  one,  comparatively  speaking,  of  his 
years.  During  the  Basso-Turkish  war  of  1877-78  he  served 
gallantly  in  the  Russian  array,  winning  distinction  as  a 
brave  and  intrepid  soldier.  Since  the  close  of  that  war  he  has 

resided  in  the  Danube 
states  as  a  trusted  agent  of 
the  Russian  government. 

In  1887  Gen.  Kaulbars. 
was  sent  by  the  czar  to 
Bulgaria,  as  his  special 
envoy,  in  which  mission 
he  showed  great  diploma- 
tic skill,  despite  the  fact 
of  the  failure  of  his  mis- 


son. 

Gen.  Kaulbars  is  a  man 
of  literary  tastes,  and  has 
gained  quite  a  reputation 
as  an  author. 

The  population  of  Rus- 
sia, including  Siberia,  is 
over  one  hundred  millions. 
With  such  a  population 
she  can  place  in  the  field 
an  enormous  army;  and  she  will  undoubtedly  play  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  world's  history  if  a  general  war  breaks  out 
in  Europe.  The  great  struggle  for  supremacy  will  indeed 
be  terrible,  for  the  improvements  in  weapons  of  warfare  have 
been  so  great;  and  when  that  dark  and  ominous  war-cloud 
that  assuredly  hangs  over  Europe  bursts,  that  beautiful  con- 
tinent will  be  deluged  with  human  blood 


GEN.  KAULBARS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


393 


MAGGIE  MITCHELL. 

Born  in  1832. 

THE  fnll  name  of  this  famous  American  actress  is  Mar- 
garet Julia  Mitchell,  but  she  is  known  in  the  amusement 
world  simply  as  Maggie  Mitchell. 

She  is  a  native  of  the  city  of  New  York,  where  she  also 
first  appeared  before  the  footlights.     About  as  soon  as  she 
could  toddle,  she  was  made 
acquainted  with  the  stage, 
and  took  child's  parts  at  ffiKffiWfc^ 

/feltf^          V^JOjf*  A  .->S*oJ5.sV. 

the  Old  Bowery  theatre 
when  Mr.  Hamblin  was 
manager  of  that  time-hon- 
ored edifice. 

At  the  age  of  nineteen 
she  appeared  as  Julia  in 
"The  Soldier's  Daughter," 
which  was  presented  in  a 
New  York  theatre. 

In  her  subsequent  starring 
tour  she  played  in  "  Kitty 
O'Shiel,"  "Satan  in  Paris," 
"The  Young  Prince,"  the 
"French  Spy,"  "Mignon" 
and  other  dramas. 

In  the  summer  of  1802  she  leased  Laura  Keene's  theatre, 
in  her  native  city,  where  she  produced  "Fanchon,"  then 
new  to  the  metropolis. 

This  noted  actress  was  married  to  Mr.  Paddock,  M.D., 
of  Cleveland,  in  1868,  after  the  man  of  her  choice  had  court- 
ed her  with  praiseworthy  perseverance  for  a  period  of  four- 
teen years. 

This  lady  is  a  great  favorite  with  the  public,  and  is  well 
known  throughout  the  United  States. 


MAGGIE  MITCHELL. 


394 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


DK.  WILLIAM  JUNKER 

Born  in  1840. 

THE  eminent  Russian  explorer,  Dr.  Junker,  began  his 
African  travels  about  1876,  exploring  portions  of  Tunis  and 
I  Upper  Egypt.  In  1880  he  went  into  the  heart  of  Africa,  at 
i  his  own  expense,  to  complete  the  exploration  of  the  country 
1  lying  in  the  basins  of  the  Bahrel  Ghazal  and  Welle  Makwa 
rivers.  From  the  depths  of  that  mysterious  region  he  has 
but  recently  emerged;  and 
his  account  of  the  results 
of  .his  geographical,  botan- 
ical and  ethnological 
studies  in  that  new  field 
will,  when  published,  be 
one  of  the  most  interesting 
contributions  of  late  years 
to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Dark  Continent. 

He  is  a  short  man,  now 
inclined  to  embonpoint, 
though  he  has  not  yet  re- 
gained his  full  measure  of 
strength.  He  wears  a 
full  beard,  and  the  general 
cast  of  his  face  is  strongly 
marked.  He  has  a  plenti- 
ful crop  of  hair,  worn  thick 
and  long,  and  brushed 

,        ,  j        TT      •  •    i_i  DR.    WILLIAM  JUNKER. 

backward,    lie  is  amiable, 

frank,  modest.  Henry  M.  Stanley  writes  of  him:  "To  every 
question  he  answered  without  reserve.  He  is  so  free,  in  fact, 
that  without  my  asking,  he  is  about  presenting  me  with  a 
map  of  his  travels — seven  feet  long!  I  can  see  that  he  has  a 
method  of  his  own,  which,  added  to  his  peculiar  patience, 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  395 

love  of  exactitude,  has  enabled  him  to  present  in  a  sensible 
shape  the  topography  of  the  country. 

"  It  is  a  remarkable  survey  by  compass — every  tiny  hill  and 
every  tiny  stream  is  down,  and  under  all  I  see  the  sturdy 
form  of  the  patient,  honest  man  doing  his  best  with  all  the 
faculties  nature  gave  him  and  education  ripened  for  him. 
Looking  up  from  his  wonderful  map  and  seeing  him  before 
me,  I  recognized  that  Russia  had  also  given  us  a  true  and 
loyal-hearted  African  explorer. 

"He  promised  to  tell  the  Royal  and  Scottish  geographical 
societies  some  day  what  he  can,  and  though  his  English  is 
not  of  the  best,  and  his  appearance  unimposing,  I  venture  to 
say  that  when  English  geographers  see  his  map  they  will 
forget  his  bad  English  and  all  else,  and  only  see  honest 
Junker  trudging  patiently  with  his  tiny  caravan,  making 
music  with  his  accordion  to  the  wondering  tribe  of  the  Welle- 
Makwa  Valley,  and  collating  valuable  facts  for  civilized 
mankind.  They  must  admire  the  man's  modesty.  Russia 
will  be  justified  in  making  much  of  this  quaint  hero,  and  in- 
deed any  country  might  well  be.  Take  my  word  you  will 
like  him." 

William  Junker  comes  of  Russo-German  parentage,  and 
was  born  in  Moscow.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Petersburg  and 
Gottingen,  and  studied  medicine  in  the  latter  place,  as  well 
as  at  Berlin  and  Prague. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Geographical  society  in  London 
in  1887,  the  paper  of  the  evening  was  read  by  the  celebrated 
African  explorer  Dr.  Junker,  the  subject  being  "Explorations 
in  Central  Africa."  He  said  that  he  been  engaged  in  explor- 
ations in  Central  Africa  during  the  past  seven  years,  and,  al- 
though he  had  encountered  many  and  serious  difficulties,  he 
had  been  enabled  to  explore  the  country  beyond  the  river 
Welle.  While  he  was  in  Africa  groat  changes  had  taken 
place  in  the  country  around  Emin  Pasha,  who  had  so 
strengthened  his  position  at  one  time  as  to  be  enabled  to  send 


396  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

out  troops  to  reduce  disorderly  tribes  to  order.  Speaking  of 
the  habits  of  these  people,  Dr.  Junker  said:  "Immorality  on 
the  part  of  native  women  was  often  punished  by  death;  and 
if  the  female  who  lapsed  from  virtue  happened  to  be  married, 
both  she  and  her  companion  in  guilt  were  punished  by  the 
deprivation  of  their  lives.  Their  clothing  consisted  of  a 
piece  of  bark,  which,  upon  sitting  down,  they  pulled  over 
their  knees.  The  consorts  of  the  leading  chiefs  were  not 
content  with  the  simple  adornment,  and  had  very  ingen- 
iously learned  to  paint  their  bodies  with  various  geometrical 
figures,  lines,  squares,  and  circles.  This  practice  had  been 
carried  to  so  much  perfection  that  he  could  only  compare  the 
appearance  of  the  body  of  a  woman  of  fashion  with  a  va- 
riegated inlaid  floor." 

Dr.  Junker  has  been  the  main  cause  of  the  Stanley  relief 
expedition  to  Africa,  which  was  to  institute  a  thorough  search 
for  Emin  Bey,  who  led  a  part  of  the  Khedive's  troops  in  the 
war  with  El  Mahdi.  Emin  Bey  was  accompanied  by  two 
explorers,  an  Italian  by  the  name  of  Casati  and  a  Russian 
named  Junker.  The  latter  saw  an  opportunity  to  steal  through 
the  environment,  and  after  many  months  of  hard  traveling 
through  the  jungles,  reached  the  Zanzibar  coast.  He  at 
once  delivered  letters  which  he  had  brought  from  Emin  Bey, 
•end  this  was  the  first  intimation  the  civilized  world  received 
that  Emin  Bey  was  still  alive.  Immediately  a  call  went  out 
to  relieve  him,  and  the  man  who  expressed  a  willingness  to 
undertake  an  expedition  for  that  purpose  was  Henry  M. 
Stanley,  who,  reports  say,  intended  to  secure  the  aid  of  Tippoo 
Tib,  an  Arab  and  slave-dealer  in  Central  Africa.  Dr.  Junker 
has  given  much  valuable  information  which  will  aid  the 
search. 

Much  has  been  written  of  the  "Dark  Continent"  since 
the  great  Livingston  began  to  explore  the  Nile,  yet  the  in- 
terest manifested  by  explorers  still  seems  to  be  as  ardent  as 
ever  it  was. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


397 


CHAKLES  COURTNEY. 

THE  noted  oarsman,  Charles  Courtney,  is  a  native  of  Union 
Springs,  state  of  New  York.  At  and  early  age  he  evinced 
a  fondness  for  equatic  sports  which  gave  promise  of  a  brilli- 
ant career  as  a  u knight  of  the  spruce." 

Until  a  few  years  ago  these  promises  of  former  years  were 
rapidly  being  fulfilled,  and  he  was  the  victor  in   many  im- 
portant  sculling    contests. 
The  enviable  reputation 
which  he  held  as  a  scien- 
tific and  able  sculler    has 
been  rapidly  waning  since 
the    appearance  of    Mr. 
Edward  Hanlan  as  a  rival 
for  public  favor. 

The  disfavor  into  which 
he  has  fallen  has  been 
caused  by  the  many  dis- 
appointments to  which  the 
public  has  been  subjected, 
and  which  have  been  at- 
tributed to  him,  either  on 
account  of  his  laziness  or 
fear  of  defeat.  Poisoned 
tea,  sawed  boats,  sand  bags 
and  midnight  assailants 
have  figured  largely  in  the 
excuses  he  has  given  to  his  backers  for  his  inability  to  justi- 
fy their  hopes.  His  career,  as  a  favorite,  is  certainly  at  an 
end.  In  the  recent  race  at  Watkins,  in  New  York  state, 
there  was  much  excitement  in  the  anticipation  that  Hanlan 
and  Courtney  would  meet,  and  a  howl  of  disappointment 
went  up  from  ten  thousand  throats  when  Courtney  was  de- 
barred from  rowing  through  some  alleged  foul. 


CHARLES    COURTNEY. 


398 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  M.  SPRINGER. 

Born  in  1836. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  William  M.  Springer,  is  a  na- 
tive of  the  state  of  Indiana,  but  when  he  was  only  twelve 
years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Jacksonville,  Illinois. 
Mr.  Springer  is  a  lawyer  by  profession,  but  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  since  the  year  1877.  He  is  now  the  chair- 
man of  the  house  commit- 
tee on  territories. 

To  say  that  Mr.  Spring- 
er is  a  popular  representa- 
tive and  an  able  statesman 
is  borne  out  by  the  fact  of 
his  being  returned  so  many 
times  as  a  representative 
to  congress  by  his  constit- 
uents, and  by  his  selection 
by  his  fellow  members  to 
serve  on  many  of  the  most 
important  committees.  At 
all  times  he  has  acquitted 
himself  in  a  most  credit- 
able manner. 

As  chairman  of  the  house 
committee  on  territories, 
Mr.  Springer  holds  a  position  requiring  great  ability  and 
good  judgment. 

Because  congress  has  tlie  power  to  govern  the  territories 
despotically,  it  does  not  follow  that  this  power  is  habitually 
exercised.  The  general  form  of  the  government  established 
is  liberal  and  suited  to  the  desires  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
territories  may  send  delegates  to  join  in  the  debates  of  the 
national  house  of  representatives  on  territorial  questions,  but 
no  vote  is  allowed  them  in  that  body. 


WILLIAM  M.  SPRINGER. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ARTHUR  P.  GORMAN. 

Born  March  11, 1839. 

ONE  of  the  most  prominent  men  in  the  great  presidential 
contest  of  1884,  was  Arthur  P.  Gorman,  of  Maryland.  This 
statesman  was  born  in  Howard  county,  in  the  state  of  Mary- 
land, where  he  was  educated  at  the  public  schools. 

When  he  was  but  fourteen  years  of  age  he  was  appointed 
as  a  page  in  the  United 
States  senate,  and  there  at- 
tracted the  attention  of 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  whom 
he  accompanied  during  the 
campaign  against  Mr.  Lin- 
coln. 

He  was  continued  in  ser- 
vice in  the  senate  until  the 
year  1866,  when  he  was 
made  postmaster.  He  next 
was  appointed  collector  of 
internal  revenue  for  the 
fifth  district  of  Maryland, 
which  he  held  until  1869. 

In  1870  he  was  chosen  to 
the  Maryland  legislature, 
and  received  the  re-elec- 
tion, when  he  was  chosen 
speaker.  In  1872  he  was  made  president  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal  Company. 

Mr.  Gorman  was  made  state  senator  in  1875,  and  received 
the  re-election  in  1879.  In  1881  he  became  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  and  received  the  re-election  in  1887,  which 
term  expires  in  1893. 

The  face  of  Mr.  Gorman  betokens  its  Celtic  origin,  and  in 
repose  is  as  expressionless  as  it  is  possible  to  conceive.  He 
is  one  of  the  leading  democrats  of  the  country. 


ARTHUR  P.   GORMAN. 


400 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JAMES  L.  PUGH. 
Born  Dec.  12,  1820. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch,  James  L.  Pugh,  of  Eufaula, 
Alabama,  is  a  native  of  Georgia,  being  born  in  Burke  coan- 
ty  of  that  state.  He  was  but  four  years  of  age  when  his 
parents  removed  to  Alabama,  and  he  has  resided  there  ever 
since.  He  received  a  collegiate  education,  and  was  licensed 
to  practice  law  in  1841, 
being  so  employed  when 
elected  to  the  senate. 

His  first  political  posi- 
tion was  as  a  presidential 
elector  in  1848  and  1856; 
and  he  served  in  the  same 
capacity  when  Alabama 
declared  her  preference  for 
Tilden  in  1876. 

Mr.  Pugh  was  elected  to 
the  thirty  -  sixth  congress 
when  Alabama  seceded 
from  the  Union. 

Joining  the  Eufaula  ri- 
fles in  the  Alabama  first 
regiment,  as  a  private,  he 
was  elected  to  the  confed- 
erate congress  in  1861,  and 

re-elected  in  1863.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  law,  and  in  1874  he  was  made  president  of  the  state  con- 
vention of  the  democratic  party. 

In  the  year  1875  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
framed  the  state  constitution  of  Alabama.  Mr.  Pugh  was 
elected  to  the  senate  as  a  democrat,  to  fill  the  balance  of  the 
term  of  the  late  George  S.  Houston,  taking  his  seat  in  1880; 
he  was  re-elected  in  1884,  which  term  expires  in  1891. 


JAMES  L.  PUGH. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 


401 


LILLIE  DEVEREUX  BLAKE. 

Born  in  1835. 

THE  noted  social  reformer,  Lillie  Devereux  Blake,  is  con- 
sidered a  beautiful  woman.  She  has  well-formed  features, 
large  gray  eyes,  a  good  figure,  and  is  always  dressed  in  exqui- 
site taste.  Her  public  as  well  as  private  discourse  is  season- 
ed with  ready  wit,  and  no  lady  lecturer  in  the  land  is  more 
admired  than  this  great  so- 
cial reformer. 

She  is  a  native  of  Ra- 
leigh, North  Carolina;  her 
father,  George  Devereux, 
was  a  wealthy  Southern 
gentleman  of  Irish  de- 
scent. Her  mother's  maid- 
en name  was  Sarah  Eliza- 
beth Johnson,  of  Stratford, 
Connecticut,  a  descendant 
of  William  Samuel  John- 
son, who  was  one  of  the 

first    two    senators    from 

> 

that  state. 

Her  father  died  in '1837, 
and  her  mother  subsequent- 
ly removed  to  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  where  she  was 
well  known  for  her  large  LILLIE  DEVEKETX  BLAKE. 
and  generous  hospitality.  The  daughter  Lillie,  the  future 
favorite  writer  and  lecturer,  was  a  much  admired  belle;  and 
in  1855  was  married  to  Frank  Umsted,  a  lawyer  of  Phila- 
delphia, with  whom  she  lived  two  years  in  St.  Louis,  in  the 
state  of  Missouri.  Mr.  Umsted  died  in  1859;  and  his  widow, 
who  had  written  sketches  for  "Harper's  Magazine,"  and 
published  a  novel  called  "Southwold,"  from  that  date  con- 


402  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

tributed  largely  to  leading  newspapers  and  magazines.  She 
was  the  Washington  correspondent  of  the  "  Evening  Post" 
in  the  winter  of  1861,  published  "  Kockford  "  in  1862,  and 
wrote  many  stories  for  "Frank  Leslie's  Weekly,"  the  Phila- 
delphia "Press,"  and  other  publications. 

In  1866  Lillie,  the  widow,  was  married  to  Grenfill  Blake, 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1872  Mrs.  Blake  published 
"Fettered  for  Life,"  a  novel  designed  to  show  the  legal  dis- 
advantages of  women. 

Mrs.  Lillie  Devereux  Blake  since  1870  has  been  known  as 
one  of  the  leading  advocates  of  the  enfranchisement  of  her 
sex,  and. has  written  much  on  the  subject  in  the  newspapers 
since  that  date. 

Her  energetic  advocacy  has,  moreover,  taken  the  form  of 
eloquent  public  speech  in  lectures  and  addresses  almost  in- 
numerable. In  appearances  before  committees  of  congress, 
state  legislatures  and  other  bodies  having  the  subject  of  the 
enfranchisement  of  women  under  consideration,  Mrs.  Blake 
has  manifested  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  this  great  sub- 
ject in  all  its  phases. 

It  was  owing  mainly  to  her  efforts  that  the  bill  was  passed 
in  New  York  state  giving  women  the  right  of  school  suffrage. 
She  was  the  person  who  began  the  movement  to  open  the 
advantages  of  Columbia  college  to  the  enjoyment  of  women, 
which  was  a  great  gain  to  the  cause  of  social  reform. 

As  a  public  speaker,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  has  taken 
a  prominent  part  in  various  political  campaigns  in  New  York 
and  other  states,  the  rights  of  women  being  the  leading  sub- 
ject of  her  addresses. 

She  was  a  prominent  figure  at  the  fortieth  anniversary  of 
the  women's  rights  convention,  which  was  held  in  Washing- 
ton, commencing  on  March  25,  1888,  and  lasting  several 
weeks.  There  were  present  at  this  convention  Elizabeth  Cady 
Stanton,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Frances  E.  Willard,  Mrs.  Frank 
Leslie,  Belva  Lockwood,  and  many  others. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


403 


SYLVESTER  PENNOYER. 
Born  in  1831. 

SYLVESTER  PENNOYER  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
being  born  at  Groton,  Tompkins  county.  His  early  yi-ars 
were  spent  upon  his  father's  farm;  but  desiring  to  pursue  a 
professional  career,  he  entered  the  law  school  of  Harvard 
University,  graduating  therefrom  in  1854.  Armed  with  his 
law  diploma,  he  set  off  for 
the  territory  of  Oregon, 
which  at  that  time  was 
considered  very  remote. 

The  young  pioneer  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  the 
inferior  and  superior  courts 
of  the  territory,  but  seeing 
a  better  opportunity  of 
making  money  than  by  the 
pursuit  of  his  profession, 
he  relinquished  it  and  be 
gan  business  in  the  lumber 
trade.  In  this  he  persisted 
successfully,  and  is  now 
connected  with  one  of  the 
largest  mills  in  the  state. 
Mr.  Pcinioyi-i1  is  a  man  of 
culture,  and  wields  a  ready 
pen,  as  demonstrated  in  his 
editing  of  the  Oregon 
"  Herald  "  for  a  short  time.  Oregonians  are  proud  of  the 
wealthy  pioneer  settler  they  now  place  at  their  head  as  gov- 
ernor, to  which  position  Mr.  Pennoyer  was  inaugurated  Jan- 
uary 12,  1887,  and  the  term  expires  in  1801.  His  sympa- 
thies are  with  the  people,  and  he  is  strongly  opposed  to  mo- 
nopoly in  any  form. 


SYLVKSTER  1'KNNOYKK. 


404 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JULES  GREVY. 

Born  Aug.  15, 1813. 

WHEN,  in  1830,  Charles  X,  king  of  France,  abdicated  the 
throne,  Francois  Paul  Jules  Grevy,  then  a  student  at  Paris, 
was  one  of  those  who  had  taken  part  in  the  proceedings 
which  had  led  to  the  revolution.  After  receiving  a  classical 
education  he  studied  law  in  Paris t and  became  a  prominent 

lawyer  of  that  city.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  of  1848,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  provis- 
ional government  a  com- 
missioner for  the  Jura,  and 
was  subsequently  returned 
by  that  department  to  the 
constituent  assembly,  of 
which  he  was  elected  vice- 
president. 

In  1869  he  was  elected 
jjjto  fill  a  casual  vacancy  in 
fthe-Jura,  receiving.the  re 
^election    in   the  following 
|year.     In    1871    he    was 
[elected    president    of    the 
assembly,  which    position 
JULES  GREVY.  he  resigned  in  1873;  and 

two  years  later  he  declined  a  nomination  for  life  senator. 
In  1876  he  was  re-elected  by  the  Jura,  and  again  appointed 
president  of  the  chamber.  When,  in  January,  1879,  Mar- 
shal MacMahon  resigned  the  presidency  of  the  republic, 
Grevy  was  elected  for  seven  years. 

M.  Grevy  enjoys  the  confidence  and  respect  of  all  parties 
for  his  administrative  ability,  his  high  culture  and  the  purity 
and  dignity  of  his  character. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


405 


JAMES  GORDON  BENNETT. 

Born  May  10, 1841. 

THE  oniy  son  of  the  founder  of  the  New  York  "Herald," 
James  Gordon  Bennett,  became  the  proprietor  of  that  news- 
paper upon  the  death  of  his  father. 

This  son  is  named  James  Gordon  after  his  father,  and  was 
born  in  the  city  of  New  York.  He  of  course  received  a 
thorough  academic  educa- 
tion, and  no  stone  was 
left  unturned  in  the  prop- 
er selection  of  teachers  to 
train  the  young  man  in 
his  studies. 

Residing  for  the  most 
part  in  Paris,  he  gives  his 
attention  chiefly  to  super- 
intending the  collection  of 
foreign  news. 

Mr.  Bennett  has  added 
to  the  fame  of  his  paper 
by  publishing  in  England., 
storm  -  warnings  transmit- 
ted from  the  United  States; 
by  fitting  out  the"Jean- 
nette  "  polar  expedition  ;  JAMES  GORDON  BENNETT. 

by  sending  Henry  M.  Stanley  in  search  of  Livingstone;  and 
by  other  similar  enterprises. 

In  1883  he  associated  himself  with  John  W.  Mackay  in 
forming  the  commercial  cable  company  and  laying  a  new 
cable  between  America  and  Europe,  to  compete  with  the 
combined  English  and  French  lines. 

By  these  and  numerous  other  enterprises  he  has  impressed 
the  public  as  being  a  man  of  liberal  character  and  large 
scope  of  mind.  And  as  all  of  these  enterprises  have  been 


406  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

heralded  through  the  columns  of  the  New  York  "Herald," 
that  publication  is  now  considered  the  most  enterprising 
newspaper  in  America. 

Mr.  Bennett  has  at  all  times  taken  great  interest  in  the 
world  of  sports,  especially  in  yachting;  and  in  I860  he  took 
part  in  a  memorable  race  from  Sandy  Hook  to  the  Needles, 
Isle  of  Wight,  Great  Britain.  This  race  was  won  by  his 
schooner  "  Henrietta,"  which  made  the  voyage  in  thirteen 
days,  twenty-one  hours  and  fifty-five  minutes,  running  against 
two  competing  yachts.  In  1870  he  sailed  another  race 
across  the  Atlantic  ocean  from  Queenstown  to  New  York  in 
his  yacht  ''Dauntless,"  but  this  time  he  was  beaten  by  the 
English  "  Cambria,"  which,  however,  arrived  only  two  hours 
in  advance. 

The  New  York  "Herald"  has  been  a  great  success  from 
a  financial  point  of  view.  Even  as  early  as  the  year  1841 
the  yearly  income  of  the  paper  was  at  least  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  In  1846  a  long  speech  by  Clay  was  tele- 
graphed to  the  "Herald,"  which  was  considered  a  great  feat 
in  those  days. 

During  the  civil  war  this  enterprising  sheet  more  than 
doubled  its  circulation,  with  such  energy  did  the  elder  Ben- 
nett apply  himself  to  the  management  of  his  paper.  It  ac- 
tually employed  sixty-three  war  correspondents,  who  were 
ever  on  the  alert  for  news  to  telegraph  to  the  "Herald."1 

As  a  collector  of  news  the  elder  Bennett  was  unexcelled. 
He  would  read  exchanges  constantly,  noting  down  an  idea 
here  and  making  a  clipping  there,  that  he  was  a  veritable 
scrap-book  of  every-day  events.  Add  to  this  the  faculty 
which  he  possessed  of  knowing  just  what  matter  would  en- 
gross the  interest  of  the  public.  And  daily  he  would  sug- 
gest to  his  editorial  staff  themes  upon  which  to  write  that 
would  add  to  the  value  of  the  paper.  In  1855  "The  Me- 
moirs of  James  Gordon  Bennett  and  His  Times  "  was  pub- 
lished, which  contains  much  interesting  matter. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


407 


PROF.  JOHN  TYNDALL. 

Born  in  IKX). 

As  AN  exponent  of  scientific  discoveries,  Prof.  Tyndall 
occupies  the  foremost  place  among  his  contemporaries,  his 
only  rival  being  his  friend,  Professor  Huxley.  It  would  al- 
most be  impossible  to  over-estimate  the  value  of  the  labors 
of  these  two  great  scientists,  or  their  importance  in  the 
modification  of  the  thought 
of  the  present  generation. 

The  great  scientist,  John 
Tyndall,F.K.  S.,D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  was  born  in  the 
village  of  Leigh lin  Bridge, 
Carlow,  Ireland,  and  was 
a  son  of  a  member  of  the 
Irish  constabulary. 

He  received  a  common 
school  education;  and  his 
father  taught  him  occasion- 
ally, constantly  exercising 
his  mind  in  theology. 

In  1839  he  joined  the 
Irish  ordnance  survey;  and 
in  1844,  his  wishes  to  come 
to  America  being  thwarted 
by  his  friends,  he  became 
a  railway  engineer.  This 
position  he  exchanged  in  PROF-  JOHN  TYNDALL. 

1847  for  that  of  master  at  Queen  wood  college,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  chemical  research. 

In  1848  he  became  known  to  the  scientific  world  as  the 
author  of  a  luminous  treatise  on  "Crystals,"  and  in  1851 
repaired  to  the  laboratory  of  Prof.  Magnus  of  Berlin.  In 
1853  he  was  given  the  degree  of  F.  II.  S.,  and  appointed  to 


408  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

the  chair  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  royal  institution  of 
Great  Britain,  conjoined  with  the  post  of  superintendent,  an 
office  in  which  he  succeeded  Faraday. 

Professor  Tyndall  visited  the  Alps  for  purposes  of  recrea- 
tion in  1849,  and  began  to  go  there  yearly  for  the  purpose 
of  studying  the  glacier  formation. 

In  1856  he  made  a  memorable  expedition  to  Switzerland, 
in  company  with  Professor  Huxley,  which  resulted  in  a  joint 
treatise  "On  the  Structure  and  Motion  of  Glaciers." 

The  adventures  and  discoveries  of  this  notable  scientist 
are  recorded  in  the  following  works  published  by  him: 
"The  Glaciers  of  the  Alps,"  published  in  1860;  "Moun- 
taineering," in  1861;  "A  Vacation  Tour,"  in  1863;  "Hours 
of  Exercise  in  the  Alps,"  in  1871;  and  "The  Forms  of  Wa- 
ter in  Clouds  and  Rivers,  Ice  and  Glaciers,"  in  1872.  These 
works  attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole  scientific  world, 
and  the  popularity  of  this  great  author  and  scientist  was- 
remarkable. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  also  published  "  Heat  as  a  Mode 
of  Motion,"  which  appeared  in  1863;  "On  Radiation"  two 
years  later;  then  followed  a  work  on  "Sound," and  in  1870 
appeared  "Light." 

In  1872  Professor  Tyndall  made  a  lecturing  tour  through 
the  United  States,  which  resulted  in  adding  still  more  to  his 
fame  as  a  man  of  great  learning. 

Among  the  other  more  notable  and  later  works  of  this  em- 
inent man  the  following  attracted  considerable  attention: 
"Faraday  as  a  Discoverer,"  "Natural  Philosophy  in  Easy 
Lessons,"  "On  the  Scientific  Use  of  the  Imagination,"  and 
"Fragments  of  Science,"  all  of  which  appeared  in  rapid 
succession. 

In  a  life  of  the  duration  of  nearly  three  score  years  and 
ten,  this  able  man  has  wielded  his  pen  in  the  cause  of  science 
with  a  steadiness  of  purpose  and  a  persistency  of  will  that 
is  worthy  of  praise  and  emulation. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


409 


JOSEPH  E.  BROWN. 

Born  April  15. 1821. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch  is  a  lawyer,  a  wealthy  man  of 
business,  and  an  experienced  statesman,  and  his  biography 
presents  many  features  of  interest  to  the  American  public 
generally. 

This  gentleman  who  has  played  many  parts  on  the  stage  of 
life,    lives    in    sumptuous 
style    in    the    city   of  At- 
lanta. 

His  present  term,  to  the 
office  of  which  he  was  re- 
elected  almost  unanimous- 
ly, expires  in  the  year  of 
1891. 

Indeed,  so  popular  is 
Senator  Brown,  that  there 
were  but  two  opposing 
votes  in  the  legislature  of 
Georgia  against  his  election 
as  United  States  senator 
from  that  body. 

Senator  Brown  is  a  man 
of  great  learning,  which 
with  his  broad  and  liberal 
views  has  made  him  a  pow- 
er and  authority  on  public  JOSEPH  E.  BROWN. 
questions  of  the  day. 

Senator  Brown  has  grown  steadily  into  favor  as  his  ster- 
ling qualities  became  apparent  to  his  colleagues  and  the 
people  of  his  state.  His  long  career  in  the  rnitrtl  States 
senate,  too,  has  won  for  him  fresh  laurels;  and  the  people  of 
the  North,  as  well  as  the  South,  recognize  in  him  an  able  and 
eminent  man. 


410  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Mr.  Brown  was  born  in  Pickens  District,  South  Carolina, 
but  became  a  resident  of  the  state  of  Georgia  when  a  boy, 
his  father  removing  thither.  After  leaving  Calhoun  academy, 
South  Carolina,  he  taught  school  in  Canton,  Georgia,  and 
spent  his  abundant  leisure  in  the  pursuit  of  that  jealous 
mistress,  the  law. 

He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  August,  1845,  but  before 
beginning  practice  he  attended  Yale  college  law  school, 
where  he  graduated.  Thus  equipped,  in  1846  he  opened  an 
office  and  began  the  practice  of  the  law,  choosing  the  state 
of  Georgia  as  his  residence.  Three  years  after  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate.  He  was  a  Pierce  elector  in  1852.  In 
1855  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  superior  courts  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  circuit;  and  in  1857  and  again  in  1859,  governor  of 
the  state.  He  was  a  democrat  in  politics,  and  in  1860  be- 
came a  secessionist.  As  such  he  continued  in  the  governor- 
ship after  the  war  had  begun. 

His  energetic  administration  as  a  war  governor  led  to  his 
re-election  in  1861,  and  again  in  1863.  He  was  opposed  to 
the  policy  of  Jefferson  Davis  as  expressed  in  the  conscript 
act,  but  threw  no  obstacles  in  the  way  of  its  being  carried  out 
in  the  state  government  which  he  administered.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  among  the  southern  leaders  who  advocat- 
ed acquiescence  in  the  reconstruction  measures  prescribed 
by  the  federal  congress. 

When  the  democratic  party  opposed  these  measures  he 
voted  for  General  Grant  in  the  ensuing  presidential  election. 
In  1868  he  was  nominated  for  United  States  senator,  and  was 
defeated,  the  first  and  only  time  in  his  life  in  which  he  has 
been  an  unsuccessful  candidate.  Governor  Bullock  made 
him  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Georgia,  which  he 
held  for  two  years.  He  then  became  president  of  the 
Western  Atlantic  railroad  company. 

He  filled  the  term  out  of  a  resigned  member  of  the  sen- 
ate, to.  which  position  he  was  elected  again  in  1885. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  411 

WILLIAM  F.  CODY. 

[BUFFALO  BILL."] 
Born  in  1841, 

WHO  has  not  heard  of  the  famous  scout  and  buffalo  hun- 
ter, yclept  "  Buffalo  Bill  ?"  In  1871  he  was  a  scout  of  the 
Western  plains,  being  at  that  time  about  thirty  years  of  age, 
and  had  never  been  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  He  was  a 
poor  man,  who  seemed  to  have  found  his  place  in  the  world 
as  a  hunter,  a  "crack  shot,"  and  a  desirable  escort  for  par- 
ties who  would  see  life  on  the  border  of  civilization,  or 
rather  beyond  it. 

Gen.  Sheridan  in  those  days  had  no  lack  of  applications 
from  foreign  tourists  for  some  one,  the  proper  person,  to 
conduct  them  safely  through  a  Buffalo  hunt  and  a  camping 
out  among  the  redskins.  Happy  were  they  if  Buffalo  Bill 
assumed  the  responsibility;  and  perhaps  nothing  surprised 
them  more  in  their  strange  experience  than  to  find  so  true  a 
gentleman,  a  man  so  honest,  trusty  and  high  minded,  where 
the  opposite  had  hardly  been  out  of  the  order  of  things. 
Brave,  ready,  keen,  the  perfect  confidence  he  inspired  and 
never  betrayed  was  not  less  than  the  admiration  he  was  sure 
to  excite  —  that  personal  fascination  which  made  the  corres- 
pondents of  the  London  press  write  of  the  man  as  "sitting 
his  prancing  white  horse  like  a  centaur,"  possessing  "the 
courtly  manner  of  a  grandee  of  old  Castile,"  and  as  "  fulfill- 
ing every  requirement  for  a  hero  of  romance."  The  fact 
that  he  is  a  genuine  gentleman  by  nature,  and  was  such  when 
he  supported  his  little  family  at  Fort  McPherson  by  his  mea- 
ger earnings,  and  was  a  good  husband  and  father  when  the 
contrary  would  hardly  have  been  uncensured,  largely  explain- 
ed his  wonderful  success. 

Professor  Henry  A.  Ward,  of  Rochester,  New  York,  the  fa- 
mous natural  scientist,  had  as  much  to  do  with  the  develop- 
ment of  that  success  as  anyone.  Perhaps  he  gave  the  ira- 


412 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


pulse  to  the  evolution.  It  was  in  January  of  1872  that  a 
grand  buffalo  hunt  was  arranged  for  the  Duke  Alexis,  Pro- 
fessor Ward  was  honored  by  an  invitation,  which  he  received 
so  late  that  he  did  not  reach  the  hunting  grounds  until  the 
hunt  was  over.  Not  a  bad  thing  for  him,  however,  for  he 
found  horses  and  hunters  in  plenty  for  the  scientific  ends  he 
had  in  view;  and  then  he  met  Buffalo  Bill  for  the  first  time, 
and  the  rifle  of  the  expert  hunter  was  at  once  engaged  for 

an  expedition  in  the  inter- 
ests of  that  scientist's  nat- 
ural science  establishment. 
Professor  Ward's  esti- 
mate of  William  F.  Cody 
has  known  no  decrease 
from  that  time  to  this.  It 
is  the  old  story  of  enthu- 
siastic admiration  for  this 
great  scout.  Cody  told 
him  of  his  invitation  to 
visit  New  York  by  the 
Union  club  and  the  Je- 
romes, and  his  reluctance 
to  -accept.  Ward  urged 
him  to  go  —  insisted  upon 
it;  Cody  should  go  east  in 
his  company,  which  chang- 
ed the  view  of  the  journey.  Cody  decided,  finally,  to  go,  but 
Ward  must  wait  until  Mrs.  Cody  could  make  a  suit  of  cloth- 
ing for  the  traveler. 

Mrs.  Cody  did  her  best  and  as  speedily  as  possible,  and, 
so  arrayed,  the  hunter  turned  his  face  eastward,  little  think- 
ing that  he  would  no  more  return  as  a  scout  of  the  plains. 
He  was  surprised  at  the  attentions  he  received  on  his  journey 
and  in  New  York.  Everybody,  of  course,  plied  him  with 
questions  about  Indians  and  buffaloes,  and  so  forth;  and  so 


BUFFALO    BILL. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  413 

pleasingly  did  he  respond  that  Professor  Ward  suggested 
that  he  should  go  before  the  public  in  New  York,  not  with  a 
formal  lecture,  but  to  explain  and  illustrate  life  on  the  plains. 
The  character  of  the  man  was  seen  in  his  declining  to  do  such 
a  thing,  for  the  reason  that  he  found  it  would  be  questionable 
for  him  to  improve  the  hospitality  tendered  him  for  his  own 
pecuniary  profit. 

He  was  the  guest  of  Professor  Ward  on  his  return  from 
the  east,  and  while  at  that  gentleman's  house  Ned  Buntline 
came  along  with  his  play  of  "Western  Life,"  and  he  urged 
Cody  to  take  part  in  it  with  Texas  Jack.  That  was  the  be- 
ginning of  his  life  as  an  actor.  He  brought  his  family  at 
once  to  Rochester,  and  soon  after  bought  a  home  for  them 
there.  The  death  of  his  little  boy,  Kit  Carson,  was  less  noted 
by  the  community  generally  than  it  would  be  to-day,  for  then 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  passed  through  the  streets  like  a 
stranger,  unless  discovered  and  heralded  by  the  small  boy. 
Even  now  that  he  is  famed,  and  one  of  the  most  successful 
men  of  the  time,  a  great  majority  of  the  people  of  Rochester 
are  surprised  to  learn  that  his  name  may  be  found  in  the  di- 
rectories of  1872  and  1873,  if  not  later — "William  F.  Cody, 
actor." 

He  carried  with  him, when  he  went  to  England  on  the  visit 
which  was  concluded  in  1888,  successfully  several  large 
stuffed  buffaloes,  which  were  prepared  at  Ward's  natural  sci- 
ence establishment.  Possibly  it  would  add  something  to  the 
buffaloes  in  the  collections  of  many  foreign  as  well  as  home 
museums  if  it  were  known  that  they  were  brought  down  by 
the  rifle  of  this  famous  buffalo  hunter. 

There  is  but  one  opinion  concerning  the  man  by  those  who 
know  him  best.  The  flower  of  England's  chivalry  do  well  to 
admire  him;  he  is  chivalry  itself;  genuine,  loyal.  His  suc- 
cess in  London  was  the  evolution  of  his  success  on  the  plains. 
There  was  nothing  phenomenal  about  it.  He  has  earned  it 
by  good,  hard,  honest  work  —  when  work  gave  him  scanty 


414  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

comforts  and  few,  if  any  luxuries.  When  he  arrived  in  Lon- 
don with  his  Wild  West  show  he  must  have  had  some  two 
hundred  influential  friends  there,  Englishmen  of  wealth  and 
position  many  of  them,  who  remembered  their  faithful  guide 
and  hunter  on  the  plains.  They  believed  in  him,  and  so  could 
believe  in  his  show;  and  they  were  enthusiastic  in  giving  it 
what  we  call  "  a  good  send  off."  It  was  hard  for  the  Eng- 
lish public  to  believe  that  it  was  a  private  enterprise  and  not 
a  national  undertaking.  The  success  of  this  venture  was  be- 
yond Mr.  Cody's  most  sanguine  expectations,  and  the  money 
realized  therefrom  was  a  neat  fortune,  and  which  will  be  used 
judiciously. 

From  London  Cody  intended  going  around  the  world  with 
his  show,  and  Jerusalem  was  on  the  list  of  cities  where  In- 
dians, buck-jumpers  and  cowboys  were  to  give  performances, 
showing  how  the  pony  express  carried  the  news  of  Abraham 
Lincoln's  election,  and  how  the  Deadwood  coach  was  often 
surrounded  by  redskins,  and  what  the  massacre  of  frontier 
settlers  was  like. 

In  1871  Mr.  Cody's  wife  was  bravely  doing  her  best 
in  Rochester  to  save  and  make  thrifty  expenditure  of  his 
earnings.  She  remains  on  his  ranch  in  Nebraska  most  of  the 
time,  looking  after  his  business  there.  He  does  not  find  the 
reward  of  his  labor  in  the  shouts  that  greet  his  every  entrance 
into  the  ring,  nor  does  he  wear  his  heart  upon  his  sleeve, 
great  as  it  is. 

This  Col.  Cody,  known  to  fame  as  "  Buffalo  Bill, "is  well 
up  in  biblical  knowledge.  To  Mrs.  Jester,  his  sister,  of 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  he  telegraphed  as  follows,  on  his  re- 
cent arrival  in  the  city  of  New  York:  "Read  second  epistle 
of  St.  John,  twelfth  verse.  Your  brother."  Turning  to  the 
verse  indicated,  Mrs.  Jester  read  the  following  words:  "Hav- 
ing many  things  to  write  unto  you,  I  would  not  write  with 
paper  and  ink;  but  I  trust  to  come  unto  you  and  speak  face 
to  face,  that  our  joy  may  be  full." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


415 


GEORGE  G.  VEST. 

WHEN  President  Cleveland  took  up  his  official  duties  at 
the  white  house  he  invited  into  his  cabinet  some  of  the  most 
conspicuous  and  ablest  of  the  democratic  leaders  in  the 
United  States  senate.  Their  places  were  filled  by  new  men 
who,  under  the  traditions  of  the  senate,  were  not  expected  to 

participate  in  public  affairs 
to  any  great  extent  until 
the  probationary  period  of 
two  years  had  elapsed. 

The  organization  of  a 
cabinet  out  of  the  best  tal- 
ent in  the  senate  left  the 
democratic  side  of  the  body 
at  a  great  disadvantage  for 
the  time  being. 

Garland  and  Bayard 
were  both  powerful  debat- 
ers, foremost  in  the  politi-: 
cal  discussions  of  the  sen- 
ate, and  stood  at  the  head 
of  their  party  in  this  re- 
spect as  far  as  personal 
leadership  is  recognized  in 
the  chamber.  Their  retire- 
GEOROE  u.  VEST.  meiit  brought  to  the  front 

Senator  Vest,  a  man  of  many  marked  peculiarities.  He 
is  a  rapid  and  vigorous  talker,  seemingly  never  at  a  loss  for 
a  word,  and  while  never  ornate  or  flowery  in  his  remarks,  he 
observes  a  nicety  of  expression  and  a  discrimination  in  the 
use  of  effective  words  that  is  the  great  feature  of  his  address- 
es. The  only  drawback  to  his  manner  of  speech  is  a  certain 
nervousness  of  manner  indicated  by  the  frequent  jerking  of 
his  head  when  excited,  which  is  further  accentuated  by  the 


416  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

high  key  which  his  voice  is  pitched.  During  the  present  and 
the  past  congress  he  has  been  the  chief  champion  of  his  par- 
ty in  the  senate,  and  has  never  shirked  a  contest  with  his 
long-headed  and  quick-witted  opponents  on  the  other  side. 
With  a  naturally  aggressive  disposition,  he  enjoys  the  heat 
of  debate,  but  never  needlessly  prolongs  one  after  all  hands 
have  bad  a  chance  to  announce  their  sentiments  and  con- 
victions. 

The  Missouri  senator  is  a  typical  western  politician.  He 
serves  his  constituents  not  only  in  the  way  of  throwing  light 
upon  economical  questions,  but  helps  them  to  get  any  offices 
that  may  be  lying  around  loose.  If  the  roster  of  govern- 
ment officials  were  analyzed,  it  would  doubtless  show  that 
Missouri  was  by  no  means  in  the  rear  in  the  distribution  of 
these  favors. 

Consequently  the  senator  is  not  a  civil  service  reformer, 
and  he  does  not  hestitate  to  admit  that  he  is  not.  He  has  a 
powerful  influence  in  his  own  state,  but  he  does  not  assume 
the  attitude  of  a  political  boss.  His  reputation  as  a  lawyer 
is  an  exceedingly  high  one. 

Senator  Vest  has  had  a  varied  legislative  career.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  -Missouri Chouse' of  representatives  as  far 
back  as  1860-61.  Subsequently  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  confederate  congress,  where  he  served  one  term. 
At  its  expiration  he  was  elected  to  the  confederate  senate,  in 
which  he  served  until  the  confederate  states  resumed  their 
allegiance.  Four  years  afterward  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate,  succeeding  James  Shields,  who  had  been 
elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Lewis  V. 
Bogy.  His  present  term  expires  in  March,  1891. 

One  of  Senator  Vest's  most  recent  brilliant  efforts  was  the 
presentation  of  the  claim  of  St.  Louis  for  the  national  demo- 
cratic convention  of  1888.  His  address  was  in  his  happiest 
vein,  and  went  a  great  ways  toward  swinging  the  tide  toward 
St.  Louis,  as  the  sequel  showed. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  417 

EARL   SPENCER. 
Born  in  1835. 

THIS  royal  politician  has  held  numerous  political  positions 
during  his  eventful  career.  A  few  of  the  more  important 
ones  will  be  mentioned. 

In  1868  he  was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
retained  that  appointment  until  the  fall  of  the  ministry  in 
1873.  During  the  Disraeli 
administration,  Lord  Spen- 
cer took  considerable  part 
in  the  debates  on  foreign 
and  Irish  questions;  and 
in  1880,  on  the  return  of 
Mr.  Gladstone  to  office,  he 
became  lord  president  of 
the  council. 

In  1882  Lord  Spencer 
was  again  appointed  lord, 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  andj 
arrived  in  Dublin  on  thet 

•) 

day  of  the  murder  of -Lords 
Frederick  Cavendish  and* 
Mr.  Burke.  This  sad  affair 
is  spoken  of  as  the  Phoenix 
park  murder. 

Lord    Spencer  at  once 
applied   himself  to  the  re- 

EARL  SPENCER. 

stomtion  of  law  and  order 

throughout  the  country,  and  despite  the  attacks  of  the  Irish 
members,  Lord  Spencer  stood  manfully  to  his  post  until  the 
fall  of  the  ministry  in  1885,  when  he  resigned.  In  1886  he 
once  more  accepted  office,  becoming  again  lord  president  of 
the  council.  This  great  English  liberal  is  an  ardent  sports- 
man and  a  crack  shot. 


418 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


PRINCE  OSCAR  OF  SWEDEN. 

Born  Oct.  15,  1859. 

AMID  the  rumors  of  war  reaching  us  from  Europe  comes 
a  sweet  and  romantic  love  story.  Prince  Oscar  of  Sweden, 
in  becoming  the  husband  of  his  affianced,  virtually  for- 
feits his  right  to  the  throne  and  his  privileges  as  a  member  of 
the  royal  family.  His  title  of  royal  highness  and  duke  of 
Gotland  he  also  lays  down,  with  the  allowance  voted  him 

by  the  diet,  or  parliament, 
of  his  country.  He 
also  resigns  his  palace  at 
Stockholm.  In  short,  he 
will  be  virtually  unprinced, 
but  the  barren  title  of 
Prince  Bernadotte  he  will 
be  permitted  to  use. 

The  object  of  the  devo- 
tion manifested  in  these 
astonishing  sacrifices  was  a 
Miss  Munck,  a  Swedish 
|  beauty  of  little  or  no  for- 
tune, daughter  of  an  officer 
in  the  army.  She  was  a 
maid-of-honor  to  -Prince 
Oscar's  elder  brother's  wife 
when  she  contracted  an  en- 
gagement of  marriage  with 
PRINCE  OSCAR  OF  SWEDEN.  a  young  officer.  The  match 
was  broken  off,  and  the  young  lady  retired  from  court  for 
a  time.  Upon  her  return  she  met  Prince  Oscar,  who  had 
recently  come  back  from  a  two  years'  trip  in  the  royal  Swed- 
ish frigate  "  Vanadis." 

The  attentions  of  the  royal  sailor  to  Miss  Munck  were 
marked,  and  she  retired  from  court  the  second  time,  declin- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  419 

ing  to  receive  his  addresses,  as  her  marriage  to  him  would 
involve  the  loss  of  his  royal  dignities  and  more  substantial 
advantages.  She  then  took  charge  of  a  ward  in  a  charity 
hospital  of  the  Swedish  capital,  where,  after  great  persever- 
ance in  his  search  for  her,  he  found  her.  When  his  suit  was 
rewarded  with  the  knowledge  that  she  loved  him,  Miss 
Munck  persisted  in  her  intention  not  to  marry.  Prince  Oscar 
then  sought  the  offices  of  his  royal  mother  in  promoting  the 
success  of  his  passion,  and  won  her  consent  to  the  union. 

His  father  sanctioned  his  addresses  only  after  a  long  delay, 
being  naturally  reluctant,  as  a  king  and  a  man  of  the  world, 
to  yield  to  his  son's  wish  to  become  merely  a  private  citizen. 
In  time,  however,  his  sanction  was  obtained. 

The  Prince  is  the  son  of  Oscar  II,  reigning  king  of  Swed- 
en and  Norway,  and  Queen  Sophia,  daughter  of  the  late 
Duke  Wilhelm  of  Nassau.  He  is  commander  in  the  Swedish 
navy,  and  won  his  rank  in  the  usual  course  of  service  and 
promotion.  His  marriage  will  not  interfere  with  the  prose- 
cution of  his  naval  duties. 

In  person  Oscar  is  a  man  of  exceptionally  noble  size  and 
proportions.  He  stands  six  feet  six  inches  in  height.  His 
hair  and  beard  are  blonde.  The  lovers  make  a  handsome 
pair,  and  their  appearance  respectively  of  manly  nobility  and 
feminine  grace  and  loveliness  is  proper  to  the  subjects  of  a 
delightful  romance. 

The  first  representative  of  tbe  royal  line  to  which  Oscar 
belongs  was  Carl  XIV,  his  great-grandfather,  who  was  orig- 
inally a  private  soldier  in  the  French  army.  His  name  then 
was  Jean  Baptiste  Jules  Bernadotte.  lie  was  born  at  Pan, 
in  the  south  of  France.  From  private  soldier  he  became  one 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte's  marshals,  but  being  offended  with 
the  great  emperor  he  left  the  army  in  disgust.  In  1810  he 
was  elected  crown  prince  and  heir  to  the  throne  of  Sweden, 
on  condition  of  his  becoming  a  protestant.  Eight  years  after- 
ward he  ascended  the  throne  of  Sweden  and  Norway. 


420 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CLARA  MORRIS. 

Born  in  1850. 

CLARA  MORRIS  was  born  in  Cleveland, in  the  state  of  Ohio. 
Her  parents  were  exceedingly  poor,  and  she  possessed  only 
the  most  meagre  educational  opportunities.  When  fifteen 
she  entered  upon  her  stage  career  as.  a.  ballet  girl  at  John 
Ellsler's  Academy  of  Music,  and  by  the  time  she  was  nine- 
teen had  risen  to  the  highest  position  in  the  theatre. 

Her  next  engagement, 
made  in  1869,  was  at 
Wood's  theatre,  Cincin- 
nati, where  she  remained 
one  year  as  leading  lady, 
during  which  her  populari- 
ty largely  increased.  She 
afterward  went  to  New 
York  in  the  hope  of  secur- 
ing an  engagement  in  that 
city.  Her  services  were 
declined  by  Mr.  Harris 
Palmer,  who  was  at  the 
time  making  money  by  the 
"Black  Crook,"  but  Mr. 
Augustin  Daly  engaged 

CLARA  MORRIS.  her  to  appear  at   the  Fifth 

Avenue  theatre,  in  obscure  parts.  Her  faith  in  her  ability 
did  not  waver  notwithstanding  the  inauspicious  beginning  of 
her  New  York  career;  and  when  in  the  early  part  of  the 
season  of  1870-71,  Miss  Fanny  Morant  fell  ill,  she  was  pro- 
moted from  a  comparatively  poor  place  in  the  cast  of  "  Man 
and  Wife  "  to  personate  Anne  Sylvester.  This  was  an  op- 
portunity by  which  she  took  the  best  means  to  profit.  Having 
thoroughly  studied  her  part  and  conscious  of  her  power,  she 
played  it  with  a  success  which  led  to  her  engagement  for 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  421 

three  years,  and  to  an  extraordinary  popularity.  Two  years 
of  the  three  had  been  filled  when  she  and  Mr.  Daly  parted 
as  a  result  of  a  disagreement.  Mr.  M.  A.  Palmer,  of  the 
Union  Square  Company,  New  York,  secured  her  services  at 
once,  with  results  which  were  most  satisfactory  to  all 
concerned. 

Her  remarkable  ability  as  an  emotional  actress  was  never 
more  conspicuously  seen  than  in  "The  Wicked  World," 
which  Mr.  Palmer  brought  out  in  November,  1873.  After 
completing  her  engagement  at  the  Union  Square  theatre, 
Miss  Morris  appeared  as  a  star  in  many  cities  of  the  Union. 
Her  ability  has  ever  since  commanded  a  high  degree  of  pop- 
ularity, mixed  with  sympathy  c  evoked  by.  the  precarious 
condition  of  her  health  from  time  to  time,  which  has  serious- 
ly interfered  with  her  work.  She  is  the  wife  of  Mr.  F.  C. 
Harriott,  a  New  York  merchant. 

The  peculiarities  of  her  acting  are  everywhere  known. 
Her  most  severe  detractors  cannot  deny  her  possession  of  a 
most  remarkable  ability  to  simulate  the  expression  of  a  pow- 
erful emotion.  Though  they  deny  that  she  is  thoroughly  skil- 
ed  in  the  detail  of  her  art,  they  cannot  withold  from  her  the 
appreciation  due  to  such  an  intensity,  of  feeling  in  her  inter- 
pretation of  emotional  parts  as  powerfully  affects  her  audi- 
ences and  secures  a  crowded  attendance  wherever  she 
appears. 

In  the  West  especially,  Clara  Morris  is  a  favorite,  and  her 
appearance  never  fails  to  be  greeted  with  the  greatest  ap- 
plause. The  character  of  Anne  Sylvester  in  "Man  and  Wife," 
in  which  she  made  such  a  success,  was  undoubtedly  the  step- 
ping stone  to  popular  favor,  as  demonstated  by  subsequent 
events, 

Mrs.  J.  Brown  Potter  made  her  debut  in  London  in  1887 
in  this  same  character  of  Anne  Sylvester;  and  though  the 
critics  were  rather  severe,  she  yet  bids  fair  to  rise  in  popular 
favor  by  the  selection  of  this  same  character. 


422 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ROBERT  COLLYER. 

Born  Dec.  «,  1823. 

THE  ringing  of  the  anvil,  the  glow  of  the  forge,  the  wheez- 
ing of  the  bellows,  a.nd  the  scattering  of  sparks  under  the 
sturdy  strokes  of  the  hammer,  were  the  accompaniments  to 
the  early  ministerial  training  of  the  eminent  Robert  Collyer. 
Like  Elihu  Burritt  and  Lyman  Beecher,  he  kept  his  book  ev- 
er before  him,  in  his  case 
on  a  little  shelf,  the  leaves 
held  open  with  a  bit  of 
iron. 

Thus  he  would  catch  a 
sentence  now  and  then, 
and  ponder  over  it  as  he 
turned  the  heated  irons  on 
his  anvil.  His  mind  and 
body  progressed  together 
through  combined  mental 
and  physical  development. 
As  an  author,  this  elo- 
quent minister  has  gained 
quite  a  reputation.  He 
has  written  several  works 
that  have  had  a  large  sale. 
In  1866  appeared  "Nature 
and  Life;  two  years  later 
"A  Man  in  Earnest:  Life 

of  A.  H.  Conant,"  and  in  1871  "The  Life  That  Now  Is." 
Then  in  1877  appeared  "  The  Simple  Truth:  A  Home  Book;" 
and  in  1886  "A  History  of  the  Town  and  Parish  of  Ilkley," 
written  in  collaboration  with  Horsefall  Turner.  Also  in  the 
same  year  appeared  "Lectures  to  Young  Men,  with  Asides 
to  Young  Women,"  a  new  edition  of  which  is  now  (1888) 
having  a  large  sale. 


ROBERT  COLLYER. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  423 

Robert  Collyer  was  born  at  Keighley,  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land. He  received  but  four  years  of  schooling,  and  at  the 
age  of  eight  or  nine  went  to  work  in  a  linen  factory,  where 
he  remained  six  years.  Mr.  Collyer  was  then  apprenticed  to 
a  blacksmith,  his  father's  trade  being  the  same,  and  for 
twelve  years  remained  at  the  Ilkley  forge.  To  the  duties  of 
these  twelve  years  he  owes,  no  doubt,  the  robust  frame  and 
sound  lungs  which  are  so  rare  in  the  clerical  profession. 

In  1847  he  was  converted  to  methodism,  and  on  Sundays, 
at  the  neighboring  chapels,  gained  his  first  experience  as  a 
preacher,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  work  as  a  min- 
ister. 

In  1850  he  decided  to  emigrate  to  America,  and  while  at 
Shoemakertown,  Pennsylvania,  obtained  a  license  as  a  preach- 
er, working  at  his  trade  through  the  week.  Later  he  became 
acquainted  with  Dr.  Furness,  who  invited  him  to  preach  in 
his  pulpit.  He  did  so,  thus  incurring  the  charge  of  heresy, 
and  losing  his  right  to  a  license  from  the  conference.  This 
occurred  in  January,  1859,  and  in  February  of  the  same  year 
he  was  invited  to  the  pulpit  of  the  Second  Unitarian  Society 
of  Chicago,  newly  organized,  with  a  membership  of  only  for- 
ty, but  which  rapidly  became  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
churches  in  the  northwest.  After  twenty  years  of  work  with 
this  society,  and  with  much  hesitation,  he  accepted  the  call 
of  the  church  of  the  Messiah,  in  the  city  of  New  York.  The 
Chicago  church  sent  to  Ilkley  and  purchased  the  old  anvil  in 
Collyers  smithy,  and  it  is  cherished  by  it  as  a  memorial  of 
the  humble  beginning  of  Mr.  Collyer's  life. 

The  luxuriant  growth  of  hair,  streaked  with  white,  which 
covers  his  large  head,  and  the  general  cast  of  his  features, 
reminds  one  forcibly  of  Beecher.  He  resembles  him  also  in 
straightforward  originality  and  force  of  will.  In  his  essays 
and  discourses*  he  uses  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin  almost 
entirely,  which  gives  a  singular  charm  and  strength  to  his 
style. 


424 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


THOMAS  STEVENS. 

Born  about  1858. 

THOMAS  STEVENS,  the  bicyclist  who  left  San  Franciscor 
California,  April  18,  1884,  on  a  bicycle  tour  around  the 
world,  arrived  at  San  Francisco  early  in  January,  1887,  from 
Japan.  With  the  exception  of  some  rough  treatment  in 
China,  and  a  little  trouble  elsewhere,  he  had  retained  only 
pleasant  memories  of  his  journey.  In  trying  to  reach  India 
he  was  twice  turned  back 
on  his  journey,  once  by 
Russians  in  Central  Asia 
and  again  by  the  Afghans 
on  the  frontier.  He  was 
thus  forced  to  take  a  more 
roundabout  way.  The  re- 
port concerning  his  rough 
treatment  by  peasants  in 
China  were  fully  corrobo- 
rated by  Stevens,  and  he 
added  that  he  was  very 
glad  to  escape  with  his  life. 
To  use  his  own  description 
he  says:  "  I  arrived  at  Can- 
ton October  11,  1886,  by 
steamer  from  Calcutta,  and 

proceeded  up  the  Ki  Kiang  river  through  the  province  of 
QuangTung.  At  first  the  crowds  that  followed  me  did  not 
make  any  attempt  at  molestation,  simply  pressing  around  me 
curiously. 

"At  Ta  Ho,  however,  two  soldiers  were  provided  as  an  es- 
cort, and  traveled  with  me  to  Kingan  Foo.  Here  the  mob 
commenced  jostling  me,  then  took  to  throwing  pebbles,  and 
finally  bricks.  I  was  knocked  down,  and  my  large  pith 
helmet  alone  saved  my  life.  Soldiers  warned  the  crowds 


THOMAS   STEVENS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  42-5 

that  I  was  armed,  but  they  wrenched  the  bicycle  from  me 
and  would  have  demolished  it  had  not  the  soldiers  interfered. 
The  mob  howled  and  clamored  for  me  like  a  lynching  party, 
and  had  I  not  been  provided  with  a  viceregal-passport  I 
would  never  have  escaped  the  clutches  of  the  heathens.  At 
midnight  I  was  packed  in  a  palanquin  and  carried  down  to 
a  sampan,  surrounded  by  native  soldiers,  who  treated  me 
much  as  if  I  were  a  murderer,  whom  they  were  unwillingly 
obliged  to  guard.  The  mob  must  have  numbered  upward  of 
two  thousand,  and  the  air  was  full  of  stones,  my  body  being 
bruised  all  over.  At  Kui  Kiang  I  was  placed  on  board  a 
steamer  plying  on  the  Yangtse  to  Shanghai,  and  then  once 
again  I  breathed  freely." 

Mr.  Stevens'  experience  has  led  him  to  form  some  very 
decided  opinions  upon  Chinese  characteristics.  While  journ- 
eying in  some  parts  there  were  nothing  but  narrow  footpaths, 
which  began  and  ended  in  the  most  unexpected  places,  so  that 
sometimes  he  did  not  make  over  a  mile  an  hour;  and  a  large 
part  of  the  time  he  was  obliged  to  dismount  and  walk,  owing 
to  obstructions. 

Finally,  at  one  time  he  gave  up  trying  to  ride  and  hired  a 
boat,  in  which  he  traveled  for  eight  days,  resorting  at  the 
completion  of  that  time  to  his  wheel  again.  In  Japan  he 
received  the  very  best  of  treatment,  and  his  journey  through 
that  country  was  much  enjoyed.  Mr.  Stevens  is  a  slight 
young  man  of  medium  height, and  has  spent  all  of  his  former 
life  west  of  the  Mississippi  as  a  ranchman.  He  was  a  re- 
sident of  Kansas,  and  is  yet  a  young  man,  being  but  thirty 
years  of  age. 

The  use  of  bicycles  is  constantly  on  the  increase,  and  in 
our  large  cities  it  is  no  uncommon  sight  to  witness  a  dozen 
young  men  on  their  bicycles  dashing  along  the  streets,  boule- 
vards and  parks.  And  it  is  not  only  a  pleasure  to  them  but 
is  also  a- healthful  form  of  exercise  that  is  highly  recommen- 
ded by  all. 


426 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


PROF.  R.  A.  PROCTOR. 

Born  March  23,  1837. 

As  AN  astronomer  and  mathematician,  Prof.  R.  A.  Proctor 
stands  in  the  front  rank  of  scientists;  and  to  the  most  assid- 
uous and  untiring  industry  he  adds  a  brilliancy  of  imagina- 
tion, lucidity  of  style,  and  a  charming  regularity  of  purpose 
that  give  him  a  distinct  and  honorable  place  among  the  se- 
lect and  industrious  few 
who  have  widened  the 
boundaries  of  exact  knowl- 
edge, and  devoted  great 
intellectual  power  to  the 
elucidation  of  some  of  the 
grandest  themes  in  the  ar- 
cana of  the  sciences. 

In  1863  this  eminent 
man,  Professor  Richard 
Anthony  Proctor,  was  un-' 
known,  but  now  his  name 
is  as  familiar  as  household  i 
words  in  England,  and  in  I 
this  country  even,  who  hasj 
not  heard  of  him  ? 

He  has  attained  in  the) 
past  quarter  of  a  century 
a  prominent  position  both 
as  an  investigator  of  celes- 
tial phenomena  and  as  an 
eloquent  and  instructive  writer  upon  the  most  modern  phases 
of  the  science  of  astronomy. 

Born  at  Chelsea,  England,  Richard  was  educated  in  his 
boyhood  chiefly  at  home,  because  of  his  delicate  health.  Be- 
ing a  diligent  reader,  his  tastes  inclined  to  history,  literature, 
and  theology,  more  than  to  mathematics  or  the  sciences. 


PROF.  R.  A.  PROCTOR. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  427 

He  showed  a  great  liking  for  the  construction  of  maps,  and 
still  regards  charting  not  only  as  a  valuable  aid  in  scien- 
tific investigation,  but  also  as  a  very  important  instructive 
exercise. 

At  the  age  of  twelve  he  began  to  read  Euclid  at  school, 
and  at  once  took  to  geometrical  study.  Biit  the  death  of  his 
father  occurring  a  year  later,  he  was  taken  from  school,  and 
became  a  ward  in  chancery.  The  property  of  his  father  be- 
ing mortgaged,  it  was  several  years  before  the  estate  was 
settled,  caused  by  the  long  and  tedious  delays  of  the  English 
court  of  chancery,  an  institution,  by  the  way,  which  received 
a  merciless  scourging  in  a  work  of  Charles  Dickens,  because 
of  its  unnecessary  and  vexations  delays. 

In  consequence  of  this  delay  in  the  settlement  of  his  fa- 
ther's estate,  his  mother's  means  soon  became  exhausted,  and 
young  Richard  had  to  seek  employment,  which  he  obtained 
in  1854.  This  position  was  a  clerkship  in  a  bank,  which  also 
aided  him  in  getting  the  means  of  going  to  the  university,  as 
he  was  designed  for  a  clergyman  of  the  English  established 
church. 

In  1860  he  was  graduated  bachelor  of  arts;  and  before 
the  year  was  out  he  had  become  a  benedict,  being  at  that 
time  twenty-three  years  of  age. 

Mr.  Proctor's  first  literary  effort  was  a  nine-page  article  in 
"Cornhill  Magazine  "  for  December,  1863,  on  the  subject  of 
"Double  Stars."  Then  shortly  afterward  appeared  his  first 
book,  "Saturn  and  Its  System, "a  work  chiefly  remarkable 
for  its  fullness.  In  1866  "The  Handbook  of  the  Stars" 
was  ready  for  the  press.  Then  followed  in  quick  succession 
several  works  on  astronomy  that  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
scientific  world. 

Having  lost  his  money  through  the  failure  of  a  banking 
institution  on  the  memorable  Black  Friday  of  1866,  he  \vas 
compelled  to  write  for  a  living  to  support  himself  and  grow- 
ing family. 


428  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

With  this  end  in  view  he  went  to  London  to  sell  his  scien- 
tific treatises;  but  for  three  years  he  sought  the  aid  of  pub- 
lishers in  vain.  He  was  not,  however,  the  first  author,  whose 
writings  afterward  brought  fame  and  profit, who  came  through 
the  same  experiences.  All  the  world  knows  how  Shelley,  to 
the  last  day  of  his  life,  had  to  pay  for  the  publication  of  his 
own  poems;  and  how  Thackeray  hawked  around  the  manu- 
script of  his  "  Vanity  Fair." 

But  Proctor  was  not  the  man  to  allow  himself  to  be  utter- 
ly disheartened.  He  persisted  in  writing,  and  if  he  could  not 
get  a  publisher  to  issue  his  works,  he  was  successful  in  se- 
curing the  publication  of  a  series  of  essays  or  scientific  pa- 
pers by  the  leading  popular  magazines,  for  which  he  receiv- 
ed a  pecuniary  compensation.  Meanwhile  his  reputation  as 
a  rising  scientist  was  steadily  on  the  increase  in  philosophic 
circles. 

In  1868  Mr.  Proctor  commenced  writing  popular  science 
essays  for  the  London  "Daily  News,"  and  continued  to  do 
so  for  many  years.  In  1870  appeared  "Other  Worlds  Than 
Ours,"  which  had,  indeed,  a  prompt  and  most  remarkable 
success. 

It  is  a  deplorable  fact  that  had  not  Professor  Proctor  been 
compelled  to  write  for  his  daily  bread,  he  would  have  devot- 
ed more  of  his  time  to  original  research.  But  as  stern  ne- 
cessity was  ever  urging  him  to  fresh  endeavors,  volume  after 
volume  was  given  to  the  world  in  quick  succession,  in  order 
to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  maintenance  of  his  family.  He 
had,  altogether,  nine  children,  of  whom  three  sons  and  two 
daughters  are  still  living. 

It  is  but  just  to  say  that  Professor  Proctor  has  been  sin- 
gularly fortunate  in  enunciating  theories  which  have  been 
subsequently  confirmed,  and  in  some  cases  demonstrated  by 
new  observations.  And  of  late  years  he  has  devoted  more 
time  in  original  research  and  observations,  which  make  his 
popular  writings  of  still  greater  value. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


KICHAKD  J.  OGLESBY. 

Born  July  25, 1824. 

RICHARD  J.  OGLESBY  —  "Uncle  Dick,"  as  he  is  invariably 
called  by  the  press  —  has  served  with  much  ability  in  every 
position  which  he  has  occupied.  Indeed,  he  has  been  prom- 
inently identified  with  the  successful  measures  adopted  for  the 
welfare  of  the  people  of  the  state  of  Illinois,  who  have  for 
three  terms  chosen  him  as  governor. 

He  settled  in  Illinois  in 
the  year  1836,  his  birth- 
place being  in  Oldham 
county,  Kentucky.  He  re- 
ceived a  common  school 
education  only,  after  which 
he  worked  for  two  years  at 
the  carpentering  trade.  He 
then  studied  law,  and  con- 
tinued its  study  until  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1845.  Mr.  Oglesby  serv- 
ed one  year  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  worked  for  two 
years  in  the  mines  of  Cali- 
fornia. He  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate  in  1860, 
but  resigned  this  honorary 
position  to  enter  the  volunteer  service  in  1861.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Rebellion  he  was  made  Colonel,  after' 
wards  appointed  Brigadier-general,  and  two  years  later  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Major-general.  He  resigned  in  1864,  and 
was  elected  governor  of  Illinois,  receiving  the  re  election  in 
1872,  and  again  in  1884.  He  was  chosen  United  States 
senator  for  the  term  ending  1879. 


RICHARD  J.    OGLESBY. 


430  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Mrs.  Oglesby,  the  mistress  of  the  executive  mansion  of  Il- 
linois and  the  leading  lady  of  the  state,  is  the  eldest  daughter 
of  John  G.  Gillett,  a  prominent  and  well-known  citizen  of 
Elkhart,  Illinois,  and  possesses  many  of  the  marked  charac- 
teristics of  her  father. 

The  first  husband  of  this  lady  lived  but  a  few  years.  Her 
son  by  that  marriage,  Mr.  James  H.  Keyes,  is  now  (1888) 
about  twenty-one  years  of  age,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  at  the 
last  commencement  of  that  institution. 

In  social  life  Mrs.  Oglesby  is  a  very  popular  lady.  In  her 
own  house  she1  entertains  with  grace  and  ease;  and.it  is  said 
that,  even  as  the  governor's  wife,  she  makes  a  point  of  re- 
turning all  calls  in  person. 

During  the  winter  of  1887-88  she  was  not  especially  active 
in  society  on  account  of  the  death  in  October,  1887,  of  her 
grandmother,  Mrs.  Avia  Parke,  to  whom  Mrs.  Oglesby  was 
most  affectionately  attached. 

She  is  a  great  favorite  among  the  children,  and  delights 
so  much  to  entertain  them.  Christmas-eve  of  1887  a  party 
was  given  at  the  executive  mansion  at  Springfield  for  the 
three  little  Oglesby  children  --  Felicity,  Dick,  and  John  — 
and  about  one  hundred  little  folks  were  present.  In  the 
midst  of  these  children  Mrs.  Oglesby  seemed  just  to  be  in 
her  element. 

In  person  Mrs.  Oglesby  is  tall  and  graceful,  and  of  easy, 
elegant  manners;  and  she  fills  the  position  of  the  governor's 
wife  to  the  delight  and  pleasure  of  her  friends,  and  to  the 
universal  honor  and  credit  of  that  station.  Indeed,  there  is 
a  general  opinion  among  her  friends  that  she  would  grace 
the  White  House  admirably. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  time  works  great  changes  in  the  destin- 
ies of  persons,  and  when  the  path  to  fame  is  once  found 
out,  it  cannot  be  foretold  whence  it  will  lead  them.  And 
Mr.  Oglesby  has  surely  found  that  path,  and  is  following  a 
straightforward  course.  Whither  will  it  lead? 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


431 


GEN.  J.  C.  S.  BLACKBURN. 

Born  in  1838. 

JOSEPH  CLAY  STILES  BLACKBURN  is  a  man  of  marked  in- 
dividuality, and  has  long  been  a  conspicuous  figure  in  Ameri- 
can politics.  Born  in  Woodford  county,  Kentucky,  near 
Versailles,  his  early  education  was  acquired  at  Bayer's  in- 
stitute, Frankfort,  and  at  Centre  college,  Danville.  When 
twenty  years  old  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  having  read  law 
for  two  years  with  George 
R.  Kincaid,  Esquire,  of 
Lexington.  He  began 
practice  in  Chicago;  but 
in  1860  he  returned,  and, 
like  hundreds  of  other  spir- 
ited young  southern  law- 
yers, left  a  rapidly  growing 
practice  at  the  outbreak  of 
war  to  take  his  place  in 
the  confederate  ranks  as  a 
private  cavalry  soldier. 

His  introduction  to  pol- 
itical life  had  taken  place 
the  previous  year,  1860, 
when  he  served  as  assist 
ant  elector  on  the  Breck- 
enridge  presidential  tick- 
et, and  stumped  the  state 
with  much  of  the  ardent 

spirit  so  characteristic  of  him  in  after  life.  Gen.  Blackburn 
served  his  state  to  the  end  of  the  war,  acting  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  William  Preston,  and  taking  part  in  many  of  the  most 
important  battles.  His  reputation  as  a  soldier  was  that  of 
a  dashing  and  intrepid  fighter.  At  Chicamauga  his  bravery 
excited  the  wildest  enthusiasm  of  the  men  he  commanded. 


GKN.    J.    C.    S.    BLACK  BURN. 


432  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Returning  to  civil  life  in  1865,  he  for  three  years  practiced 
his  profession  in  Arkansas,  coming  back  in  1868  to  his 
native  county,  and  there  engaging  again  in  farming  and  le- 
gal practice.  Gen.  Blackburn  was  twice  elected  to  the  state 
legislature,  in  1871  and  1873.  In  1874  he  was  chosen  as 
Mr.  Beck's  successor  in  congress,  and  was  four  times  re- 
elected. 

His  course  as  a  congressman  has  been  honorable  and 
marked  by  the  strictest  integrity.  As  a  speaker  he  is  fiery 
and  an  adept  in  the  use  of  impassioned  invective.  Gen. 
Blackburn  is  a  strong  but  not  a  bigoted  party  man,  and  his 
services  haye  been  as  valuable  to  the  democrats  in  the  caucus 
as  in  the  halls  of  congress.  His  popularity  in  his  district  is 
attested  by  the  fact  that  his  majorities  have  often  been  dou- 
ble the  entire  vote  of  his  opponent. 

In  committee- work  Mr.  Blackburn  has  been  especially 
efficient;  and  one  of  his  most  notable  speeches  was  made  in 
presenting  his  report  from  the  committee  on  expenditures  in 
the  war  department  in  regard  to  the  Belknap  frauds.  A  per- 
sonal controversy  some  two  years  ago  with  Gen.  Burnside 
attracted  some  attention,  and  rumors  as  to  the  possibility  of 
a  duel  were  freely  circulated.  In  the  matter  of  the  contested 
election  of  1876,  Congressman  Blackburn  was  an  earnest  and 
eloquent  opponent  of  the  plan  of  the  electoral  commission. 
Since  that  time  he  has  been  most  prominent  as  a  bitter  foe 
of  official  corruption  of  every  kind  and  from  whatever  source. 

In  personal  appearance  Gen.  Blackburn  is  a  typical  Ken- 
tuckian,  tall,  sinewy,  and  muscular  with  a  fine  head,  square 
forehead,  and  eyes  that  are  by  turns  humorous  and  stern.  A 
heavy  dark  mustache  shades  a  finely  cut  mouth. 

The  long  experience  of  this  democratic  senator  in  every 
department  of  public  life,  his  acknowledged  skill  and  capa- 
city as  a  legislator  and  orator,  and  his  undoubted  integrity  in 
political  as  well  as  in  personal  life  make  him  a  fit  occupant 
of  the  seat  once  held  by  Henry  Clay. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


433 


DOM  PEDRO  II. 

Born  in  1825. 

THE  total  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  empire  of  Brazil  by 
an  act  of  parliament  took  place  in  1888. 

The  passage  of  this  law  was  anticipated  for  a  long  time. 
For  years  past  the  emperor  Dom  Pedro  has  set  his  mind  on 
effecting  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  empire.  As  far 
back  as  1871  a  law  was  passed  for  the  gradual  emancipation 

of  the  vast  slave  popula- 
tion, but  it  was  badly  ad- 
ministered, and  in  many 
places  not  enforced  at  all. 
A  more  stringent  law  was 
passed  in  1885,  where- 
by all  persons  born  in  sla- 
very should  be  free  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  and  all 
slaves  over  sixty  should  be 
entitled  to  liberty.  To 
facilitate  the  operation  of 
this  law  a  deduction  of  six 
per  cent  for  each  year  was 
made  in  the  value  of  each 
slave,  and  a  tax  of  five  per 
cent  on  all  imports- and  in- 
ternal taxes  was  imposed 
for  the  government  eman- 
cipation fund.  Voluntary 
societies  of  buying  up 
slaves  sprang  up  in  almost  every  city,  and  one  province  freed 
all  its  slaves  by  paying  the  masters  the  government  valuation. 
Still  the  emperor  was  not  satisfied  with  the  slowness  of  this 
progress,  and,  through  his  influence,  a  bill  for  the  immediate 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  was  introduced  into  parliament 


DOM  PEDRO. 


434  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

at  each  session.  On  leaving  Rio  for  his  European  tour  in 
1887,  he  passed  the  helm  of  affairs  to  his  daughter  Isabella, 
the  princess  regent,  with  the  injunction  that  she  would  leave 
no  means  unexercised  to  bring  about  the  passage  of  the 
emancipation  bill.  The  bill  was  presented,  and  the  minis- 
try, refusing  to  pass  it,  resigned.  A  new  ministry  was  form- 
ed, and  the  bill  was  passed  by  both  houses. 

By  the  recent  emancipation  law  nearly  one  million  and  a 
half  slaves  were  freed  from  servitude.  Outside  of  the  planta- 
tions, slavery  in  Brazil  was  not  an  abused  institution,  the 
slaves  in  private  houses  being  almost  invariably  regarded  and 
treated  as  members  of  the  family. 

In  recognition  of  this  enlightened  measure,  removing 
the  last  stain  of  slavery  from  the  new  world,  Pope  Leo  XIII 
has  sent  the  golden  rose  to  the  princess  regent  of  Brazil. 

Dom  Pedro  II  is  the  son  of  the  first  Brazilian  emperor, 
and  grandson  of  King  John  of  Portugal.  He  succeeded  to 
the  throne  on  the  abdication  of  his  father  in  1831,  and  was 
crowned  ten  years  later.  In  1843  Dom  Pedro  was  married 
to  a  daughter  of  the  king  of  Sicily. 

Brazil  is  at  all  times  peacefully  inclined.  In  the  first  place 
the  emperor,  Dom  Pedro,  is  a  comparatively  old  man,  over 
three  score  years  of  age,  in  feeble  health,  which  he  tried  to 
amend  by  a  European  tour. 

After  him  the  crown  will  go  to  his  daughter,  the  Princess 
Isabel,  and  then  to  his  grandson.  The  royal  family  would 
oppose  a  war  unless  absolutely  necessary  for  self-defence, 
and  this  in  Brazil  means  much.  Then,  Brazil,  though  a 
country  with  a  vast  territory  and  a  great  future,  is  yet  un- 
developed and  maintains  but  a  small  army,  some  fourteen 
thousand  men.  She  is  very  largely  in  debt,  and  her  finan- 
cial resources  are  somewhat  limited.  The  population  of 
Brazil  is  a  little  over  ten  millions.  The  public  revenue  about 
sixty-five  million  dollars,  and  the  expenditure  generally  ex- 
ceeds that  figure. 


THE  IUOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


435 


VIOLET  CAMERON. 

Born  about  1855. 

THE  actress,  Violet  Cameron,  originally  was  known  by  the 
unaristocratic  and  homely  name  of  Thompson,  having  been 
brought  up  by  Lydia  Thompson,  the  celebrated  actress,  and 
Alexander  Henderson,  the  fascinating  Lydia's  husband. 

Violet  has  a  square  chin,  with  a  resolute  mouth,  steel-gray 
eyes,  and  hair  so  extreme- 
ly blonde  that  it  might  pass 
for   gray.     Her   figure  is 
somewhat  exuberant. 

Her  marriage  with  Mr. 
de  Besande  was  a  smooth 
and  happy  one  until  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  became 
acquainted  with  the  pair. 
The  nobleman  made  pres- 
ents to  the  wife,  and  final- 
ly bought  an  interest  in 
the  business  of  the  com- 
pany of  which  the  actress 
and  her  husband  were 
members.  Trouble  between 
the  men  followed  in  con- 
sequence of  their  financial 
transactions,  and  probably 
the  jealousy  of  de  Besande.  \IOLET  CAMERON. 

Lord  Lonsdale  was  fined  for  an  assault  on  the  husband;  and 
later  Violet  Cameron  filed  a  petition  in  the  English  divorce 
court  for  a  judicial  separation. 

Consequently  her  arrival  in  this  country  on  a  professional 
tour  was  heralded  by  these  occurrences  of  a  few  months  pre- 
vious. She  was  accompanied  by  the  nobleman,  who  washer 
business  manager  while  in  this  country. 


436 


THE  BIOOBAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


EDWARD  SYLVESTER  MORSE. 

Born  June  18, 1838. 

THE  great  American  naturalist  and  scientist,  Prof.  E.  S. 
Morse,  Ph.D.,  is  a  native  of  Portland,  Maine.  After  receiv- 
ing an  education  at  an  academy  at  Bethel,  in  his  native  state, 
he  became  a  draughtsman  in  the  Portland  locomotive  works, 
meanwhile  devoting  his  leisure  to  studies  in  natural  history. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Morse 
having  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Louis  Agassiz,  the 
eminent  naturalist,  he  was 
invited  by  that  notable 
scientist  to  study  at  the 
Lawrence  scientific  school 
of  Harvard,  where  he  was 
assistant  until  1862. 

Brachiopods  became  the 
subject  of  his  investiga- 
tions; they  had  been  re- 
garded as  mollusks,  but 
after  careful  research  Mr. 
Morse  announced  that  they 
were  to  be  classed  among  || 
the  worms.  This  work  at- 
tracted special  attention 
abroad  from  famous  natu- 
ralists, notably  Charles 
Darwin,  who  manifested  great  interest  in  this  discovery  of 
the  young  American  scientist. 

In  1866  Prof.  Morse  settled  in  Salem,  and  was  associated 
in  establishing  the  "American  Naturalist,"  becoming  one  of 
its  editors;  and  in  founding  the  Peabody  academy  of  science, 
of  which  he  was  made  a  curator. 

His  biological  investigations  continued  until  1871  in  Sa- 


PROF.  E.  S.  MORSE. 


TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  437 

lem,  during  which  time  he  published  more  than  twenty  me- 
moirs. In  1871  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  comparative 
anatomy  and  zoology,  in  Bowdoin,  where  he  remained  for 
three  years. 

In  1877  he  visited  Japan  in  search  of  new  material  on  the 
subject  of  brachiopods,and  accepted  from  the  Japanese  gov- 
ernment the  professorship  of  zoology  in  the  imperial  univer- 
sity of  Tokio.  Keturning  to  the  United  States  in  1880,  he 
continued  his  researches  there. 

Prof.  Morse  has  lectured  extensively  throughout  the  Uni- 
ted States  on  scientific  subjects,  and  has  delivered  special 
courses  in  Boston,  Baltimore,  and  Salem.  He  has  invented 
an  apparatus  for  utilizing  the  sun's  rays  in  heating  and  ven- 
tilating apartments;  a  device  for  introducing  fresh  air  into  a 
heated  room;  and  a  pamphlet  jacket. 

In  1885  Prof.  Morse  was  elected  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can association  for  the  advancement  of  sciences,  from  which 
he  retired  in  1887.  The  scientific  papers  of  this  noted  man 
already  number  over  fifty,  besides  numerous  less  technical 
articles  written  for  popular  journals.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  First  Book  in  Zoology,"  published  in  1875,  a  favorite  text- 
book, which  has  been  translated  into  German  and  Japanese; 
also  "Japanese  Homes  and  Their  Surroundings"  in  1885. 
The  illustrations  in  both  of  these  works  were  made  by  him- 
self; and  he  possesses  the  rare  accomplishment  of  drawing 
equally  well  with  either  hand. 

Professor  E.  S.  Morse  has  a  fine  collection  of  Japanese 
pottery,  said  to  be  the  best  in  the  world,  not  even  excepting 
any  in  Japan;  this  collection  is  valued  at  one  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  can  be  seen  at  his  residence  in  Boston.  It 
is  said  to  be  a  marvel  of  complete  and  systematic  classifica- 
tion, covering  the  ground  historically  from  the  earliest  pre- 
historic pottery  down  to  the  work  of  living  men,  by  pro- 
vinces, by  makers,  by  forms,  and  by  types  of  work.  This 
magnificent  collection  is  now  offered  for  sale. 


438 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HON.  WILLIAM  WALTER  PHELPS. 

Born  about  1854. 

FOR  some  years  the  face  of  William  Walter  Phelps  has 
been  gradually  becoming  more  and  more  familiar  to  the 
readers  of  the  illustrated  weekly  press.  In  no  way  has  he 
made  so  much  noise  in  the  world  as  by  his  bangs  which  the 
caricaturists  have  made  their  own.  The  gradual  growth  of 
a  public  man  into  the  favor  of  the  caricaturists  and  his  con- 
sequent presentation  to  the 
great  reading  public  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting 
things  in  pictorial  journ- 
alism. 

There  is  no  more  inter- 
esting figure  in  the  house 
of  congress  than  the  mil- 
lionaire  representative 
from  New  Jersey,  William 
Walter  Phelps,  who,  like 
many  other  men  of  wealth, 
finds  in  the  discussion  of 
public  questions  a  diver- 
sion more  agreeable  than 
is  furnished  by  their  pri- 
vate 

inherited    wealth,    has    in 
his   time    been    lawyer,      HON.  WILLIAM  WALTER  PHELPS. 
railway    promoter,    diplo- 
mat, politician  and  congressman.     He  likes  a  stirring  occu- 
pation such  as  the  game  of  politics  affords,  and  he  once  re- 
fused a  judgeship  tendered  by  Governor  Fenton,    of    New 
Jersey,  because  he  did  not  want  to  confine  his  sphere  to  the 
business  of  untangling  legal  intricacies.     In    1881   he  wa& 
appointed  minister  to  Austria  and  accepted. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  439 

Like  all  public  men,  Phelps  is  better  known  by  certain  pe- 
culiarities than  anything  else.  The  wits  and  paragraphers 
have  had  so  much  to  say  about  his  "bangs"  that  they  have 
become  as  famous  as  Ben  Butler's  drooping  eyelid,  Luke 
Poland's  silver  buttoned  coat,  or  Tom  Ochiltree's  cross-eyes. 
This  mild  affectation,  together  with  a  certain  softness  in 
speech,  invariably  impresses  a  stranger  with  the  idea  that 
Phelps  is  ''putting  it  on."  The  idea  is  an  incorrect  one. 
Phelps  combs  nis  hair  over  his  forehead  to  conceal  the  scan- 
tiness of  his  locks,  though  this  device  does  not  serve  to  hide 
the  enlarging  bald  spot  on  the  crown  of  his  head.  What  is 
regarded  as  affectation  in  his  speech  is  really  natural,  and 
his  addresses  are  polished,  shrewd  and  sound.  He  can  see 
as  far  into  a  mill-stone  as  anybody,  and  he  enjoys  the  live- 
ly skirmishes  which  congresional  discussions  afford.  When 
"  Jim  "  Belford,  who  gloried  in  the  title,  "red-headed  rooster 
of  the  Rockies,"  was  representing  Colorado  in  congress,  he 
had  a  pick  at  Phelps  and  made  the  famous  declaration  that 
"no  man  who  banged  his  hair  could  run  the  republican  par- 
ty." However,  Belford  is  now  in  obscurity  while  Phelps  is 
in  the  president-making  business. 

Phelps  dislikes  the  routine  work  of  politics,  and  has  a  man 
employed  by  the  year  to  keep  him  posted  on  all  political 
changes.  He  uses  this  man's  information  as  a  sort  of  anim- 
ated reference  book,  and  does  not  bother  his  own  memory 
for  anything  of  this  nature.  In  the  political  maneuvering 
on  the  floor  of  the  house, Phelps'  attitude  is  significant,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  he  is  regarded  as  the  close  personal  friend 
of  James  G.  Blaine.  Phelps  is  supposed  to  look  after  Elaine's 
interests  in  the  house,  while  Hiscock  does  the  same  in  the 
senate.  It  is  not  a  violent  presumption  to  assume  that  Mr. 
Phelps  would  receive  distinguished  honors  should  Mr.  Blaine 
have  the  opportunity  to  confer  them. 

Phelps  makes  his  home  in  Englewood,  New  Jersey,  and 
his  wealth  is  reported  as  fabulous. 


440 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


CHARLES  DICKENS. 

Born  Jan.  6',  1837. 

THE  son  and  namesake  of  the  immortal  novelist,  Charles 
Dickens,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Leipzic,  after  which  he 
passed  five  years  in  Baring  Brothers'  banking  firm. 

Tn  1860  he  went  to  India,  China,  and  Japan;  then,  after 
another  spell  at  business,  he  finally  took  to  literature  in  1868, 
joining  his  father  as  sub-editor  and  becoming  his  partner  the 
following  year. 

When  his  father  died,  in 
1870,  he  left  him  his  share 
in  ' '  All  the  Year  Round, " 
which  Mr.  Dickens  has 
carried  on  ever  since.  In 
1881  he  revived  Household 
Words  as  a  penny  magazine. 
He  has  done  a  great  deal 
of  work  on  papers  and  mag- 
azines, and  has  published 
"The  Life  of  Charles  Ma- 
thews,"  the  dictionaries  of 
London  and  the  Thames, 
besides  issuing  in  1887  an 
annotated  jubilee  edition 
of  "Pickwick." 

In  1861  he  married  a 
daughter  ot  nis  father's  old  printer  and  publisher,  Mr.  Evans, 
by  whom  he  had  several  children,  among  whom  Miss  Mary 
Dickens  has  made  a  name  for  herself  as  an  actress. 

Of  late  Mr.  Dickens  has  taken  to  publ  c  reading  through 
the  British  provinces  with  great  success.  Like  most  mem- 
bers of  his  family  he  is  a  clever  amateur  actor,  and  the  read- 
ing of  selections  from  his  father's  popular  works  &rfe  rendered 
with  skill  and  pathos. 


CHARLES  DICKENS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  441 

Mr.  Charles  Dickens,  Junior,  visited  the  United  States  in 
1887,  and  delivered  a  series  of  "  Readings  from  Dickens  by 
his  son,  Charles  Dickens."  He  is  a  gifted  reader — a  clever 
comedian  also,  as  was  his  father — but  it  was  Dickens  the  eld- 
er who  called  forth  the  laughter  and  applause  that  accompa- 
nied the  readings.  And  it  was  evidently  to  the  readings  more 
than  to  the  reading  that  Mr.  Dickens  trusted  for  effect. 

"The  very  name  of  Mr.  Dickens  is  enough  to  awaken  our 
warm  interest,"  said  Major  Kirkland,  in  introducing  Mr. 
Dickens  to  the  audience.  "I  have  the  honor  to  introduce 
the  son  of  the  man  who  made  that  name  beloved  by  us." 

Mr.  Dickens  arose  and  bowed.  There  were  only  the  two 
gentlemen  on  the  platform.  "I  shall  read  selections  from 
'  David  Copperfield,'"  said  Mr.  Dickens,  "embraced  in  five 
chapters,  prepared  by  my  father  for  his  own  public  reading." 
Then  he  immediately  began  at  the  description  of  the  Peg- 
goty  house. 

Mr.  Dickens  started  out  in  an  easy  mono-tone.  The  reading 
seemed  commonplace  at  first,  and  one's  first  thought  was  that 
the  familiar  lines  were  having  an  inadequate  interpretation. 
The  scene  was  that  where  Steerforth — handsome,  nonchalant, 
secretly  excited — was  introduced  by  David  to  Mr.  Peggoty, 
little  Emily,  and  the  rest.  But  after  a  few  moments  the  audi- 
ence and  Mr.  Dickens  seemed  to  like  each  other  better,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  first  chapter,  where  David  left  Steerforth 
lying  asleep,  everybody  was  satisfied  that  Mr.  Dickens  was 
a  felicitous  and  discriminating  reader.  His  interpretation 
of  Steerforth's  character  grew  on  one  wonderfully. 

On  first  becoming  acquainted  with  Mr.  Pickwick  one  sees 
only  a  fat,  blundering,  good-natured  old  gentleman  with  a 
knack  of  making  himself  ridiculous;  by-and-by,  when  one 
knows  the  old  gentleman  intimately,  he  is  found  to  be  one  of 
the  warmest  hearted  and  most  delightfully  lovable  old  fellows 
in  the  world.  In  like  manner  Mr.  Dickens' interpretation  of 
Steerforth  grew  on  one.  At  first  one  saw  only  the  affected, 


442        •  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

blase  college  youth;  but  presently  the  subtle  lovableness  in 
him  appears  through  his  mask  of  vicious  moods,  and  the 
listener  catches  that  half-flippant,  half -passionate  charm  which 
made  him  so  magnetic  —  the  charm  which  made  good  people 
love  him  despite  his  wickedness. 

Mr.  Dickens  does  not  rely  for  effect  on  the  customary  meth- 
ods of  the  professional  elocutionist.  He  does  not  try  to 
give  a  characteristic  voice  or  tone  to  each  of  the  various 
characters,  and  yet  he  is  a  better  reader  of  dialogue  than  of 
simple  description.  He  discriminates  between  the  characters, 
partly  by  a  slight  change  of  tone,  but  chiefly  by  a  change  of 
mood  and  by  facial  expression. 

Mr.  Dickens'  reading  of  the  last  two  chapters  was  all  that 
could  be  desired.  It  was  an  artistic  and  a  literary  treat. 
Jt  was  a  mixture  of  tears  and  laughter,  but  the  pathos  was 
obtrusive  and  the  laughter  subdued.  Not  that  Mr.  Dickens 
is  the  sort  of  reader  who  brings  tears  to  the  eyes.  One  never 
forgets  the  reader  in  the  character;  he  is  Mr.  Dickens  always 
and  not  Mr.  Peggoty.  But  his  simple,  unpretention  is  most  im- 
pressive —  more  impressive,  indeed,  to  many  than  would  be 
the  faltering  voice  and  choked  throat  and  other  theatrical 
tricks  that  are  the  stock-in-trade  of  the  average  professional 
reader.  But  it  is  as  a  reader  of  humorous  dialogue  that  he  is 
conspicuously  successful.  All  his  gestures  are  graceful,  easy, 
and  unobtrusive,  and  his  facial  play  is  sometimes  exquisite, 
using  but  little  stage  business. 

'  Of  all  my  books  I  like  this  the  best,"  said  Dickens  of 
"David  Copperfield."  "It  will  be  easily  believed  that  I  am 
a  fond  parent  to  every  child  of  my  fancy,  and  that  no  one 
can  ever  love  that  family  as  dearly  as  I  love  them.  But  like 
many  fond  parents,  I  have  in  my  heart  of  hearts  a  favorite 
child.  And  his  name  is  David  Copperfield." 

And  that  Dickens  the  younger  loves  the  characters  his 
father  created  and  loved  is  evident  in  his  every  tone  and  ges- 
ture. But  who  doesn't  love  them? 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


443 


DAVID  TURPIE. 

Born  July  8,  1829. 

THE  long  senatorial  contest  of  1886  in  Indiana,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  triumph  of  the  democratic  members  of  the  legis- 
lature, brings  into  prominence  a  man  of  marked  personal  pe- 
culiarities and  attainments.  In  the  membership  of  Judge 
David  Turpie,  the  United  States  possesses  an  accession  of 
learning  and  debating  power  which  cannot  but  have  a  mark- 
ed effect  on  its  proceed- 
ings. 

David  Turpie  was  born 
in  Hamilton  county,  Ohio, 
in  which  Cincinnati  is 
situated.  He  graduated  at 
Kenyon  college,  the  same 
state,  in  1848;  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1849  and 
began  practice  in  Logans- 
port,  Indiana.  In  1852  he 
was  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives.  He  was ; 
appointed  a  common  pleas; 
judge  in  1854,  and  a  judge 
of  the  circuit  court  in  1856, 
both  of  which  positions  he 
resigned. 

In  1858  he  was  again  a 
member  of  the  state  house 
of  representatives.  When  Jesse  D.  Bright  was  expelled 
from  the  senate  in  1862,  under  charges  of  disloyalty,  Judge 
Turpie  was  elected  as  a  democrat  for  the  unexpired  part  of 
Senator  Bright's  term,  serving  from  January  22,  to  March  3, 
1863. 

During  the  last  few  years  he  hus  done  little  either  in  pol- 


DAVID  TURPIE. 


444  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

itics  or  business,  being  well-to-do  and  fond  of  spending  his 
time  in  good  company  in  the  hotels  of  Indianapolis  and 
elsewhere. 

In  person  he  stands  about  five  feet  eight  inches  in  height, 
and  weighs  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  pounds.  He  wears 
an  iron  gray  beard  on  the  lower  part  of  his  face.  His  com- 
plexion is  described  by  a  man  who  knows  him  well,  as  of 
mingled  blue  and  red. 

David  Turpie  is  a  good  lawyer  and  an  eloquent  speaker, 
excelling  as  a  maker  of  phrases  which  "bite  worse  than  old 
cheese."  Making  his  capability  the  more  striking,  the  judge 
is  nervous  in  manner,  said  to  be  an  effect  of  excessive 
smoking. 

In  the  literature  the  senator  is  entitled  to  a  renown  he  has 
not  yet  received.  He  is  conversant  with  Shakespeare  and 
all  the  standard  poets,  and  commands  the  ability  to  quote 
extensively  from  them;  and  is  said  to  be  equally  at  home 
with  Homer  and  other  classical  authors,  and  to  be  so  learned 
in  the  bible  as  to  excite  the  envy  of  the  clergy. 

In  1885  he  lost  his  wife,  a  lady  of  superior  beauty  and 
cultivation.  He  has  one  child,  a  daughter,  the  light  and  or- 
nament of  his  household. 

The  senatorial  term  of  David  Turpie  expires  in  the  year  of 
1893.  So  far  he  has  distinguished  himself  in  many  ways, 
and  will  certainly  become  still  more  conspicuous  as  a  states- 
man and  jurist. 

Senator  Turpie  has  now  (1888)  been  before  the  public  for 
over  forty  years,  during  which  time  he  has  ever  led  an  active 
and  useful  life,  winning  the  high  regard  of  not  only  his  con- 
stituents but  also  of  his  political  opponents. 

Since  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  consoles  himself  somewhat 
in  literary  pursuits,  especially  in  the  perusal  of  standard 
poetical  works,  of  which  he  is  exceedingly  fond.  And  to  his 
daughter,  Judge  Turpie  is  a  very  indulgent,  kind  and  loving 
parent  as  ever  child  could  wish. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW, 


445 


CHAUNCEY  M.  DEPEW. 

Born  in  1837. 

JVtrioHELL  DEPEW  is  better  known  to  the  public 
as  a  pre-eminently  social  man  and  as  an  orator  than  the  labo- 
rious railroad  president,  who  disposes  of  as  much  business 
every  day  as  would  bveak  down  the  constitution  of  many  men 
to  undertake.  He  is  also  a  great  philanthropist,  and  is  per- 
sonally a  very  popular 
man. 

Mr.  Depew  was  born  at 
Peekskill,  in  the  state  of 
New  York.  His  ancestors 
for  more  than  two  hundred 
years  were  farmers  on  the 
family  acres  at  Peekskill 
-  a  rugged,  hardworking 
folk,  brought  up  on  simple 
fare  without  dissipation, 
luxury,  or  doctors.  The 
earlier  of  them  were 
French  Huguenots.  Blend- 
ed with  blood  of  that  qual- 
ity, he  claims  descent  from 
the  brother  of  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. 

He  was  graduated  in  the 
year  1856  with  high  honors,  leaving  college  in  the  stirring 
period  that  developed  the  birth  of  the  republican  party.  In 
1858  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  elected  a  delegate  to 
the  republican  state  convention.  Two  years  later  he  took  the 
stump  for  Lincoln  and  won  his  first  laurels  as  an  orator.  In 
1861  he  went  to  the  New  York  assembly,  and  was  re-elected 
the  following  year. 


CHAUNCEY  M.  DEPEW. 


446  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Mr.  Depew  was  next  nominated  for  secretary  of  state,  and 
was  elected  by  a  majority  of  thirty  thousand  votes.  The  re- 
nomination  was  offered  and  declined,  and  then  President 
Johnson  commissioned  him  collector  of  the  port  of  New 
York,  but  afterward  tore  up  the  parchment  in  consequence  of 
a  quarrel  with  Senator  Edmund  D.  Morgan  of  New  York. 
In  the  same  administration  Mr.  Seward  offered  Mr.  Depew 
the  post  of  minister  to  Japan;  after  considering  the  appoint- 
ment for  four  weeks,  Mr.  Depew  decided  to  decline  it. 

In  1872,  when  the  Greeley  ticket  was  in  the  field,  Mr.  De- 
pew was  nominated  for  lieutenant-governor  of  his  state,  but, 
with  the  rest  of  the  ticket,  was  defeated. 

In  187T  he  was  made  regent  of  the  State  university.  He 
was  a  candidate  for  the  United  States  senate  in  1881.  After 
a  contest  of  eighty-two  days,  in  which  he  received  fully  three- 
fourths  of  the  republican  votes,  he  withdrew  his  candidature. 
His  connection  with  the  Vanderbilt  railway  system  dates 
back  to  18 GO,  when  he  was  made  attorney  for  the  Harlem 
road. 

In  1875  he  was  made  counsel  for  the  New  York  Central 
railroad,  and  in  1883  was  elevated  to  the  vice-presidency, 
and  shortly  afterward  became  president  of  the  road. 

In  personal  appearance,  Mr.  Depew  is  nearly  six  feet  in 
height.  He  has  a  large  head,  high  forehead,  bright  gray 
eyes,  and  sandy  hair  and  side  whiskers.  His  frame  is  com- 
pact and  erect,  and  he  moves  with  rapidity.  His  voice  has  a 
distinct,  pleasant  and  fascinating  tone,  and  he  is  gifted  with 
remarkable  conversational  powers. 

Mr.  Depew  was  married  in  1871  to  a  lady  who  is  as  much 
his  help-meet  now  as  when  he  was  not  a  millionaire.  He 
lives  stylishly,  but  he  eats  and  drinks  with  scrupulous  regard 
to  the  preservation  of  his  health.  Some  years  ago  he  gave 
up  smoking  cigars,  as  he  considered  it  lessened  his  nervous 
force.  This  popular  man  is  a  churchman  and  very  liberal  in 
his  charities;  and  was  also  a  presidential  favorite  in  1888. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


447 


RUSSELL  A.  ALGER. 

Born  Feb.  27,  1836. 

RUSSELL  A.  ALGER,  of  Detroit,  Michigan,  was  one  of  the 
favorites,  at  the  national  republican  convention  of  1888,  for 
the  candidature  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States,  re- 
ceiving a  good  round  vote  on  every  ballot;  the  delegates 
from  Michigan  being  steadfast  in  their  loyalty  to  the  ex  gov- 
ernor, who  is  very  popular 
in  his  state. 

This  man  of  business 
and  statesman  was  born  in 
Lafayette  township,  Medi- 
na county,  Ohio.  Both  of 
his  parents  died  when  he 
was  only  eleven  years  of 
age,  leaving  him  to  pro- 
vide for  himself  and  also 
a  younger  sister  and  broth- 
er. He  managed  to  sup- 
port the  obligations  thus 
thrust  upon  him  by  an  un- 
toward fortune. 

When  the  war  of  the 
union  began  he  was  a  resi- 
dent of  Michigan,  and  was 
able  to  leave  his  affairs  in 
good  shape  and  fight  for 
the  federal  cause.  Mr.  Alger  enlisted  in  the  second  Michi- 
gan cavalry,  in  obedience  to  the  first  call  addressed  to  the 
patriotism  of  his  state. 

Afterward  he  was  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  as  captain  of  company  0.  He  proved  to  be  a  brilli- 
ant officer  of  cavalry,  was  present  in  some  of  the  most  ob- 
stinately contested  fights  of  the  war,  and  was  twice  wounded. 


RUSSELL   A.  ALGER. 


448  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

During  the  winter  of  1863-64  lie  was  on  private  service 
under  orders  from  President  Lincoln,  and  visited  nearly  all 
the  union  armies  in  the  field  at  the  time.  The  career  0?  Mr. 
Alger  as  soldier  and  general  evidences  his  great  ability  and 
courage. 

In  the  year  of  1865  General  Alger  began  his  successful 
career  at  Detroit  as  a  dealer  in  pine  timber  and  pine  lands. 
He  is  now  the  president  of  one  of  the  wealthiest  corporations 
engaged  in  the  operations  indicated;  and  outside  of  this  he 
has  large  business  interests  in  railroads,  banking  and  in  car- 
building. 

General  Alger  has  been  identified  with  the  republican 
party  from  its  beginning,  and  has  ever  been  acknowledged 
as  one  of  its  most  prominent  adherents  in  the  state  of 
Michigan. 

The  popularity  of  Mr.  Alger  resulted  in  his  election  to  the 
governorship  of  Michigan,  which  position  he  filled  during 
the  years  of  1886  and  1887.  As  governor  he  administered 
his  executive  power  with  great  wisdom  and  calm  judgment, 
winning  the  esteem  of  the  people  generally,  irrespective  of 
party  lines.  Being  a  man  of  rare  business  ability,  he  was 
eminently  fitted  for  .that,  position ,  which  requires  sound  judg- 
ment and  a  steadfastness  of  policy  to  properly  adminster  the 
affairs  of  the  state. 

In  nominating  General  Alger  at  the  convention  of  1888, 
Robert  B.  Fraser,  of  Detroit,  said:  "Gen.  Alger  will  supply 
to  you  strength  from  all  quarters  of  the  union.  The  rich  men 
will  trust  him,  for  he  is  a  man  of  business,  and  his  honor 
among  them  has  been  unquestioned.  If  you  think  he  is  not 
a  friend  of  the  poor  man  come  with  me  to  the  city  of  Detroit 
where  he  lives,  enter  with  me  into  the  poor  man's  home  — 
aye,  into  the  very  abode  of  misery —  and  mention  the  name 
of  our  favorite,  and  you  will  find  that  next  to  their  God 
among  the  poor  the  name  of  Gen.  Russell  A.  Alger  is  held 
sacred." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


449 


BENJAMIN  T.  BIGGS. 

Born  Oct.  1, 1821. 

BENJAMIN  T.  BIGGS  is  a  native  of  Summit  Bridge,  in  the 
state  of  Delaware.  He  was  born  on  a  farm,  and  his  early 
years  were  spent  in  the  open  air  and  sunshine  of  the  fields. 
After  supplementing  his  elementary  studies  with  two  years 
at  Pennington  seminary, 
New  Jersey,  Mr.  Biggs 
taught  school  for  a  short 
time. 

He  then  entered  Wes- 
leyan  university,  Middle- 
town,  in  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut, as  a  student,  but 
he  could  not  stay  for  grad- 
uation on  account  of  bad 
health. 

Mr.  Biggs  was  twenty- 
six  years  of  age  when  he 
made  up  his  mind  to  culti- 
vate his  constitution  on  a 
farm,  and  let  ambition  go. 
Six  years  afterward,  how-  ^ 
ever,  his  name  appears  as 
that  of  a  member  of  the 
state  constitutional  con-  BENJAMIN  T.  BIGGS. 

vention.    Later  on  he  began  the  successful  enterprise  in  the 
development  of  local  railways. 

Mr.  Biggs  was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  the  house  of 
representatives  in  Washington  in  1860,  but  was  elected  to  the 
forty-first  and  forty-second  congresses  as  a  democrat. 

Mr.  Biggs  was  elected  governor  of  Delaware  for  the  term 
that  commenced  in  January,  1887,  which  expires  in  1891. 
The  salary  is  two  thousand  dollars  a  year. 


450 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


EMILY  FAITHFULL. 

THE  great  work  which  Emily  Faithfull  has  given  herself 
to  do  is  "  to  seek  remunerative  employment  for  women." 
She  has  devoted  her  whole  time  to  this  task,  since  when  a 
young  woman  weary  of  the  gaieties  of  London,  she  began 
life  in  earnest.  Her  father  was  a  clergyman  of  the  church 

of  England.  The  daughter 
Emily  was  presented  at 
court,  and  spent  some  time 
in  the  pursuit  of  fashion- 
able pleasure. 

She  soon  grew  tired  of 
this  and  began  a  life  of 
useful  activity  in  the  be- 
half of  her  sex,  which  she 
still  maintains. 

As  a  printer  and  pub- 
lisher she  employs  only 
women.  Her  "Victoria 
Magazine,"  in  which  she 
advocated  her  peculiar 
views,  was  discontinued  af- 
ter a  respectable  career. 

As  a  lecturer  she  is  very 
successful.  Her  leading 
subjects  at  the  present  time 
are  "Modern  Extravagance:  Its  Causes  and  Cure,"  and  the 
"Changed  Position  of  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century." 
In  personal  appearance  Miss  Faithfull  is  pleasing.  She  lec- 
tured in  the  United  States  in  1872-73,  and  made  hosts  of 
friends.  She  again  made  a  lecturing  tour  through  this  coun- 
try a  few  years  ago.  Her  observations  as  to  the  con- 
dition of  women  in  the  United  States  are  favorable  to  our 
national  self-esteem. 


EMILY  FAITHFULL. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


451 


EPHRAIM  K.  WILSON. 

Born  Dec.  22.  JS2/. 

THIS  statesman,  Ephraim  K.  "Wilson,  was  born  at  Snow 
Hill,  where  he  now  resides.  His  father  was  a  gentleman  of 
more  than  local  distinction,  and  was  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  in  the  twentieth  and  twenty-first  congresses. 
Senator  Wilson's  preparatory  education  was  gained  at  Union 
academy  and  Washington  academy,  whence  he  was  en- 
tered a  student  of  Jefter- 
son  college,  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  graduated  at  this 
seat  of  learning  in  August, 
1841.  Returning  to  Snow 
Hill  he  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  Dur- 
ing the  twenty  years  be- 
tween 1848  and  1868  he 
built  up  a  large  practice 
and  achieved  superior  pro- 
fessional reputation.. 

His  public  services  be- 


gan in  the  year  1847,  when 
he  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature of  Maryland.  In 
1852  he  was  a  presidential 
elector  on  the  Pierce  and 
King  ticket.  He  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  at  Wash- 
ington in  the  year  1872,  and  served  as  such  from  December 
1,  1873,  to  March  3,  1875.  At  the  time  of  his  election  to 
the  United  States  senate  he  was  serving  as  circuit  judge. 

Senator  Wilson  is  distinguished  for  his  legal  learning  and 
generous  culture. 


EPHRAIM  K.  WILSON. 


452 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CHAKLES  W.  ELIOT. 

Born  March  20, 1834. 

THE  president  of  Harvard  college,  Charles  "William  Eliot, 
LL.D.,  is  a  native  of  the  city  of  Boston,  in  the  state  of  Mass- 
achusetts. His  father  was  a  former  treasurer  of  Harvard. 
Young  Eliot  graduated  from  the  Boston  Latin  school  in  the 
year  1849,  and  from  the  college  four  years  later. 

Prof.  Charles  W.  Eliot 
was  inaugurated  president 
of  Harvard  college  on  May 
19,  1869,  and  was  the 
youngest  to  sit  in  Parson 
Turell's  legacy,  with  but 
one  exception  —  that  of 
President  Locke. 

Before  his  election  he 
had  been  tutor  and  assist- 
ant professor  in  the  col- 
lege, and  also  taught  in  the 
institute  of  technology  in 
Boston.  He  was  also  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and 
chemistry  for  a  number 
of  years,  both  at  Harvard 
and  in  a  Boston  college. 

Probably  the  event  in  his  pre-presidential  life  upon  which 
the  under-graduates  look  with  most  enthusiasm  is  the  fact 
that  he  once  sat  (while  a  tutor)  in  a  university  boat.  Be  that 
as  it  may,  President  Eliot  has  been  at  all  times  popular  with 
the  whole  college. 

In  1866  "Manual  of  Inorganic  Chemistry"  appeared, 
which  was  the  joint  work  of  Charles  W.  Eliot  and  F.  H.  Stor- 
er.  Since  that  time  Prof.  Eliot  has  contributed  largely  to 
various  scientific  journals. 


CHARLES  W.  ELIOT. 


TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


453 


MARY  MILLER. 

IN  the  case  of  Mary  Miller,  the  comparatively  liberal  in- 
crease of  occupations  in  which  women  can  take  part  is  strik- 
ingly illustrated.  Only  a  few  years  ago,  to  suggest  that  a 
woman  command  a"  steamer  would  have  been  considered  ab- 
surd, but  Mrs.  Miller  has  received  a  government  license  au- 
thorized her  to  such  com- 
mand, and  she  has  used  it 
in  an  unquestionably  satis- 
factory way.  This  is,  in- 
deed, an  age  of  progress. 
Mrs.  Mary  Miller  is  the 
wife  of  an  old  Kentucky 
steamboat  man,  who  had 
the  good  sense  to  marry  a 
wife  much  younger  than 
himself. 

When  he  went  a-voyag- 
ing  amid  the  shifting  bars 
and  the  caving  banks  and 
;anags  of  western  rivers, 
;;she  went  with  him,  and  ac- 
Jquired  a  practical  knowl- 
i-j^edge  of  navigation.  Her 
husband  in  time  made 
money,  and  built  a  steam- 
boat of  his  own. 
In  the  fall  of  1882  he  sailed  his  craft  to  New  Orleans, 
and  entered  the  Ouachita  river  trade.  He  prospered  in  his 
ventures,  but  aged  so  rapidly  that  he  was  unable  to  command 
his  steamer.  Then  his  wife  secured  a  captain's  license,  hav- 
ing proved  herself  worthy  of  it  by  passing  the  necessary  ex- 
amination. "Captain"  Miller,  the  reader  will  agree,  is  the 
comeliest  among  commanders  of  steamers. 


MARY  MILLER. 


454 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HENRY    WATTERSON. 

Born  Feb.  16, 1840. 

THE  great  journalist  and  editor  of  the  Louisville  "Courier- 
Journal,1' Henry  Watterson,  was  a  prominent  figure  at  the 
national  democratic  convention  held  in  St.  Louis  in  1888,  and 
was  a  member  on  the  committee  on  resolutions. 

Henry  is  a  native  of  Washington,  where  he  was  educated 
by  private  tutors  because 
his  eyesight   was   some- 
what defective. 

Being  very  fond  of  lit- 
erature, he  decided  to  en- 
ter into  the  profession  of 
journalism.  y  He  at  once 
obtained  employment  on 
the  "  Washington  States," 
a  democratic  paper.  He 
next  became  editor  of  the 
'  'Democratic  Review ;"  and 
in  1861  he  became  editor 
of  the  Nashville  "Repub- 
lican Banner." 

He  entered  the  confed- 
erate service  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war,  and 
edited  the  "Chattanooga  Rebel."  The  war  being  ended,  Mr. 
Watterson  returned  to  Nashville  and  revived  the  "Banner." 
Removing  to  Louisville,  this  young  journalist  bought  an  in- 
terest in  the  "Journal"  of  that  city.  In  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Haldeman,  who  controlled  the  "Courier,"  the  "Demo- 
crat" was  purchased  in  1868;  these  three  papers  were  merged 
into  the  "Courier-Journal,"  of  which  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
became  editor.  He  was  a  member  of  the  forty-fourth  con- 
gress as  a  democrat. 


m 


HENRY  WATTERSON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ttfi 


SIR  LYON  PLAYFAIR. 

Born  in  1819. 

THE  eminent  scientist,  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Lyon  Playfair, 
K.  C.  B.,  LL.D.,  F.  R.  S.,is  the  son  of  Dr.  George  Playfair, 
who  was  an  inspector-general  of  hospitals  in  Bengal.  Sir 
Lyon  received  a  classical  education,  and  also  a  thorough 
study  in  the  science  of  chemistry,  under  the  direction  of 
practical  chemists. 

Mr.  Playfair  has  been 
professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  Manchester  royal  in- 
stitute, and  the  Edinburgh 
university,  and  also  chem- 
ist to  the  museum  of  prac- 
tical geology. 

He  has  served  in  num- 
erous important  commis- 
sionsj  as  that  of  the  civil 
service  commission  of  the 
year  1874,  of  which  he 
was  president.  Other  po- ; 
sitions  of  public  trust  have 
been  held  by  this  noted 
man.  His  political  career' 
commenced  in  1868.  In 
1885  he  received  the  elec- 
tion from  Leeds.  SIB  LYON  PLAYFAIK. 

Sir  Lyon  Playfair  has  distinguished  himself  by  speeches 
on  university  education  and  sanitary  questions.  In  1873  he 
became  postmaster-general,  and  chairman  of  wavsaml  means 
and  deputy  speaker  from  1880  to  1883,  when  he  was  knight- 
ed. In  1S85  he  was  president  of  the  British  association. 
This  distinguished  man  has  published  numerous  addresses  on 
education :i1  aii.l  x-ientif!:-  ;::!.•  rets. 


456 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


GEN.  BEAUREGARD. 

Born  May  28, 1818. 

THE  distinguished  soldier,  Pierre  Gustave  Toutant  Beau- 
regard,  was  born  near  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  in  the  state 
of  Louisiana. 

He  graduated  at  the  military  academy  at  West  Point  in 
the  year  of  1838,  when  he  was  but  twenty  years  of  age,  be- 
ing second  in  the  class. 
He  was  assigned  first  to 
the  artillery  and  then  to 
the  engineers;  and  in  the 
years  1838-39  was  assist- 
ant in  the  construction  of 
Fort  Adams,  Newport. 

During  1840-45  he  was 
on  engineering  duty.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  war 
with  Mexico,  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  construction 
of  defences  at  Tampico; 
at  the  siege  operations  of 


GEN.  BEAUREGARD. 


and  City  of  Mexico,  where 
he  was  twice  wrounded. 

Shortly  after  this  he  was  brevetted  major,  and  attained 
the  full  rank  of  captain  of  engineers,  and  was  a  lieutenant 
for  fourteen  years. 

On  January  23,  1861,  he  was  detailed  as  superintendent  of 
the  military  academy  at  West  Point,  but  held  the  position 
only  a  few  days,  resigning  his  commission  on  February  20  of 
the  same  year.  This  ends  Beauregard's  record  as  a  military 
officer  of  the  United  States. 

He  at  once  offered  his  services  to  the  Southern  confeder- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  457 

acy,  then  organizing  to  resist  the  authority  of  the  federal 
government,  and  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  defences  of 
South  Carolina. 

On  the  morning  of  April  12, 1861,  Beauregard  opened  fire 
soon  after  daylight;  and  from  that  time  till  the  close  of  the 
war  he  took  an  active  and  prominent  part  in  the  southern 
cause. 

This  great  warrior  was  practically  in  command  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Bull  Run  of  July  21,  though  superseded  at  the  last 
moment  by  Gen.  Jos.  E.  Johnston;  and  here  again  he  was 
victorious  some  time  afterward. 

In  the  spring  of  1802  he  was  ordered  to  Tennessee,  where 
he  succeeded  Gen.  Johnston;  that  officer  having  been  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  Beauregard  took  command  and  near- 
ly succeeded  in  routing  the  northern  army. 

In  1864  Gen.  Beauregard,  re-inforced  by  Lee,  defeated 
Butler  at  Drury's  Bluff,  and  held  Petersburgh  against  the 
federal  advance.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  military  division  of  the  west,  and  sent  to 
Georgia  to  resist  the  march  of  the  federal  army  under  Gen. 
Sherman. 

After  the  war  Gen.  Beauregard  became  president  of  the 
New  Orleans,  Jackson,  and  Mississippi  railroad;  also  he  was 
made  adjutant  general  of  the  state.  And  he  subsequently  be- 
came manager  of  the  Louisiana  state  lottery,  an  institution 
that  is  known  throughout  the  continent  of  America,  although 
its  business  is  of  a  questionable  nature,  and  letters  for  it  are 
not  forwarded  by  the  postoftice  department,  which  is  sustained 
in  its  action  by  a  recent  decision  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States. 

Gen.  Beauregard  is  the  author  of  "  Principles  and -Maxims 
of  the  Art  of  War,"  which  was  published  in  1863;  and  in 
the  following  year  appeared  the  "  Report  of  the  Defences  of 
Charleston."  In  these  works  the  General  shows  himself  to 
be  also  possessed  of  much  literary  ability. 


458 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JOHN  W.  DAVIS. 

Born  about  1825. 

THE  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  John  W.  Davis,  is  a  native 
of  Rehoboth,  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  in  which  state  he 
,  was  educated. 

For  many  years  Governor  Davis  has  been  a  prominent 
business  man  in  Providence,  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island. 
He  has  never  held  any 
political  office  until  within 
the  past  few  years. 

In  1885  and  1886  he 
was  a  member  of  the  sen- 
ate of  Rhode  Island,  but 
resigned  soon  after  his 
second  election  in  order 
to  accept  a  federal  appoint- 
ment. 

Governor  Davis  is  in 
politics  a  democrat;  yet  he; 
succeeded  a  republican  in 
the  governorship  of  his 
state,  receiving  a  majority 
of  over  one  thousand 
votes.  This  fact  alone  is 
evidence  enough  of  the 
great  popularity  of  Mr. 
Davis.  JOHN  w.  DAVIS. 

Mr.  Davis  has  gained  the  reputation  of  being  a  man  of 
strict  business  integrity,  and  a  man  not  easily  swayed  by 
popular  excitement  from  the  path  of  duty.  And  that  busi- 
ness ability,  which  he  possesses,  is  a  greater  recommendation 
and  requisite  to  the  position  of  any  executive  office  than  is 
any  other  qualification  —  excepting,  of  course,  that  of  hon- 
esty and  sobriety. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


469 


RUFUS  BLODGETT. 

Born  Nov.  9, 1834. 

RUFUS  BLODGETT  was  born  at  Dorchester,  New  Hampshire, 
where  he  learned  the  machinist's  trade.  About  1866  he  re- 
moved to  New  Jersey,  where  he  found  employment  in  the 
service  of  the  New  Jersey  Southern  railroad  company,  of 
which  he  subsequently  became  superintendent.  He  then  be- 
came superintendent  of  the 
New  York  and  Long 
Branch  railroad. 

While  living  at  Man- 
chester, Ocean  county,  New 
Jersey,  he  was  three  times 
elected  to  the  state  assem- 
bly, of  which  he  was  an 
active  and  useful  member 
in  the  sessions  of  1878, 
1879  and  1880.  He  was 
defeated  as  a  candidate  for 
the  state  senate  in  the  last- 
named  of  these  years. 

In  the  presidential  carn-i 
paign  of  1884,  Mr.  Blod-j 
gett  was  chairman  of  the' 
democratic  state  commit- 
tee. In  1886  he  was  a 
candidate  for  the  demo- 

....  RUFUS    BLODGETT. 

cratic  nomination  tor  gov- 
ernor, but  was  defeated.   In  1887  he  became  a  United  States 
senator  from  New  Jersey,  which  term  expires  in  1893. 

Mr.  Blodgett  is  a  democrat  of  the  to-the-victor-belongs-the 
spoils  variety,  and  is  said  to  be  proud  of  it.  He  resides  at 
Long  Branch,  in  the  enjoyment  of  much  social  comfort, with 
his  wife  and  son. 


460 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JULES  VERNE. 

Born  Feb.  8, 1828. 

THE  best  known  works  of  Jules  Yerne  are  unique  in  the 
combination  of  scientific  information  with  incidents,  many 
of  them  of  an  astounding  character,  constituting  a  well  con- 
structed story.  The  deft  and  original  quality  in  Verne's 

works  has  given  them  an 
amazing  popularity. 

With  the  solitary  excep- 
tion of  Yictor  Hugo,  the 
most  popular  of  recent 
French  writers  is  Yerne. 
who  was  born  at  Nantes, 
France.  He  read  law,  but 
the  literary  propensity  in 
his  nature  dominated,  and 
while  yet  a  very  young 
man  he  was  addicted  to 
the  composition  of  plays 
and  operatic  pieces.  His 
first  romance,  "Five 
Weeks  in  a  Balloon,"  was 
published  when  he  was 
thirty -five  years  of  age,  and 
was  received  with  favor. 
J.ULES  VERNE.  Among  his  numerous  pro- 

ductions are  "Around  the  World  in  Eighty  Days,"  "The 
Mysterious  Island,"  "Michael  Strogoff,"  and  "Twenty  Thou- 
sand Leagues  Under  the  Seas;"  and  he  has  also  produced  an 
illustrated  geography  of  France.  The  first  of  these  has  been 
successfully  dramatized,  and  many  people  have  enjoyed 
seeing  the  effective  display  of  stage  effects  incidental  to  its 
production. 


THE  -BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  461 

A  correspondent  writes  that  he  had  been  running  over  the 
leaves  of  a  diary  in  which  Edmond  and  Jules  de  Goncourt, 
lovers  of  art  in  every  form,  had  kept  their  thoughts  and  im- 
pressions, when  his  eyes  had  fallen  upon  an  entry  made  July 
16,  1856. 

"After  reading  Poe,  the  revelation  of  something  that  cri- 
tics do  not  appear  to  have  found.  Poe,  a  new  literature,  the 
literature  of  the  twentieth  century,  the  miraculous  scientific; 
imagination  by  dint  of  analysis;  the  making  of  fabulous  tales 
by  A.  and  B. ;  a  literature  at  once  monomaniac  and  scientific. 
Zadig,  a  judge;  Cyrano  de  Bergerac,  a  pupil  of  Arago.  And 
things  taking  a  better  part  than  beings;  and  love,  lessened 
in  Balzac's  work  by  money  —  love  yielding  its  place  to  other 
wells  of  interest;  the  novel  of  the  future  to  tell  the  story  of 
things  that  are  in  the  brains  rather  than  in  the  heart  and 
humanity." 

And  he  wondered  what  Jules  V erne,  whose  first  novel  ap- 
peared in  1862,  would  think  of  that,  and  he  went  to  Amiens. 
The  residence  of  Jules  Yerne  is  a  large,  handsome  mansion, 
surrounded  by  well-kept  grounds,  in  the  Avenue  Charles  du 
Bois,  an  avenue  that  commences  at  the  Boulevard  du  Mail, 
which  was  an  exterior  rampart  of  the  old  town,  and  has  be- 
come the  dividing  line  between  old  and  new  Amiens,  even 
as  Canal  street — that  is  not  no  wider  than  the  Boulevard  du 
Mail  —  in  New  Orleans  is  the  dividing  line  between  the 
New  Orleans  of  the  colonist,  Mr.  Cable's  New  Orleans,  and 
the  New  Orleans  of  to-day. 

Jules  Yerne,  who  is  a  Parisian  to  his  fingers'-ends,  lives  at 
Amiens  because  his  wife's  relatives  are  Amiens  people.  It 
was  his  custom  to  go  to  Paris  once  a  month  for  a  day  or  two 
until  the  year  1886,  when  he  was  wounded  by  a  pistol-shot 
in  the  left  leg.  He  limps,  cannot  bend  his  leg,  and  is  de- 
prived of  other  exercise  than  driving.  The  nephew,  his 
brother's  son,  who  fired  the  shot,  was  his  favorite.  No 
reason  could  be  found  for  his  insanity. 


462  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Jules  Yerne  never  commenced  a  story  without  knowing 
how  it  was  going  to  end.  He  writes  the  plot,  then  studies 
the  details.  The  results  of  his  studies  are  in  notes  of  one 
word  in  columns,  on  sheets  of  paper,  letter  size..  These 
words  refer  to  books  in  his  library  or  to  other  notes  of  ideas 
or  facts.  When  he  has  become  familiar  with  his  notes  he 
writes  the  story.  His  manuscript  is  remarkably  neat,  on  the 
left  of  a  letter-size  page,  leaving  a  wide  margin  at  the  right 
for  the  dates.  Ah!  the  dates!  They  give  him  more  trouble 
then  you  can  imagine  And  the  names!  His  proof-reading 
costs  a  good  deal  of  money  to  the  editor,  he  says.  He  sends 
the  original  manuscript  to  the  printer  without  an  erasure,  and 
there  are  eight  successive  proofs  to  be  corrected  by  him.  He 
is  fastidious  in  the  extreme  with  regard  to  his  style;  that  has 
to  be  absolutely  faultless. 

He  goes  to  bed  at  eight  o'clock,  gets  up  early,  and  is  at 
work  until  midday  in  his  cozy  workshop  on  the  second  floor. 
One  of  Jules  Verne's  latest  novels  is  "  Texar's  Revenge," 
a  tale  of  the  American  civil  war.  "  Fifty  lines  out  of  a  few 
pages  of  the  Comte  de  Paris' history  of  the  civil  war  in  Ameri- 
ca induced  me  to  write  'Texar's  Revenge,'"  said  Jules  Verne. 
The  Comte  de  Paris  and  he  have  always  entertained  pleasant, 
friendly  relations,  and  he  was  in  sympathy  with  the  north  at 
the  time  of  the  war.  "I  regret  my  ignorance  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.  I  have  to  use  translations  and  translators. 
The  story  is  interesting  because  it  rests  upon  alibis  and  the 
key  is  at  the  end  of  the  story." 

From  the  day  of  his  first  novel, "  Five  Weeks  in  a  Balloon," 
Jules  Verne  has  been  able  to  live  by  his  pen;  and  has 
written  since  that  time  about  two  volumes  every  year. 

His  object  was  to  write  books  that  the  young  could  read 
with  profit.  He  had  no  pretensions  to  being  a  savant,  a 
man  of  science.  He  read  incessantly.  Whenever  he  was 
in  doubt,  he  went  to  town  to  one  who  knew.  Joseph  Bertrand 
of  the  institute  had  been  his  advisor  on  many  occasions. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


463 


JOHN  P.  REA. 

Born  Oct.  14%  1840. 

THE  commander-in-chief  of  the  grand  army  of  the  repub- 
lic, John  P.  Rea,  was  appointed  to  that  position  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  year  of  1887,  succeeding  Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild. 
Mr.  Rea  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  being  born 
in  Lower  Oxford  Township,  in  Chester  county  of  that  state. 

His  father  was  a  woolen 
manufacturer  in  that  place, 
and  owned  the  factory. 
The  son  JohnTiere  receiv- 
ed his  education,  attending 
school  until  he  was  twenty 
years  of  age.  Then  he 
went  to  Piqua,  in  the  state 
of  Ohio,  where  he  taught 
school  until  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war. 

He  then  took  up  the 
cause  of  the  union  and  be- 
came a  member  of  com- 
pany B  of  the  eleventh 
Ohio  infantry.  After  serv- 
ing with  this  company  for 
four  months,  he  was  com- 
missioned second  lieutenant  of  company  I,  first  Ohio  caval- 
ry; was  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant  in  1862,  and  in  the 
following  year  to  the  rank  of  major.  He  served  in  the  regi- 
ment about  three  years  and  a  half,  and  during  that  time  was 
absent  only  ten  days, —  seven  as  prisoner  and  three  days  on 
sick  leave. 

At  last  the  war  was  over,  and  John  P.  Rea  returned  to 
Ohio.  Entering  the  Wesleyan  college  at  Delaware  in  that 
state,  he  graduated  therefrom  in  the  classical  course  in  June, 


JOHN  P.   REA. 


464  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

1864.  During  the  vacation  of  1866  he  entered  a  law  office 
at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  as  a  student,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  there  in  August,  1868. 

Then  becoming  associated  with  a  prominent  lawyer,  he 
began  the  practice  of  the  law;  and  in  1869  was  appointed  a 
notary  public  in  Lancaster. 

On  April  12,  1869,  Mr.  Rca  was  appointed  assessor  of  in- 
ternal revenue,  by  President  Grant,  for  the  ninth  district  of 
Pennsylvania,  which  office  he  held  until  it  was  abolished  by 
law  in  1873. 

In  1869  he  was  married;  but  no  children  have  blessed  the 
union  of  tins  pair. 

Mr.  Rea  continued  in  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Lancaster 
until  December,  1875,  when  he  removed  to  Minneapolis, 
where  he  became  editor-in-chief  of  a  prominent  newspaper. 
He  continued  as  editor  until  May,  1877,  when  he  again  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law. 

In  November  of  the  same  year  he  was  elected  judge  of 
probate,  and  served  in  that  capacity  for  four  years  with  the 
greatest  ability. 

When,  in  April,  1886,  the  judge  resigned  his  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  local  distrJct.eo.ur-t,; Governor  Hubbard  appoint- 
ed Judge  Rea  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

The  commander  of  the  grand  army  of  the  republic  has 
as  always  been  a  prominent  man  in  that  body,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber and  past  commander  of  the  well  known  George  N.  Mor- 
gan post. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Rea  is  a  republican,  and  is  considered  a 
true  friend  of  that  party. 

During  January  and  February,  1888,  Commander-in-Chicf 
Rea  made  an  official  trip  throughout  the  Eastern  and  West- 
ern states,  visiting  all  the  principal  cities.  The  eastern  trip 
lasted  about  six  weeks,  and  several  weeks  were  spent  in  the 
west.  He  was  received  with  enthusiasm  everywhere,  and  ac- 
corded dazzling  receptions. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


465 


FANNY  DAVENPORT. 

Born  April  10,  183). 

THIS  popular  actress  was  born  in  London;  her  education 
was  obtained  at  the  common  schools  of  Boston,  where  her 
early  life  was  spent.  She  appeared  on  the  boards  of  a  the- 
atre in  that  city  in  child's  parts  at  an  early  age.  In  1862 
she  first  appeared  in  New  York  in  the  play  of  "  Faint  Heart 
Never  Won  Fair  Lady," 
which  was  produced  at  Ni- 
blo's  Garden.  Subsequent- 
ly she  acted  at  the  Little 
Tremont  theatre,  Boston; 
and  in  the  South,  where 
she  played  soubrette  parts 
for  a  season. 

Afterward  she  played  in 
Philadelphia,  where  she  at- 
tracted the  attention  of 
Augustin  Daly,  who  intro- 
duced her  in  New  York  at 
his  Fifth  Avenue  theatre 
in  1869.  There  she  played 
Lady  Gay  Spanker  in 
"London  Assurance;" 
Rosalind  in  "As  You  Like 
It;"  Nancy  Sykes  in  "Oliver  Twist;"  Lady  Teazle  in  the 
"School  for  Scandal;"  Lu  and  Fanny  Ten  Eyck  in  "Di- 
vorce;" the  title-role  in  "Leah;"  and  Mabel  Penfrewin  the 
play  of  "Pique,"  in  which  she  won  great  success,  the  play 
running  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  nights.  She  has  made 
starring  tours  throughout  the  United  States.  In  1880  this 
actress  played  "Olivia"  successfully;  and  afterward  brought 
out  Anna  Dickinson's  play  of  "  An  American  Girl."  Fanny 
was  married  in  1879  to  Edwin  H.  Price,  an  actor. 


FANNY  DAVENPORT. 


466 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  ~ 


ALGERNON  S.  PADDOCK. 

Born  about  1830. 

THE  legislature  of  Nebraska  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate,  for  the  second  time,  Algernon  S.  Paddock,  who  suc- 
ceeded Charles  H.  Yan  Wyck  March  4,  1887. 

Mr.  Paddock  is  a  native  of  Glen's  Falls,  New  York,  and 
was  fifty-seven  years  old  when  elected  senator.  He  attended 
school  in  his  native  village  until  he  had  reached  the  age  of 

eighteen.  He  then  remov- 
ed to  Detroit,  Michigan, 
where  he  was  engaged  in 
teaching  for  the  space  of 
eight  months.  Afterward 
Mr.  Paddock  returned  to 
his  native  state  and  again 
taught  school.  While  thus 
employed  he  sudied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  the  spring  of  1857 
he  went  to  Nebraska  and 
engaged  in  farming.  Fin- 
ally he  removed  to  Omaha, 
and  became  a  writer  on  the 
republican  newspapers  of 
that  city.  He  was  one  of 
the  prominent  organizers 
of  that  party  in  his  state. 
ALGERNON  s.  PADDOCK.  Mr.  Paddock  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  convention  that  nominated  Abraham  Lin- 
coln for  president,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Baltimore  con- 
vention which  renominated  him.  He  canvassed  New  York 
state  for  the  republican  ticket  in  1860,  and  was  a  power  on 
the  stump  as  a  speaker. 

William  H.  Seward,  his  warm  pesonal  friend,  procured 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  RE  I V  A  If.  467 

his  appointment  as  secretary  of  the  territory  of  Nebraska  in 
1861.  While  holding  this  office  he  took  an  active  part  in 
procuring  for  Nebraska  the  change  from  a  territorial  to  a 
state  government.  He  was  a  candidate  for  the  United  States 
senate  in  1867,  but  failed  to  secure  the  nomination.  Subse- 
quently he  was  nominated  for  congress;  but  was  defeated  in 
the  ensuing  election. 

In  President  Johnson's  administration  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Wyoming  and  confirmed  by  the  senate,  but  never 
assumed  the  functions  of  the  office,  owing  to  congress  failing 
to  make  an  appropriation  for  his  salary  that  year.  He  re- 
signed the  office  the  next  year.  After  this  he  became  inter- 
ested in  farming  operations,  manufactures,  railroads,  and 
other  enterprises. 

In  January,  1875,  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate,  and  was  sworn  in  at  the  special  session  in  March,  1875. 
He  retained  his  seat  until  the  end  of  the  term,  March,  1881. 
Senator  Van  Wyck,whom  he  succeeded  in  1887,  was  his  suc- 
cessor. 

The  senator  is  a  resident  of  Omaha*.  At  one  time  he 
was  rich,  but  lost  heavily  by  speculation.  Owing  to  the  ap- 
preciation of  property  in  Omaha  of  late,  he  is  again  well  off. 
Indeed,  it  is  said  that  he  is  worth  about  two  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars;  and  with  such  an  amount,  together  with  his 
high  office,  he  ought  to  be  happy. 

In  all  the  various  offices  that  have  been  held  by  this  great 
statesman,  lawyer  and  writer,  he  has  ever  been  an  active 
worker,  at  all  times  has  done  his  duty  to  his  constituents  in 
a  manner  that  has  won  him  great  applause  and  honor.  He 
is  a  much  respected  citizen  in  the  city  of  his  residence,  and 
is  an  influential  man  throughout  the  state  of  Nebraska.  His 
term  of  office  in  the  United  States  senate  expires  in  the 
year  1893. 

He  is  a  loyal  member  of  the  republican  party,  and  is  con- 
sidered one  of  its  most  prominent  leaders. 


468 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


HENKY  B.  PAYNE. 

Born  Nov.  30, 1810. 

MR.  PAYNE  was  born  in  Hamilton  county,  New  York. 
After  the  usual  preparatory  course  he  entered  Hamilton  col- 
lege, from  which  he  received  a  degree. 

Upon  graduating  he  immediately  began  the  study  of  law, 
and  after  his  admission  to  the  bar  settled  in  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
This  was  in  1848.  One  year  later  he  was  elected  to  the  state 

senate,  where  he  remained 
until  1851. 

For  several  years  he  was 
city  counsel  and  president 
of  the  Columbus  Railroad 
Company.  He  was  also 
identified  from  time  to  time 
with  many  important  in- 
dustries. 

In  1857  he  was  a  candi- 
date for  the  United  States 
n  aYe   arid  ^also  for  the 
Igovernorship  of  the  state. 
pie  was  a  delegate  to  the 
^Charleston  convention   in 
1860  and  to   the  democra- 
tic national  convention  in 
1871.    He  was  elected  to 
HENRY  B.  PAYNE.  the  forty-fourth  congress  as 

a  representative  from  Ohio  in  1874.  For  some  twenty  years 
he  has  given  much  attention  to  building  up  and  fostering 
the  manufacturing  interests  of  Cleveland.  Since  1862  he 
has  been  president  of  the  board  of  sinking  fund  commission- 
ers of  that  city.  He  is  possessed  of  rare  legal  knowledge 
and  executive  ability. 


IHE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  469 

EDGAR  WILSON  NYE. 

[BILL  NYE.] 
Born  Aug.  25,  J850. 

ONE  of  the  greatest  American  humorists  of  the  day  is  Ed- 
gar Wilson  Nye,  more  popularly  known  by  the  pen-name  of 
"Bill  Nye." 

He  is  a  native  of  Maine,  being  born  in  Shirley,  in  Pisca- 
toria  county  in  that  state.  He  received  his  education  in  an 
academy  at  River  Falls,  Wisconsin.  Afterward  he  removed 
to  Wyoming  territory,  where  he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1876,  and  began  tta  practice  of  the  law. 

Mr.  Nye  began  early  in  life  to  contribute  humorous  sketch- 
es to  the  newspapers,  using  the  pen-name  of  "Bill  Nye," 
and  soon  became  connected  with  various  leading  journals  of 
the  country.  He  then  removed  to  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  devoted  himself  almost  entirely  to  writing  humorous 
sketches. 

Among  his  humorous  works  and  sketches  the  most  promi- 
nent are  "  Bill  Nye  and  the  Boomerang,"  which  appeared  in 
1881;  "The  Forty  Liars,"  in  the  year  following;  "Baled 
Hay,"  in  1884;  "Bill  .Nye's  Blossom  Rock," in  1885;  and 
"Remarks  "in  1886: 

Besides  issuing  these  works  he  is  a  constant  contributor 
to  various  leading  newspapers,  usually  on  popular  subjects, 
treated  in  such  a  humorous  way  as  to  cause  much  merriment 
to  the  reader. 

This  levity  of  style  is  characteristic  of  American  journal- 
ism, and  writing  of  that  class  is  eagerly  accepted  by  wide- 
awake publishers  generally:  hence  the  great  success  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch. 

From  an  article  which  appeared  in  the  daily  press  of  1888, 
the  following  is  an  extract.  It  will  give  the  reader  an  idea 
of  Mr.  Nye's  style  of  humorous  writings,  though  they  vary 
somewhat  from  this  at  times. 


470 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


I  am  glad  to  know  Cornell  university  is  to  establish  a  de- 
partment of  journalism.  I  have  always  claimed  that  journal- 
ism could  be  taught  in  universities  and  colleges  just  as 
successful  as  any  other  athletic  exercise.  Of  course  you 
cannot  teach  a  boy  how  to  jerk  a  giant  journal  from  the 
clutches  of  decay  and  make  it  a  robust  and  ripsnorting 
shader  and  trimmer  of  public  opinion,  in  whose  counting' 
room  people  will  walk  all  over  each  other  in  their  mad  efforts 
to  insert  advertisements. 
You  cannot  teach  this  in  a 
school  any  more  than  you 
can  teach  a  boy  how  to 
discover  the  open  Polar 
Sea,  but  you  can  teach  him 
the  rudiments  and  save 
him  a  good  deal  of  time 
experimenting  with  him- 
self. 

It  would  also  be  a  good 
idea  to  establish  a  chair 
for  advertisers  in  some 
practical  college,  in  order 
that  they  might  run  in  for  BILL  NYE. 

a  few  hours  and  learn  how  to  write  an  advertisement  so  that 
it  would  express  in  the  most  direct  way  what  they  desire  to 
state. 

The  life  of  a  journalist  is  a  hard  one,  and,  although  it  is 
not  so  trying  as  the  life  of  the  newspaper  man,  it  is  full  of 
trials  and  perplexities.  If  newspaper  men  and  journalists  did 
not  stand  by  each  other  I  do  not  know  what  joy  they  would 
have.  Kindness  for  each  other,  gentleness  and  generosity, 
even  in  their  rivalry,  characterize  the  conduct  of  a  large 
number  of  them. 

I  shall  never  forget  my  first  opportunity  to  do  a  kind  act 
for  a  fellow  newspaper  man,  nor  with  what  pleasure  I  avail- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  471 

ed  myself  of  it,  though  he  was  my  rival,  especially  in  the 
publication  of  large  and  spirited  equestrian  handbills  and 
posters.  He  also  printed  a  rival  paper  and  assailed  me  most 
bitterly  from  time  to  time.  His  name  was  Lorenzo  Dow 
Pease,  and  we  had  carried  on  an  acrimonious  warfare  for 
two  years.  He  had  said  that  I  was  a  reformed  prohibitionist, 
and  that  I  had  left  a  neglected  wife  in  every  state  in  the 
union.  I  had  stated  that  he  would  give  better  satisfaction 
if  he  would  wear  his  brains  braided.  Then  he  said  some- 
thing else  that  was  personal,  and  it  had  gone  on  so  for  some 
time.  We  devoted  fifteen  minutes  each  day  to  the  manage- 
ment of  our  respective  papers,  arid  the  balance  of  the  day 
in  doing  each  other  up  in  a  way  to  please  our  subscribers. 
One  evening  Lorenzo  Dow  Pease  came  into  my  office  and 
said  he  wanted  to  see  me  personally.  I  said  that  would  suit 
me  exactly,  and  that  if  he  had  asked  to  see  me  in  any  other 
way  I  did  not  know  how  I  could  have  arranged  it.  He  said 
he  meant  that  he  would  like  to  see  me  by  myself.  I  there- 
fore discharged  the  force,  turned  out  the  dog,  and  had  the 
office  to  ourselves.  I  could  see  that  he  was  in  trouble,  for 
every  little  while  he  would  brush  away  a  tear  in  an  under- 
handed kind  of  way  and  swallow  a  large,  imaginary  mass  of 
something.  I  asked  Lorenzo  why  he  felt  so  depressed  and 
he  said:  "  William,  I  have  came  here  for  a  favor."  He  al- 
ways said  "I  have  came,"  for  he  was  a  self-made  man  and 
hadn't  done  a  good  job  either.  "I  have  came  here  for  a 
favor.  I  wrote  a  reply  to  your  venomous  attack  of  to-day 
and  I  expected  to  publish  it  to-morrow  in  my  paper,  but  to 
tell  you  the  truth  we  are  out  of  paper.  At  least  we  have  a 
few  bundles  at  the  freight  office,  but  they  have  taken  to  send- 
ing it  C.  O.  D.,  and  I  haven't  the  means  just  at  hand  to  take 
it  out.  Now,  as  a  brother  in  the  great  and  glorious  order  of 
journalism,  would  it  be  too  much  for  you  to  loan  me  a 
couple  of  bundles  of  paper  to  do  me  till  I  get  my  pay  for 
some  equestrian  bills  struck  off  Friday." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  472 

"  How  long  would  a  couple  of  bundles  last  you?"  I  asked 
as  I  looked  out  of  the  window  and  wondered  if  he  woul  re- 
veal his  circulation. 

"Five  issues  and  a  little  over,"  he  said,  filling  his  pipe 
from  a  small  box  on  the  desk. 

"But  you  could  cut  off  your  exchanges  and  then  it  would 
last  longer,"  I  remarked. 

"  Yes,  but  only  for  one  additional  issue.  I  am  anxious  to 
appear  to-morrow,  because  my  subscribers  will  be  looking 
for  a  reply  to  what  you  said  about  me  this  morning.  You 
stated  that  I  was  a  'journalistic  bacteria  looking  for  some- 
thing to  infect,'  and  while  I  did  not  come  here  to  get  yon  to 
retract  I  would  like  it  as  a  favor  if  you  would  loan  me  enough 
white  paper  to  set  myself  straight  before  my  subscribers." 

"  Well,  why  don't  you  go  and  tell  them  about  it?  It  wouldn't 
take  long,"  I  said  in  a  jocund  way,  slapping  Lorenzo  on  the 
back.  But  he  did  not  laugh.  I  then  told  him  that  I  could 
not  possibly  loan  any,  but  that  if  he  would  write  a  caustic 
reply  to  my  editorial  I  would  print  it  for  him.  He  caught 
me  in  his  arms  and  for  a  moment  his  head  was  pillowed  on 
my  breast.  Then  he  sat  down  and  wrote  a  card  in  which  he 
said:  "I  denounce  the  whole  article  as  a  malicious  falsehood, 
and  state  that  if  you  will  only  give  me  a  chance  I  will  fight 
you  on  sight.  All  I  ask  is  that  you  will  wait  till  I  can  over- 
take you,  and  I  am  able  and  willing  to  knock  great  chunks 
off  the  universe  with  you." 

I  looked  it  over,  and  not  seeing  anything  personal  in 
it  I  told  him  I  would  print  it  for  him  with  pleasure.  He  then 
asked  that  I  would,  as  a  further  favor,  refrain  from  putting 
any  advertising  marks  on  it,  and  that  I  would  let  it  follow 
pure  reading  matter,  which  I  did.  I  leaded  the  card  and 
printed  it  with  a  simple  word  of  introduction,  in  which  I  said 
that  I  took  pleasure  in  printing  it,  inasmuch  as  Mr.  Pease 
could  not  get  his  paper  out  of  the  express  office  for  a  few 
days.  It  was  a  kindness  to  him,  and  did  not  hurt  my  paper. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


473 


MAJOR-GENERAL  GERALD  GRAHAM. 

Born  about  1830. 

GEN.  GERALD  GRAHAM  is  a  thorough  soldier  and  efficient 
commander.  He  entered  the  British  army  as  an  ensign  in 
the  royal  engineers  in  1850,  and  served  through  the  Crimean 
war  with  that  body,  receiving  promotion  for  his  gallantry, 
and  gained  the  highly  prized  Victoria  Cross  for  his  courage 
in  heading  a  party  in  an  assault  by  ladders  at  the  Redan. 
Twice  during  the  Crimean 
war  he  was  wounded.  In 
the  Chinese  war  Gen. 
Graham  also  distinguished 
himself,  taking  part  in  the 
assault  of  Tangku  and  the 
Taku  forts,  and  also  in  the 
capture  of  Pekin.  His  pro- 
motion was  gained  step  by 
step,  until,  in  1881,  his 
present  rank  was  reached. 
In  the  campaign  against 
Arabi  in  1882,  Gen.  Gra- 
ham commanded  the  sec- 
ond brigade,  and  won  new 
honors. 

This  military  hero  is  the 
general  under  whose  com- 
mand the  British  forces  in  the  Soudan  war  recaptured  Tokar, 
defeated  the  forces  of  the  false  prophet  at  Teb  in  1884.  and 
finally  routed  the  remnants  of  the  Arabs  forces  under  Osimm 
Digma,  and  practically  put  an  end  to  that  great  rebellion. 

In  this  battle  the  rebel  forces  outnumbered  the  British 
three  to  one,  but  repeating  rifles  and  Gatling  guns  soon 
thinned  their  ranks.  Many  of  the  Arabs  were  armed  only 
with  spears  and  old  style  muskets. 


GEN.  GERALD  GRAHAM. 


474 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ROSE  E.  CLEVELAND. 

Born  about  1846. 

WHEN  President  Cleveland  took  his  bride  to  the  White 
House,  his  sister,  Rose  E.  Cleveland,  ceased  to  be  the  first 
lady  of  the  land.  Since  that  time  she  has  spent  her  time 
visiting,  or  at  Holland  Patent,  near  Utica,  where  she  owns 
real  estate.  Her  career  as  first  lady  of  the  land  was  a  social 
success,  and  her  literary 
ability  has  earned  her 
considerable  money  and  a 
fair  reputation  as  a  writer. 
The  book  of  "Studies "by 
which  she  became  known 
as  an  author,  was  succeed- 
ed by  other  works. 

Rose  Elizabeth  Cleve- 
land was  the  youngest  of 
nine  children  born  to  Rich- 
ard and  Anna  Cleveland, 
at  Fayetteville,  in  the  state 
of  New  York,  whence  her 
parents  removed  to  Clinton 
when  she  was  a  little  girl; 
and  later,  in  1853,  to  Hol- 
land Patent,  where  her  fa- 
ther took  charge  of  the 
presbyterian  church.  He 
died  in  that  year,  leaving  Rose  fatherless  at  the  age  of  sev- 
en. After  careful  preparation  by  her  mother,  Rose  was  sent 
to  Houghton  seminary,  where  she  proved  a  brilliant  pupil, 
graduating  with  the  highest  honors.  "Original  People  "was 
the  theme  of  her  graduating  essay,  which  was  declared  to  be 
a  most  happy  effort. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  then  became  a  teacher  in  the 


ROSE  E.  CLEVELAND. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  475 

Houghton  seminary,  when,  after  remaining  in  that  position 
two  years,  she  went  to  Lafayette,  Indiana,  as  principal  of  the 
Collegiate  Institute  in  that  town. 

She  afterward  taught  in  Pennsylvania  for  a  short  time  at 
a  private  school;  and  then  she  conceived  the  idea  of  lectur- 
ing before  classes,  and  proposed  to  the  principal  of  Hough- 
ton  seminary  to  make  a  beginning  there.  The  principal  of 
the  seminary  entering  heartily  into  the  arrangement,  Rose 
Cleveland  wrote  a  course  of  historical  lectures  which  she  de- 
livered that  season. 

As  she  devoted  herself  to  her  aged  mother,  she  was  unable 
to  leave  Holland  Patent  to  pursue  her  work  continuously 
until  after  that  lady's  death,  which  took  place  in  the  summer 
of  1882. 

After  this  sad  event  her  brothers  and  sisters  naturally  ex- 
pected that  she  would  make  her  home  with  one  of  them,  but 
being  of  an  independent  nature  and  self-reliant,  she  preferred 
to  remain  in  the  old  home,  where  she  continued  to  live  when 
not  away  lecturing,  until  she  assumed  the  position  of  mistress 
of  the  White  House. 

In  person,  Miss  Cleveland  is  of  medium  stature  and  build, 
with  a  shapely  and  highly  intellectual  face  —  good-looking 
but  not  pretty. 

She  comes  of  generations  of  presbyterian  ministers.  All 
the  traditions  of  the  parsonage  center  about  her  past.  Her 
eldest  brother  is  a  minister,  and  her  eldest  sister  is  a  mission- 
ary in  Ceylon.  Her  brother-in-law  is  a  minister,  and  her 
near  kinsmen,  in  several  instances,  are  preachers  of  the 
gospel. 

Miss  Rose  Cleveland  is  an  orthodox  Christian,  believing, 
with  child-like  tenacity,  in  the  instructions  she  received  at 
her  mother's  knee.  Her  efforts  in  the  cause  of  temperance 
have  been  very  praiseworthy.  In  this  lady  are  combined 
those  qualities  that  makes  the  true  woman  whom  all  cannot 
fail  to  admire. 


476 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


SIMON  BOLIVAR  BUCKNER. 

Born  in  1823. 

THIS  eminent  soldier  is  a  native  of  Kentucky.  In  1844 
he  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  military  academy. 
He  entered  the  second  infantry,  and  for  nearly  a  year  was 
professor  of  ethics  at  West  Point. 

From  1845  to  1855  he  held  numerous  positions  as  a  mili- 
tary instructor  of  infantry  tactics.  In  1855  Mr.  Biickner 

was  superintendent  of  con- 
struction of  the  Chicago 
custom  house.  He  next 
pr  acticed  law,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  most  pro- 
minent members  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Golden 
Circle  in  Kentucky. 

After  the  civil  war  be- 
gan he  was  made  com- 
mander of  the  state  guard 
of  Kentucky,  and  adju- 
tant-general of  the  state. 

September  12,  1861,  he 
issued  an  address  to  the 
people  of  Kentucky,  call- 
ing on  them  to  take  up 
arms  against  the  usurpa- 
tion of  Abraham  Lincoln.  Fort  Donelson  was  surrendered 
by  him  to  Gen.  Grant  on  February  16,  1862,  together  with 
sixteen  thousand  prisoners  and  vast  stores.  Buckner  himself 
was  imprisoned,  but  was  exchanged  six  months  later.  He 
was  subsequently  made  major-general,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  many  severe  battles,  finally  surrendering  with  Kirby 
Smith's  army  at  Baton  Rouge,  May  26,  1865.  Gen.  Buckner 
was  one  of  the  pall-bearers  at  Gen.  Grant's  funeral. 


SIMON  BOLIVAR  BUCKNER. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  477 

PROF.  FELIX  ABLER. 

Born  Aug.  /5, 1851. 

THE  distinguished  man  who  is  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
is  the  most  prominent  Hebrew  thinker,  teacher  and  social 
reformer  in  the  United  States. 

The  Hebrew  population  of  the  city  of  New  York  includes 
a  great  variety  in  the  social  condition  and  religious  views  of 
its  members.  No  more  striking  contrast  can  be  instituted 
than  that  afforded  by  a  comparison  of  the  wretched  and  ig- 
norant Jews  of  some  of  the  poorer  districts  of  the  metropo- 
lis, and  the  cultured  and  wealthy  people  of  the  same  nation- 
ality, who  sit  at  the  feet  of  Felix  Adler.  While  sordid  super- 
stition and  intellectual  force  and  independence  are  contrast- 
ed in  these  instances,  intermediate  between  them  are  found 
degrees  of  differing  opinion,  all  included  within  the  term 
Judaism,  to  classify  which  would  be  impossible  and  certainly 
uninteresting. 

Felix  Adler  was  born  at  Alsei,  Germany,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  1856,  being  at  that  time  but  five  years  of  age. 
His  father  was  for  many  years  chief  rabbi  of  the  Temple 
Emanuel,  on  Fifth  avenue,  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

After  receiving  a  preparatory  education  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  the  Columbia  grammar  school  of  that  city,  he 
was  entered  a  student  of  Columbia  college  when  only  fifteen 
years  of  age.  After  graduation  he  was  sent  to  Germany  for 
further  intellectual  training,  and  with  the  view  to  his  prepar- 
ation for  the  rabbinical  office.  While  abroad,  however,  he 
forsook  Judaism,  abandoning  supernaturalism  for  science  — 
the  undemonstratable  for  what  is  known. 

In  his  philosophical  views  he  is  a  disciple  of  Immanuel 
Kant. 

An  incident  of  his  student  life  in  Europe  was  his  being 
able  to  witness  the  bombardment  of  Strasburg. 


478 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


In  1873  he  was  made  a  doctor  of  philosophy  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg.  Soon  afterward  he  returned  to  the 
United  States,  and  was  given  the  chair  of  professor  of  Ori- 
ental languages  at  Cornell  university. 

In  1876  Dr.  Adler  founded  the  Society  of  Ethical  Culture, 
as  the  head  of  which  he  is  best  known.  Its  membership  in 
1888  was  over  live  hundred  persons,  and  the  present  place 
of  meeting  is  at  Chicker- 
ing  hall,  on  Fifth  avenue, 
in  the  city  of  New  York. 
The  cardinal  principles  of 
the  organization  are  the 
improvement  of  its  adhe- 
rents, without  dogma  or 
creed,  by  so  educating  the 
moral  sense  inherent  in 
human  nature,  as  to  de- 
velop purity  and  dignity 
of  character. 

Dr.  Adler's  public  utter- 'r 
ances    generally    treat   of: 
some  public  question  in  the 
manner  that,  in  his  judg- 
ment, best  conduces  to  the 
object  of  the  society  which 
he  addresses. 

Branch    societies   have  PROF-  FELTX  ADLfiR' 

been  established  in  Chicago  and  Boston,  and  more  are  being 
added  to  the  number.  The  men  in  charge  are  trained  for 
their  work  by  Dr.  Adler. 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  theory  underlying  his 
teaching,  there  can  be  but  one  opinion  as  to  the  value  of  the 
philanthropic  movements  which  have  been  originated  by  the 
society  of  which  he  is  the  leader.  Prominent  among  these  is 
the  Workingmen's  school,  in  New  York,  where  two  hundred 


1HE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  479 

and  fifty  children  receive  instruction.  This  begins  with  the 
kindergarten,  and  includes  eight  classes  in  the  full  course. 
The  pupils,  chiefly  the  children  of  poor  families,  for  whose 
instruction  no  fees  are  charged,  and  who  are  provided  with 
a  dinner  every  day  without  cost,  are  educated  by  means  of 
the  senses  and  actual  contact  with  things,  and  instructed  in 
manual  arts;  and,  in  the  summer,  given  a  holiday  in  the 
country,  where  they  gain  an  acquaintance  with  farming  and 
other  matters,  by  the  same  means  used  in  their  instruction  at 
school. 

The  District  Nursery  System,  founded  and  maintained  by 
the  Society  of  Ethical  Culture,  employs  nurses  from  the  hos- 
pitals to  take  care  of  poor  sick  persons,  and  supplements 
their  services  with  gifts  of  clothing,  bedding,  and  other  ne- 
cessities. Neglected  orphan  children  are  tenderly  cared  for 
by  the  society,  which  practices  the  method  of  dividing  them 
into  families  of  six  to  ten,  living  in  separate  homes. 

Prof.  Adler  has  organized  a  society  to  build  a  better  class 
of  dwellings  for  the  poor  of  the  city  of  New  York  than  the 
wretched  tenement  houses  in  which  they  are  generally  doom, 
ed  to  live.  Nearly  a  hundred  thousand  dollars  have  been  sub- 
scribed toward  this  object. 

His  name  is  also  prominent  in  a  company  organized  for 
the  purpose  of  providing  facilities  for  the  disposal  of  the 
dead  by  means  of  cremation. 

Dr.  Adler  is  a  married  man,  and  lives  in  modest  style  in 
the  city  of  New  York.  Some  years  ago  he  lectured  before 
the  British  association  at  Montreal,  on  the  ethical  movement, 
the  audience  being  a  distinguished  and  brilliant  one. 

When  Felix  Adler  closed  an  oration  given  in  1888  in  New 
York,  he  was  greeted  with  such  a  sudden  burst  of  applause 
that  reminded  one  of  the  memorable  scene  in  Plymouth 
church  when  for  the  first  time  Henry  Ward  Beecher  denounc- 
ed the  doctrine  of  eternal  punishment  as  the  most  hideous 
nightmare  of  theology. 


480  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

"The  question  has  been  asked,  '  Are  we  agnostics?'  I 
am  an  unfeathered  biped  and  an  agnostic,  arid  yet  this  does 
not  describe  me.  Religion  does  not  depend  upon  a  personal 
God.  It  existed  before  monotheism  came  into  the  world, 
and  it  is  a  universal  and  ineradicable  element  of  human  na- 
ture. In  the  whole  world's  history  there  are  only  a  few  re- 
ligious souls.  The  majority  do  not  and  can  not  profoundly 
experience  religious  feelings.  What  is  the  use  of  trying  to 
make  all  the  sons  and  daughters  of  humanity  take  into  their 
minds  the  idea  of  a  universe,  whether  they  have  the  faculty 
or  not?  What  is  the  use  of  trying  to  force  music  upon  those 
who  cannot  receive  it?  To  force  religion  upon  everybody 
regardless  of  capacity  means  an  infinite  degradation  of  the 
thoughts  of  the  master  minds  of  religion, an  infinite  lowering 
and  caricaturing  of  religious  ideas.  It  would  make  religion 
an  object  of  disgust  and  a  source  of  terrible  evils.  The  molt- 
en metal  of  religious  feelings  when  poured  into  vulgar  molds 
will  harden  into  vulgar  shapes.  The  great  masses  cannot 
master  anything  that  is  not  concrete.  God  soon  becomes  a 
being  of  flesh  and  blood  to  be  praised,  and  pleased,  and  ca- 
joled like  a  vain  human  king.  Heaven,  the  place  of  celestial 
bliss,  is  assigned  a. geographical  location,  half  church  and 
half  palace,  and  Hell  becomes  a  glowing  furnace.  It  is  time 
to  profit  by  experience.  Let  us  henceforth  separate.  Let 
us  -keep  the  religion  for  the  religious,  and  let  us  not  make 
religion  a  common  property.  Let  us  guard  religious  truths 
and  try  to  enhance  them  and  preserve  them  from  the  contact 
of  those  who  are  not  fit  to  approach  them.  Why  is  it  that 
people  will  insist  upon  spreading  abroad  this  religion,  trying 
to  make  even  savages  accept  metaphysical  doctrines?  Why 
try  to  make  everybody  produce  this  spiritual  music  we  call 
religion?  It  is  no  longer  necessary  to  make  men  religious  to 
make  them  moral.  Morality  can  stand  on  its  own  feet."  Thus 
spoke  Prof.  Felix  Adler  in  closing  his  oration  in  Chickering 
hall,  New  York,  on  the  night  January  15,  1888. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


48, 


HERR  LUDWIG  WINDTHORST. 

Born  Jan.  17,  t812. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch  attended  the  "  Carolinum  "  in 
Osnabruck,  and  continued  his  studies  at  Gottingen  and  Heid- 
elberg. He  became  a  lawyer  and  syndic,  and  subsequently 
presiding  member  of  the  consistory  at  Osnabruck;  he  after- 
ward became  Ober-Appellationsrath  in  Kalbe,  and  from  1863 
to  1865  he  was  minister  of 
justice  at  Hanover,  finally 
being  nominated  and  in- 
stalled as  chief  syndic  of 
the  crown  in  Kalbe. 

From  the  years  includ- 
ing 1849  to  1866  he  was 
a  member  of  the  assembly 
of  the  estates  of  the  realm, 
and  in  1851  president  of 
the  second  chamber  of  the 
same.  This  great  German 
statesman  next  became  a 
member  of  the  constituent 
and  the  regular  reichstag, 
and  since  1867  he  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Prussian 
house  of  deputies.  In  all  these  positions  he  has  shown 
great  ability,  his  chief  arms  of  controversy  being  in  short, 
crisp,  and  pungent  retorts. 

In  giving  a  personal  description  of  Herr  Windthorst,  a 
correspondent  says:  "He  is  puny  in  size,  almost  deformed, 
ugly  as  Socrates;  he  is  an  antagonist  before  whose  wit  the 
boldest  deputies  tremble,  and  under  whose  assaults  even  the 
great  Chancellor  Bismarck  loses  his  coolness  and  self-com- 
mand. As  a  tactician  he  is  unsurpassed.  His  faction  is  now 
the  most  numerous  party  in  the  house;" 


HERR  WINDTHORST. 


482 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


WILLIAM  H.  APPLETON. 

Born  about  1815. 

IN  1838  Mr.  William  H.  Appleton  became  a  partner  with 
his  father,  and  ten  years  later  Mr.  D.  Appleton  retired, 
leaving  the  business  rich  and  prosperous  and  in  good  hands. 
He  desired  that  his  name  should  be  kept  in  the  firm  as  long 
as  it  lasted,  and  no  check  or  note  is  ever  signed  without 
the  name  of  Daniel  Appleton  written  in  full.  He  is  digni- 
fied but  affable  and  ex- 
ceedingly courteous.  His 
customary  dress  is  dark,  a 
long  black  frock  coat  its 
principal  feature.  He  is 
tall  and  thin,  and  graceful 
in  his  movements. 

Mr.  Appleton  is  still 
earnestly  devoted  to  busi- 
ness. To  his  wise  judg- 
ment and  mature  experi- 
ence the  proud  position  of 
the  house  is  largely  due. 
The  firm  ordinarily  uses  a 
thousand  dollars'  worth  of 
paper  a  day,  sometimes  a 
great  deal  more  than  this 
amount.  It  produces  and  distributes  a  million  copies  of  tiie 
Webster  Spelling  Book  a  year.  In  the  first  year  after  the 
war  the  number  sold  was  a  million  and  a  half,  owing  to  the 
demand  from  the  newly  liberated  negroes.  Eight  thousand 
dollars  a  week  are  paid  out  in  wages.  Six  hundred  and  fifty 
hands  are  employed  in  the  factory  in  Brooklyn,  and  eighty 
clerks  are  steadily  employed  in  the  New  York  store.  Two 
benefit  societies  and  a  large  library  -are  among  the  advan- 
tages possessed  by  the  Brooklyn  hands. 


WILLIAM  H.  APPLETON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  483 

The  great  firm  which  is  known  everywhere  as  the  publish- 
er of  "  Picturesque  America,"  "  The  American  Cyclopaedia," 
and  of  "Webster's  Spelling  Book,"  is  now  (1888)  in  the  six- 
ty-first year  of  its  existence,  and  of  unbroken  prosperity. 

The  founder,  Daniel  Appleton,  was  born  December  10, 
1785,  at  Haverhill,  Massachusetts;  and  in  that  town  he  be- 
gan his  business  career,  soon,  however,  removing  to  Boston 
where  he  established  himself  as  a  dealer  in  dry  goods. 

At  Clinton  Hall,  the  first  publication  bearing  the  imprint 
of  D.  Appleton,  appeared  in  the  year  1831.  It  was  a  little 
miniature  volume  of  bible  texts,  "  Crumbs  from  the  Master's 
Table;  or,  Select  Sentences,  Doctrinal,  Practical,  and  Ex- 
perimental," by  W.  Mason.  It  was  only  three  inches  square 
and  one  inch  thick,  containing  one  hundred  and  ninety-two 
pages;  but  of  course  this  first-born  little  one  gave  as  much 
trouble,  or  perhaps  even  more,  than  the  "  Cyclopaedia  "  did 
in  after  years.  About  a  thousand  copies  were  sold.  The 
little  volume  had  been  long  out  of  print;  the  firm  did  not 
possess  a  copy,  but  was  anxious  to  obtain  one  of  this  their 
first  productions;  accordingly,  an  advertisement  was  publish- 
ed, stating  that  they  would  give  in  exchange  for  a  copy  of 
"  Crumbs,"  a  copy  of  the  largest  book  they  had  published. 
An  old  lady  in  Maryland  saw  the  paragraph,  sent  the  covet- 
ed booklet,  and  received  a  volume  twenty  times  the  size. 
The  little  "Crumbs"  was  at  once  handsomely  bound,  and 
fitted  in  a  velvet-lined  silver  box,  to  be  kept  as  a  precious 
relic  of  the  house.  The  success  of  the  "Crumbs"  led  to  an- 
other venture  of  a  similar  kind,  entitled  "Gospel  Seeds." 
The  issue  was  announced  by  a  placard  in  front  of  the  store, 
bearing  the  words,  "  l  Gospel  Seeds '  for  sale  here;"  and  the 
story  goes  that  one  of  Uncle  Sam's  sailors,  when  paid  off  and 
bound  for  some  landward  town,  called  in  to  ask  how  much 
they  were  a  peck.  The  third  book  published  was,  "  A  Re- 
fuge in  Time  of  Plague  and  Pestilence,"  and  had  enormous 
sales.  It  appeared  in  1832,  the  year  when  cholera  first  made 


484  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

its  appearance;  and,  just  as  "Gospel  Seeds"  was  mistaken 
by  some  for  a  specimen  of  agricultural  products,  so  the 
"  Refuge  "  was  bought  largely,  under  the  impression  that 
it  was  a  treatise  on  cholera,  with  advice  how  to  avoid  or  cure 
the  dreaded  pestilence.  Like  the  other  two  volumes,  it  was, 
we  need  scarcely  say,  a  devotional  treatise. 

The  success  of  the  firm  had  been  so  great  during  the  first 
quarter  of  a  century  of  its  existence  as  a  publishing  house, 
that  it  was  enabled  to  begin  the  second  quarter  by  a  monu- 
mental enterprise,  the  "  New  American  Cyclopaedia." 

The  editors  were  the  late  George  Ripley,  so  well  known  as 
the  critic  and  literary  editor  of  the  "Tribune,"  and  Charles 
A.  Dana,  the  editor  of  the  "Sun."  The  two  men  had  been 
together  members  of  the  Brook  Farm  experiment,  and  fellow- 
workers  with  Horace  Greeley,  with  both  men  of  wide  erudi- 
tion and  high  culture,  both  masters  of  English  style,  and 
both  possessed  of  that  critical  faculty  which  at  once  seizes 
what  is  important  and  rejects  what  is  irrelevant.  Both  knew, 
too,  exactly  what  the  public  wanted  —  that  is  neither  a  series 
of  lengthy  essays  in  the  style  of  the  older  encyclopaedias, 
like  those  of  Ersch  and  Grueber  and  the  "Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  nor  yet  such  dry  pragmatical  condensations  as 
were  furnished  by  the  "Conversations  Lexicons."  They 
took  a  middle  course,  and  furnished  the  task  in  sixteen  vol- 
umes. Difficulties  attended  the  commencement  and  the  com- 
pletion of  the  work.  The  year  1857  was  a  year  of  panic; 
and  it  required  not  only  capital,  but  courage,  to  undertake 
so  extensive  an  enterprise  at  the  time  when  the  business 
outlook  was  so  bad.  The  year  1863,  when  the  last  volume 
was  issued,  was  in  the  very  crisis  of  the  civil  war  —  the  year 
of  the  capture  of  Vicksburg.  Yet,  through  all  these  financial 
and  political  perturbations,  the  firm  continued  to  issue  their 
book,  volume  after  volume.  The  cost  of  the  first  edition 
must  have  exceeded  half  a  million  of  dollars,  and  the  sales 
must  be  counted  by  tens  of  thousands. 


Till-:  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


485 


EDWARD  O.  GRAVES. 

Born  in  1843. 

EDWARD  O.  GRAVES  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
being  born  in  Herkimer  county  in  that  state.  He  received 
a  good  education,  and  in  1863,  as  soon  as  he  left  college,  he 
was  appointed  to  a  clerkship  in  the  treasury  department.  He 
was  diligent  in  the  performance  of  his  duties,  receiving  sev- 
eral promotions  through  the  various  grades  until  he  became, 

in  1868,  chief  clerk  of  the 
treasurer's  office. 

Mr.  Graves  was  detailed 
on  the  treasury  board  of 
examiners  on  the  adoption 
of  the  civil  service  rules 
in  1872,  and  served  as  the 
executive  officer  of  that 
board  for  one  year,  writing 
its  report,  which  has  be- 
come a  sort  of  civil  service 
manual,  and  supplement- 
ing the  original  depart- 
ment rules.  The  rules  were 
made  the  basis  of  those 
now  in  force  in  the  custom 
house  of  the  city  of  New 
York. 

In  1873  Mr.  Graves  was  detailed  as  chief  examiner  of  the 
civil  service,  and  the  following  year  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  national  bank  redemption  agency  on  its  or- 
ganization, and  held  that  office  until  appointed  assistant- 
treasurer  in  1883.  The  redemption  agency  in  all  its  details, 
both  small  and  great,  was  organized  by  him. 

In  1877  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  commission  ap- 
pointed to  re-organize  the  bureau  of  engraving  and  printing. 


EDWARD  O.  GRAVES- 


486  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

By  this  reorganization  the  expenses  of  the  bureau  were  de- 
creased to  the  extent  of  several  hundred  thousand  dollars 
per  annum. 

Mr.  Graves  was  once  of  the  three  members  of  the  com- 
mission appointed  by  Secretary  Manning  for  investigating 
the  operations  of  the  treasury  department  and  recommending 
changes  in  its  organization. 

His  promotion  in  1885  as  chief  of  the  bureau  of  engraving 
and  printing  was  a  promotion  from  his  former  position.  The 
salary  of  this  office  is  four  thousand  five  hundred  dollars 
per  annum,  which  is  nine  hundred  dollars  more  than  he  re- 
ceived as  assistant-treasurer. 

Mr.  Graves  cast  his  presidential  vote  for  Cleveland,  and 
is  said  to  have  always  been  a  democrat  in  politics.  The  bu- 
reau of  engraving,  of  which  he  is  chief,  has  about  twelve 
hundred  employes. 

The  treasury  bureau  of  engraving  and  printing  is  the 
largest  and  most  complete  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the 
world.  The  work  done  by  it  is  a  marvel  of  excellence  and 
accuracy.  This  is  a  good  thing,  not  only  for  the  credit  of 
the  country,  but  also  for  the  protection  of  the  public  from 
counterfeiters. 

The  notes,  bonds,  securities  and  tax-stamps  produced  by  it 
are  so  skillfully  cut,  and  printed  by  such  nice  and  intricate 
processes,  that  counterfeits  of  the  same  are  easily  discerned 
by  experienced  cashiers.  This  bureau  of  engraving  and.  print- 
ing has,  of  course,  no  connection  with  the  government's 
printing  office,  where  ordinary  composition  and  presswork 
is  done.  The  bureau  is  exclusive  in  every  way,  and  is  jeal- 
ously guarded  both  against  those  who  would  spy  out  its  se- 
crets, and  against  betrayal  of  trust  on  the  part  of  employes. 
The  work  being  of  many  grades,  it  requires  persons  of  all 
degrees  of  experience  and  capacity. 

Mr.  Graves  has  been  in  this  office  since  1875,  and  has  im- 
proved the  bureau  in  many  ways. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 


487 


GEORGE  PECK. 

THE  editor  and  proprietor  of  "Peck's  Sun,"  published  in 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  has  made  a  fortune  in  a  comparative- 
ly short  time  out  of  his  paper  and  the  publication  of  his 
humorous  writings  that  originally  appeared  in  the  columns 
of  the  "  Sun."  Mr.  Peck  served  gallantly  through  the  civil 
war.  He  is  a  very  popular 
and  highly  respected  citi- 
zen of  Milwaukee,  where 
he  resides  and  publishes 
the  "Sun." 

It  was  his  weekly  hu- 
morous sketches  of  "The 
Bad  Boy  and  His  Pa  "  in 
the  "  Sun  "  that  brought 
him  into  public  notice,  and 
his  paper  acquired  an  enor- 
mous circulation,  being 
sold  on  the  streets  of  the 
principal  cities  of  the 
union.  The  sketches  were 
afterward  printed  in  book- 
form  under  the  title  of 
"  Peck's  Bad  Boy."  This  work  has  also  been  successfully 
dramatized. 

Then  a  volume  was  published,  entitled  "  Peck's  Fun, "be- 
ing a  collection  of  his  humorous  articles  selected  from  the 
"  Sun." 

The  selections  given  are  a  fair  sample  of  his  humorous 
writings,  although  he  has  written  longer  articles  that  cause 
much  more  merriment.  However,  the  selections  here  given 
will  answer  the  purpose. 


GEORGE  PECK. 


488  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

— Up  to  the  present  time  "The  Sun"  has  struggled 
along  from  infancy  to  middle  age,  without  a  safe  in  its  office. 
It  has  never  needed  one.  It  does  not  need  one  now,  but 
custom  has  much  to  do  with  these  things.  The  associations 
that  surround  one,  go  far  toward  making  these  changes. 
When  we  look  at  the  immense  safes  in  the  office  of  our 
neighbor,  tilled  with  bonds  and  mortgages,  we  feel  that  a 
safe  will  look  well.  So  we  purchased  a  sort  of  an  iron  range, 
with  a  nickle-plated  knob,  and  a  lock  with  as  many  figures 
on  it  as  a  tax  list  or  a  lottery  advertisement,  and  placed  it 
where  it  will  strike  the  visitor  on  his  first  entrance.  Ah, 
what  an  imposing  affair  it  is.  As  we  lean  back  in  a  chair  and 
look  at  it,  and  close  our  eyes,  we  can  see  millions  in  it,  in 
our  mind.  It  is  a  cross  between  Alex.  Mitchell's  safe,  and 
a  child's  bank.  It  is  not  full,  but  it  has  evidently  been  tak- 
ing something.  It  is  a  grand  feeling  to  walk  along  the  streets 
and  feel  that  your  head  contains  the  secret  which  opens  the 
safe.  No  one  but  yourself  and  your  Maker,  and  the  maker 
of  the  safe,  know  the  three  numbers,  which  will  cause  it  to 
open.  The  numbers  are  safe  with  you,  and  the  all-seeing 
eye  you  have  confidence  will  not  give  it  away,  so  that  the 
only  show  a  burglar  has  is  to  get  solid  with  the  maker  of  the 
safe. 

"What  a  piece  of  mechanism  is  the  lock  of  a  safe.  The 
man  we  bought  it  of  gave  us  the  programme  that  opens  it. 
You  go  to  the  dial,  turn  the  knob,  put  your  fingers  to  your 
nose  and  wink.  If  you  leave  out  the  wink,  the  safe  will  not 
open,  but  we.  never  leave  out  the  wink.  The  trouble  is,  if 
there  is  a  lady  customer  in  with  a  bill,  and  we  go  to  open 
the  safe,  we  wink  too  many  times  and  have  to  go  all  over  it 
again.  Then  we  place  the  numbers  in  their  order,  4-11-44, 
and  when  the  "four"  is  exactly  opposite  the  dipthong.  we 
turn  the  knob  back  three  revolutions,  light  a  cigar  and  walk 
three  times  around  the  room.  This  is  to  give  the  mechan- 
ism in  the  inside  time  to  coalesce.  Then  we  put  the  "eleven'* 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  489 

in  its  place,  turn  the  knob  forward  one  revolution,  and  put 
on  our  hat  and  go  out  and  take  a  drink.  That  is  in  the 
programme,  and  we  sometimes  think  the  inventor  of  the 
lock  is  interested  in  a  brewery.  Then  we  come  back,  wipe 
our  mustache  on  the  tail  of  a  linen  coat,  place  the  figures 
"  44"  directly  over  the  pointer,  whistle  "there's  a  land  that 
is  fairer  than  this,"  place  the  right  foot  forward,  then  turn 
the  knob,  the  door  swings  on  its  hinges,  and  the  untold 
wealth  of  the  Indies  lies  before  us,  in  our  alleged  mind. 

O,  safe,  are  you  honest?  Are  you  true  to  us?  You  look 
pure  and  chaste,  and  your  new  overshirt  of  varnish,  and 
your  puffed  niching  of  gold  and  blue,  sets  you  off  to  good 
advantage,  but  you  may  not  be  impregnable.  You  have  al- 
ways gone  in  good  society,  and  no  scandal  has  ever  been 
attached  to  your  name.  Your  purity  and  innocence  has  been 
remarked  by  all  who  have  met  you,  and  there  are  none  who 
would  dare  to  intimate  but  that  you  would  maintain  your 
reputation  against  any  attack,  but  sometimes  we  think  we 
should  hestitate  to  leave  you  all  alone,  with  the  light  turned 
down,  all  night  and  over  Sunday,  in  the  company  of  an  elo- 
quent, persuasive,  good-looking  burglar,  armed  with  a  jim- 
my, and  we  feel  that  his  warm  hearted  can  of  powder  would 
strike  a  responsive  chord  in  your  impulsive  nature,  and  that 
you  would  yield  up  the  jewels  confided  to  you;  and  your 
honor,  your  reputation,  your  standing  among  safes  would  be 
forever  ruined.  And  yet  we  may  be  wrong. 

But  what  would  it  profit  a  burglar  to  gain  the  whole  con- 
tents, and  wear  out  his  soles?  If  he  got  in  that  safe,  he 
would  find  a  package  of  bills  that  we  have  tried  a  year  to 
collect,  and  we  would  give  him  the  bills  if  he  asked  for  them, 
and  he  could  save  his  powder.  He  would  find  one  bill  of 
sixteen  dollars,  with  an  endorsement  that  one  dollar  is  paid, 
after  thirteen  dollars  worth  of  shoe  leather  had  been  worn  out. 
And  yet  the  burglar  would  have  a  soft  thing  on  cigars  with 
that  bill,  for  everv  time  he  visited  the  doctor  he  would  tell 


490  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

him  to  come  again,  and  give  him  a  cigar.  Another  thing  the 
burglar  would  find  would  be  a  protested  draft  from  a  great 
Philadephia  patent  medicine  advertiser.  The  burglar  could 
take  a  tie  pass  that  is  in  the  safe,  and  walk  to  Philadelphia, 
and  trade  out  the  twenty-five  dollar  draft,  by  taking  Buchu 
on  account. 

But  no  burglar  who  has  any  respect  for  himself,  we  feel 
sure,  will  ever  do  us  the  injury  to  scrape  the  paint  off  of 
that  safe. 

— A  negro  who  was  challenged  at  the  Rome  (Georgia)  elec- 
tion by  a  white  man,  thought  it  was  a  challenge  to  fight, 
when  he  took  to  the  woods,  and  has  been  subsisting  on  roots 
and  herbs  ever  since. 

— During  the  trial  of  Susan  B.  Anthony  for  illegal  voting, 
the  prosecuting  attorney  got  one  admission  from  the  defense 
that  should  endear  him  to  the  hearts  of  the  American  people. 
He  compelled  Susan,  through  her  attorney,  to  admit  that  she 
was  a  woman.  That  is  a  point  gained  that  will  be  valuable 
in  future  litigation. 

—Two  girls,  belonging  to  a  church  choir  at  Oshkosh,  got 
locked  into  the  church  the  other  night  while  talking  over 
the  fashions.  They  gave  the  alarm,  when  a  man  living  near 
the  church  put  a  board  up  to  the  window  and  they  slid  down 
to  the  ground.  The  most  singular  thing  that  when  they  got 
safely  to  the  ground  they  looked  mad  and  went  off"  without 
thanking  the  man,  and  they  won't  speak  to  him  when  they 
meet  him.  He  couldn't  account  for  it  until  he  went  to  take 
the  board  down,  when  he  got  slivers  in  his  fingers  and 
scratched  his  thumb  on  a  shingle  nail  that  stuck  up  through 
the  board.  Some  men  are  mighty  careless.  He  says  he 
don't  care  only  for  the  other  hearts  that  may  ache. 

A  girl  in  Chicago  has  never  heard  the  name  of  Christ 
except  in  profanity,  and  never  had  an  idea  who  he  was.  She 
said  she  asked  an  express  driver  once  who  Christ  was,  and 
he  said  he  believed  he  used  to  drive  a  team  for  Potter  Palmer. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


491 


GLAUS  SPRECKELS. 

Born  about  1815. 

OLAUS  SPRECKELS,  who,  with  one  of  his  sons,  visited  the 
east  in  1887  to  complete  arrangements  to  build  refineries  to 
compete  with  the  sugar  "trust,"  has  almost  single-handed, 
built  up  the  Hawaiian  Island  sugar  trade  under  the  recipro- 
city treaty.  Within  ten  years  the  production  there  has  in- 
creased from  twenty  thousand  tons  a  year  to  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thousand  tons 
for  the  year  of  1887.  In 
this  business  he  has  amas- 
sed a  fortune  estimated  at 
from  one  hundred  million 
dollars  to  two  hundred 
million  dollars,  while  each 
of  his  three  sons,  who  are 
in  business  with  him,  is 
worth  not  much  less  than 
fifty  million  dollars. 

The  Spreckels'  are  now 
engaged  in  the  establish- 
ment of  beet  sugar  factor- 
ies throughout  California. 
.  Glaus  Spreckels  is  a 
native  of  Hanover,  Ger- 
many, poorly  educated  and 
of  humble  origin.  He  came 
to  the  United  States  about 
1830,  and  opened  a  gro- 
cery store  in  the  city  of  New  York.  When  California  be- 
came the  shrine  towards  which  myriads  of  pilgrims  traveled 
in  the  hope  of  wealth,  Spreckels  joined  the  great  procession. 
He  opened  a  grocery  store  in  California,  and  made  money 
fast.  A  later  venture  was  to  buy  an  interest  in  a  brewery. 


CLAUS  SPRECKELS. 


492  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

After  a  few  years  he  sold  out,  a  large  gainer,  and  invested 
his  money  in  the  business  of  refining  sugar. 

Their  great  object  in  going  east  was  to  select  a  site  for  a 
refinery,  situated  in  one  of  the  great  eastern  cities.  Phila- 
delphia offered  ten  acres  for  that  purpose.  If  the  project 
was  carried  out,  raw  sugar,  the  most  of  which  comes  from 
Cuba  and  Manilla,  they  would  buy  in  the  open  market. 
Manifestly  their  competition  with  the  sugar  "trust"  would 
be  advantageous  to  the  public. 

When  Spreckels  was  a  poor  young  man  he  married  the 
woman  who  is  now  the  wealthy  Mrs.  Spreckels  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, but  who  was  then  a  German  girl  in  domestic  service. 
They  have  four  sons  and  one  daughter.  Spreckels  shows  age 
but  is  still  active  and  healthy.  He  has  the  light  hair  and 
complexion,  and  the  eyes  and  features  of  the  ordinary  Ger- 
man. That  his  hair  is  rapidly  whitening  is  not  remarkable 
in  a  man  of  his  years.  In  figure  he  is  of  medium  height 
and  weight,  active  and  energetic. 


JAMES  REDPATH. 

Born  about  1828. 

JAMES  REDPATH,  journalist,  correspondent  and  lecturer, 
js  not  an  Irishman  neither  by  birth  or  descent,  but  is  widely 
known  in  both  the  United  States  and  Ireland  as  the  "adopt- 
ed Irishman,"  a  sobriquet  given  'to  him  by  his  enthusiastic 
Irish  friends  after  his  return  from  Ireland,  during  the  famine 
years  of  1879-80,  when  a  special  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  "Tribune,"  he  sent  over  a  series  of  letters  descriptive 
of  the  distress  in  the  west  of  Ireland. 

These  by  their  vivid  presentation  of  the  abject  misery  of 
the  peasants  and  their  ardent  denunciations  of  the  exactions 
of  the  absentee  landlords,  made  his  name  a  household  word 
in  every  Irish  home  throughout  Christendom,  and  added 


TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


493 


more  than  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  the  famine  re- 
lief fund. 

Mr.  fledpath  has  been  prominently  before  the  American 
public  for  more  than  thirty  years.  He  made  a  national  re- 
putation as  a  special  correspondent  of  the  St.  Louis  "Demo- 
crat "  at  the  opening  of  the  Kansas  troubles,  during  which 
he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  free  state  movement. 
Subsequently,  by  his  anti-slavery  writings  in  the  prom- 
inent journals  of  the  cities 
of  New  York  and  Boston, 
and  by  his  life  of  John 
Brown  and  other  works; 
by  his  participation  in  the 
various  movements  for  the 
elevation  of  the  poor;  by 
his  Haytian  colonization 
scheme;  his  influence  on 
the  Lyceum  system  by  his 
famous  "Boston  Lyceum 
Bureau;"  and  by  his  fre- 
quent and  zealous  activity 
in  political  discussion:  by 
all  these  events  Mr.  Ked- 
path  has  made  his  influence 
widely  felt. 

During  recent  years  he 
has  occupied  himself  much  with  the  Irish  question,  and  on 
account  of  his  letters  and  essays  on  the  land  league  move- 
ment, and  numerous  lectures  and  speeches,  has  been  recog- 
nized by  the  Irish  people  in  this  country  and  in  Ireland  as 
perhaps  the  most  influential  advocate  of  their  cause,  not  of 
their  own  race. 

In  person,  Mr.  Redpath  was,  in  his  active  days,  a  small 
wiry  man,  quick  and  energetic  in  his  movements.  He  is  a 
very  successful  lecturer. 


JAMES  REDPATH. 


494 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


CARL  SCHURZ. 

Born  in  1829- 

CARL  SCHURZ  was  born  at  Liblar,  near  Cologne,  Ger- 
many. He  was  educated  at  the  collegiate  institution  at  Co- 
logne, and  afterward  at  the  University  of  Bonn. 

Carl  was  editor  of  a  paper  identified  with  the  unsuccessful 
revolution  of  1848,  and  took  part  in  the  defense  of  Rastadt, 

after  which  he  fled  from 
Germany,  and  took  refuge 
in  Switzerland. 

Subsequently  he  resided 
in  Paris  and  in  London, 
where  he  was  a  teacher  and 
newspaper  correspondent 
for  three  years,  at  the  end 
of  that  time  emigrating  to 
this  country  in  the  year 
1852. 

His  commanding  abili- 
ties were  soon  recognized, 
and  he  was  made  a  dele- 
gate to  the  national  repub- 
lican convention  of  1860. 
On  the  accession  of  Presi~ 

CAKL  SCHCKJ5. 


Schurz  was  appointed  minister  to  Spain,  which  position  he 
soon  resigned,  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, and  took  an  active  part  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  and  also  in  the  battles  of  Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg, 
and  Chattanooga.  After  the  war  he  held  numerous  public 
positions,  and  became  connected  with  the  press  of  New  York, 
Detroit,  and  St.  Louis.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  national 
republican  convention  of  1868,  and  the  following  year  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  United  States  senate.  Subsequently 
he  was  made  secretary  of  the  interior. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


495 


H.  RIDER  HAGGARD. 

Born  about  1854. 

RIDER  HAGGARD  is  described  as  a  slightly  built,  wiry-look- 
ing blonde,  with  a  pale  complexion  and  light  blue  eyes.  He 
is  said  to  be  very  much  of  a  lion  in  London  society,  where, 
with  "a  vague  manner  of  well-bred  'ennui,' he  listens  to  the 
fulsome  allusions  to  his  book." 

The  eminent  writer  of  "She"  and  other  sensational  books 
writes  to  the  London 
"Times"  that  something 
must  be  done  soon  in  the 
matter  of  American  copy- 
right. 

"Either  the  foreign 
author  must  finally  and 
forever  be  pronounced  to 
be  outside  of  the  law;  or 
his  right  to  some  remuner- 
ation for  his  work,  how- 
ever humble  the  amount, 
must  receive  a  legal  ac- 
knowledgment." 

He  says  that  a  scheme 
will  shortly  be  laid  before 
the  public  which  will  pro- 
tect authors,  foreign  or 
American,  from  wrongs 
and  frauds,  if  congress  can 
be  persuaded  to  pass  it  in- 
to law.  The  reader  will  remember  that  some  years  ago  the 
committee  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  having  the 
matter  of  an  American  copyright  for  British  authors  under 
consideration,  was  addressed  by  authors,  publishers  and 
mechanics  interested  in  the  publishing  trade  on  the  subject; 


H.  RIDER  HAGGARD. 


496  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

when  it  was  shown  that  the  literary  industry  would  better 
thrive  in  an  atmosphere  of  literary  honor  than  under  present 
conditions,  which  admit  of  wrongs  to  national  workers, 
against  which  they  can  only  protest.  Haggard  has  suffered 
much  by  "piracy,"  and  his  protest  is  a  vigorous  one. 

He  is  young  to  have  attained  celebrity  in  both  the  old  and 
new  worlds.  He  began  writing  books  in  1882  with  a  little 
volume  of  a  political  character  relating  to  events  then  recent 
in  South  Africa,  of  which  he  was  well  qualified  to  speak. 
When  he  was  nineteen  he  had  gone  to  Natal  with  Sir  Henry 
Bulwer,  and  during  the  two  succeeding  years  had  served  on 
the  staff  of  Theophilus  Shepstone,  the  special  commissioner 
to  the  Transvaal.  He  remained  in  the  colonial  service  until 
1879,  and  then  returned  to  London  to  marry  a  lady  of  dis- 
tinguished family. 

Because  of  his  wife,  or  for  some  other  reason,  he  remain- 
ed in  England  and  adopted  the  profession  of  the  law,  be- 
coming a  practicing  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  London. 

While  still  in  active  practice  at  the  bar  he  began  to  write. 
The  political  pamphlet  with  which  he  first  courted  fame  at- 
tracted little  attention.  His  next  book  was  "Dawn,"  pub- 
lished in  1884,  and  a  year  later  came  "The  Witch's  Head," 
neither  of  which  was  much  heard  of  until  they  were  recently 
republished  on  the  strength  of  the  fame  that  the  author  had 
gained  by  subsequent  works. 

His  first  real  success  wag  with  "  King  Solomon's  Mines," 
published  in  1885,  which  attracted  the  mingled  condemna- 
tion and  praise  of  the  critics  and  won  great  popularity  abroad 
and  to  a  less  extent  in  this  country.  Mr.  Haggard's  fame 
was  confirmed  abroad  and  made  in  this  country  by  "She." 
"  Jess,"  that  followed,  and  "Allen  Quartermain,"  have  main- 
tained American  interest  in  the  author. 

Mr.  Haggard  visited  Iceland  in  1888,  more  as  an  explorer 
than  as  a  novelist.  At  the  same  time  he  is  convinced  that  he 
will  be  able  to  produce  a  piece  of  fiction  from  its  legends. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


497 


DAVID  SWING. 

Born  Aug.  23, 1830. 

THE  representative  preacher  of  the  West  is  David  Swing, 
pastor  of  the  Central  church,  Chicago,  who  is  also  one  of  the 
foremost  of  the  world's  public  teachers.  He  is  eminent  as 
an  orator,  thinker  and  writer,  whose  mission  it  is  to  be  the 
•eloquent  exponent  of  the  best  thought  and  motive  of  the 

teeming  activities  of  this 
age,  particularly  as  he  sees 
them  in  the  busy  city  of 
which  he  is  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  residents. 

He  excels  as  a  newspaper 
writer  and  essayist,  and  is 
renowned  as  an  editor  who 
deals  with  current  events 
with  a  broad  view,  and  one 
that  detects  the  principles 
and  relations  of  what  is 
going  on,  with  searching 
and  just  perception. 

This  prophet  of  Chicago 
is  of  German  origin,  and 
was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  In  1852  he  graduat- 
ed at  Miami  university,  at 
Oxford,  in  his  native  state. 
His  first  employment  was 
as  instructor  in  Greek  and  Latin  at  that  institution, where  he 
was  principal  of  the  classical  department.  In  1866  he  became 
pastor  of  a  presbyterian  church  in  Chicago.  Eight  years  later 
he  was  tried  for  heresy,  but  was  acquitted.  This  event  led  to 
his  taking  pastorial  charge  of  the  congregational  church.  He 
is  the  author  of  uClub  Essays"  and  other  works. 


DAVID  SWING. 


498 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


JEFFERSON   DAVIS. 

Born  June  3, 1808. 

JEFFERSON  DAVIS  was  born  in  Christian  county,  Kentucky, 
in  1808.  His  father  removed  to  the  state  of  Mississippi 
during  his  childhood.  He  graduated  from  the  West  Point 
Military  Academy  when  he  arrived  at  the  age  of  twenty 
years,  and  served  with  distinction  against  the  Indians  until 
1835,  when  he  resigned  his  commission,  returned  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  married  the  daughter  of  Gen.  Taylor,  afterwards 

president    of    the    United 
States. 

He  then  became  a  cot- 
ton planter,  continuing  in 
the  business  for  nearly 
eight  years,  when  he  in- 
terested himself  in  politics 
as  a  democrat,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  elec- 
tion of  Polk.  He  was  sent 
to  the  house  in  1845,  and 
took  an  important  part  in 
the  debates  on  the  tariff, 
the  Oregon  question,  the 
preparation  for  the  Mex- 
ican war,  etc.  Upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Mex- 
ican war  he  was  elected 
colonel  of  the  Mississippi  regiment  of  volunteers,  and  re- 
signing his  seat  in  congress,  he  joined  the  army  of  Gen. 
Taylor  on  the  Rio  Grande,  and  was  engaged  in  the  storming 
of  Monterey  and  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  was  offered  by  President  Polk  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  but  it  was  declined. 

Two  years  later  he  was  elected  senator  for  Mississippi;  in 


JEFFERSON    DAVIS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  499 

1850  he  became  chairman  of  the  committee  on  military  af- 
fairs, and  was  distinguished  by  the  energy  with  which  he 
defended  slavery,  and  by  his  zealous  advocacy  of  state  rights. 

A  year  later  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate,  to  enter 
upon  a  canvass  for  the  election  of  Franklin  Pierce,  who,  on 
being  elected  president,  appointed  Mr.  Davis  secretary  of 
war.  He  was  again  elected  senator  in  1858,  but  the  elec- 
tion of  Lincoln  two  years  later,  and  the  subsequent  secession 
movement,  caused  him  to  withdraw. 

When  the  secession  movement  received  shape  and  form 
he  was  chosen  provisional  president  of  the  confederate  states, 
and  in  1862  was  elected  president  for  six  years. 

After  the  fall  of  Kichmond,  President  Davis,  while  endeav- 
oring to  make  his  escape,  was  captured  at  Irwinville,  Geor- 
gia, May  10,  1865,  and  remained  a  prisoner  at  Fortress  Mon- 
roe for  two  years  awaiting  trial.  He  was  then  released  on 
bail,  and  all  proceedings  against  him  discontinued.  He  then 
visited  Europe,  became  president  of  the  Carolina  Life  Insur- 
ance Company,  and  a  few  years  ago  wrote  "The  Rise  and 
Fall  of  the  Confederacy.  " 

The  two  sons  of  Jefferson  Davis  are  dead,  but  his  two 
daughters  are  still  living;  the  younger,  Winnie,  being  her 
father's  favorite  child,  because,  perhaps,  she  most  resembles 
him  in  disposition  and  intellectual  qualities.  She  is  a  natural 
aristocrat,  and  like  her  father,  will  at  heart  never  have  any- 
thing in  common  with  the  masses.  She  has  grown  to  be  a 
beautiful  woman,  rich  in  physical  and  mental  charms,  and  is 
known  by  her  admirers  as  the  "  Daughter  of  the  Confeder- 
acy. "  To  show  the  esteem  with  which  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
is  still  held  in  the  South,  in  1887  a  movement  was  set  on  foot 
at  Macon,  Georgia,  to  raise  by  popular  subscription  a  Jeff 
Davis  fund.  The  project  was  heartily  approved  by  the  press 
and  the  people,  and  bid  fair  to  be  a  great  success;  but  it  has 
now  been  entirely  abandoned,  because  of  a  letter  from  Mrs. 
Davis  deprecating  the  project. 


600 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


VARINA  DAVIS. 

THE  life  of  "The  Daughter  of  the  Confederacy"  is  a  quiet 
and  uneventful  one,  the  formal  entertainment  of  friends  at 
Beauvoir,  Mississippi,  being  a  rare  occasion.  This  place  is 
not  accessible  to  travelers.  No  form  or  ceremony  is  observed, 
and  the  few  people  who  come  and  go  are  invariably  treated 
in  the  way  known  to  New 
Englanders  as  "being one 
of  the  family." 

Busy  with  her  studies 
and  literary  work,  and 
helpful  to  her  father  in 
what  historic  research  he 
may  undertake,  the  life  of 
Varina  Davis  is  as  differ- 
ent as  possible  from  that 
of  the  "society  girl"  of 
the  period. 

Her  first  appearance  in 
public  was  at  the  laying  of 
the  corner-stone  of  the 
confederate  monument  at 
Montgomery,  in  Alabama. 
She  had,  previous  to  that 
time,  lived  in  privacy  at 
Beauvoir.  On  the  trip  from 
Montgomery  to  Atlanta,  af- 
ter the  laying  of  the  corner-stone,  General  Gordon  presented 
Varina  Davis  to  a  crowd  at  Newman,  Georgia,  as  "The 
Daughter  of  the  Confederacy,"  a  title  by  which  she  is  gener- 
ally known  in  the  South,  and  which  indicates  the  time  of  her 
birth,  when  North  and  South  were  engaged  in  deadly  strife. 
Varina  Davis  dresses  richly,  but  very  quietly,  and  apparently 
has  no  desire  to  attract  attention. 


VARINA  DAVIS. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  501 

A  BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  THE 

Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of  the  U.S. 

FOR  ONE  HUNDRED  YEARS. 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  VARIOUS  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 


STANDARD  BEARERS  OF  1888. 


ONCE  more  the  American  Nation  has  entered  upon  a  pres- 
idential campaign  fraught  with  interest  and  importance  to 
sixty  millions  of  people.  The  struggle  for  the  highest  office 
in  the  land  will  continue  uninterruptedly  until  the  polls  close 
on  Tuesday,  November  6,  1888. 

A  brief  review  of  the  different  contests  from  the  earliest 
period  to  the  present  time  will  be  of  especial  interest  at  this 
time — on  the  eve  of  another  contest  for  national  supremacy. 
The  story  of  presidential  elections  begins  with  the  evolution 
of  the  form  and  system  of  the  national  government  by  the 
convention  of  1787;  the  great  perplexity  of  the  convention 
in  arriving  at  definite  conclusions  in  the  matter  being  shown 
by  its  long  and  exhaustive  discussions  and  many  reversals 
of  decisions. 

The  manner  of  electing  the  president  and  vice-president 
was  finally  decided  by  adopting  Article  II,  Section  I,  of  the 
constitution,  which  provides  that  "  the  executive  power  shall 
be  vested  in  a  president  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
who  shall  hold  his  office  during  a  term  of  four  years,  with  a 
vice-president  chosen  for  the  same  term;  to  be  elected  by 
electors  chosen  by  each  state,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of 
senators  and  representatives  from  each  state  to  congress,  in 
such  manner  as  the  legislature  of  each  state  may  direct." 


502  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  first  presidential  election  under  the  new  constitution 
was  held  in  the  autumn  of  1789,  when  Gen.  George  Wash- 
ington of  Virginia,  was  elected  president,  and  John  Adams, 
of  Massachusetts,  vice-president,  after  a  very  earnest  and  ex- 
citing canvass  by  electors  elected  by  the  state;  the  efforts  to 
have  these  officers  elected  by  a  popular  vote  of  the  people 
having  failed  in  the  constitutional  convention. 


*  * 
* 


President  Washington  and  Vice-president  Adams  were  re- 
elected  to  these  offices  in  1792  by  the  electors  that  met  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  December  5,  1792,  under  the  election 
law  of  that  year.  During  both  of  these  first  elections  the 
country  was  still  greatly  reduced  and  suffering  from  the  ef- 
fects of  the  long  and  exhaustive  revolutionary  war;  and  the 
bitter  political  rivalries  and  animosities  that  then  prevailed 
and  distracted  the  nation  with  a  turbulent  turmoil  have  never 
been  excelled  in  any  subsequent  campaign. 


*  * 
* 


John  Adams  of  Massachusetts,  was 'elected  the  second 
president,  with  Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia,*  as  vice-presi- 
dent, in  1796,  after  another  very  excited  canvass,  which 
greatly  agitated  the 'entire  country  for  months  before  the 

election. 

*    * 
* 

In  the  campaign  of  1800,  Thomas  Jefferson  was  elected 
president,  and  Aaron  Burr  vice-president,  by  the  republican- 
democratic  party,  after  a  heated  and  earnest  political  contest, 
resulting  in  the  defeat  of  the  federalists  and  a  change  of  ad- 
ministration and  government  policy. 


*  * 


Thomas  Jefferson  was  re-elected  president,  with  George 
Clinton  vice-president,  in  1804.      In   1808  James  Madison 


TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  503 

of  Virginia,  was  elected  president,  and  George  Clinton  was 
re-elected  vice-president.  In  1812  Madison  was  re-elected 
president,  and  Elbridge  Gerry  of  Massachusetts,  vice- 

president. 

#• 
*  # 

James  Monroe  of  Virginia,  and  Daniel  D.  Thompkins  of 
New  York,  were  elected  respectively  president  and  vice-pres- 
ident in  1816,  and  were  both  re-elected  to  thes.e  positions  in 
1820,  for  the  ensuing  term;  and  these  two  elections,  com- 
pared with  all  preceding  them,  were  quiet  and  uneventful, 
with  much  less  public  excitement  and  agitation.  At  this 
time  the  democratic  party,  having  retained  the  political  con- 
trol of  the  government  ever  since  the  first  election  of  Jeffer- 
son, erased  the  word  "  republican  "  from  the  party  name, 
and  have  been  known  as  democrats  until  now.  The  "feder- 
alists," the  opposing  party  after  the  war  of  1812,  rapidly 
declined  and  lost  their  former  controlling  political  power 
and  influence. 


The  presidential  election  of  1824,  unlike  any  that  preceded 
or  followed  it,  was  in  some  respects  the  most  important 
and  interesting  yet  recorded.  The  federal  party  then  existed 
in  but  few  of  the  states  and  in  political  control  of  none. 

More  than  two  years  before  the  election,  as  early  as  April, 
1822,  there  were  as  many  as  seventeen  candidates  for  the 
presidency  in  succession  to  Mr.  Monroe,  but  by  1823  the 
number  of  this  long  list  was  reduced  to  six,  as  follows:  John 
Quincy  Adams,  John  C.  Calhoun,  DeWitt  Clinton,  Henry 
Clay,  William  H.  Crawford  and  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson. 

After  a  protracted  and  exceedingly  bitter  and  virulent 
campaign,  John  C.  Calhoun  was  elected  vice-president;  but 
there  was  no  election  of  president  by  the  people,  neither  of 
the  candidates  nominated  receiving  a  majority  of  the  votes; 
and  the  election  of  a  president  devolved  by  law  upon  the 


504  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

house  of  representatives.  After  a  prolonged,  thorough  and 
heated  discussion  of  the  question  (this  being  the  first  elec- 
tion of  president  by  congress),  on  February  9,  the  house 
elected  John  Quincy  Adams  president,  by  eighty-nine  votes 
to  seventy-one  votes  for  Andrew  Jackson,  and  fifty-four  for 
William  H.  Crawford;  and  Mr.  Adams  and  John  C.  Calhoun 
were  inaugurated  as  president  and  vice-president  respectively. 


The  exceedingly  acrid  political  animosity  engendered  by 
the  election  of  1824  still  survived,  and  its  smouldering  emb- 
ers were  easily  fanned  into  a  lively  flame  early  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1828,  which  grew  more  active  and  heated  to  its 
close  and  resulted  in  the  election  of  General  Jackson,  presi- 
dent, and  the  re-election  of  John  C.  Calhoun,  vice-president, 
by  the  jubilant  and  triumphant  democratic  party  of  that  day. 
The  election  of  1832,  though  less  exciting  and  disturbing 
than  the  last,  was  a  very  warm  and  lively  contest  between 
the  democrats  and  the  "whigs,"  by  which  party  name  their 
opponents,  the  successors  of  the  "federalists,"  were  then(as 
formerly)  known  in  the.  politics  of  the  country,  and  Gen. 
Andrew  Jackson  was  re-elected  president  for  another  term, 
and  Martin  Van  Buren  of  New  York,  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent. 


*  * 
* 


In  the  presidential  election  of  1836  the  democrats  still 
continued  in  full  control  of  the  national  government,  and  all 
its  offices  and  political  machinery;  and  that  party  easily 
elected  their  candidate,  Martin  Van  Buren,  president.  There 
was  however,  no  election  of  vice-president  by  the  people,  and 
Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Tennessee, the  democratic  candidate, 
was  '  elected  by  the  United  States  senate,  subsequently  by 
thirty-three  votes  for  R.  M.  Johnson  to  sixteen  votes  for 
Francis  Granger,  of  New  York,  this  being  the  only  instance 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  505 

in  the  history  of  the  country  when   the  election  of  a  vice, 
president  devolved  upon  the  senate  as  provided  by  law. 


*  # 


Next  came  the  election  of  1840,  the  famous  "Tippecanoe 
and  Tyler  too"  campaign — the  most  universally  exciting 
and  important  political  canvass  and  election  the  country 
had  then  ever  experienced.  No  preceding  political  canvass 
bears  even  a  near  resemblance  to  the  now  celebrated  "Log 
Cabin"  and  "hard  cider"  campaign  of  1840,  when  the 
young  men  of  the  country  and  especially  those  of  the  whig 
party,  whose  candidate  for  president,  Gen.  William  Henry 
Harrison,  the  hero  of  "Tippecanoe,"  was  then  nearly  seven- 
ty years  old,  by  their  intense  and  extraordinary  enthusiasm 
and  fervor  utterly  demoralized  and  won  a  triumphant  vic- 
tory over  the  great  democratic  party  which  had  controlled 
the  government  since  the  beginning  of  the  century. 

The  irresistible  popularity  of  the  "Log  Cabins"  erected 
all  over  the  land;  the  "Tippecanoe  Clubs,"  the  immense 
mass  meetings,  and  the  monstrous  processions  with  banners 
of  taking  device;  but  above  all  the  wonderful  effects  on  the 
masses  of  the  campaign  songs,  which  swept  over  the  entire 
land  like  a  great  musical  tidal  wave  and  obliterated  all  op- 
posing forces, —  all  conspired  to  make  this  the,  greatest  pol- 
itical victory  ever  won  and  the  most  famous  and  memorable 
presidential  election  in  our  political  history.  General  Har- 
rison of  Ohio,  was  elected  president,  and  John  Tyler  of 
Virginia, vice-president.  President  Harrison  was  inaugurated 
March  4,  1841,  but  died  within  a  month  of  that  time;  and 
John  Tyler  became  president  of  the  United  States  for  the 
rest  of  the  term  that  ended  with  the  close  of  1844. 


Henry  Clay  of    Kentucky,  was  the  candidate  for  president 
of  the  whig  party  of  1844,  and  James  K.  Polk  of  Tennessee, 


506  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

was  the  democratic  candidate.  The  canvass  was  nothing 
like  so  exciting  as  the  last;  the  whigs  endeavored  to  win 
again  with  the  song  and  hurrah  and  other  tactics  of  their 
last  canvass,  but  failed  in  their  efforts;  and  the  democrats 
elected  James  K.  Polk  president,  and  George  M.  Dallas  vice- 
president.  In  some  respects  this  was  a  unique  campaign. 
The  democrats  in  the  convention,  after  a  hard  struggle  to 
secure  an  available  candidate  among  the  many  aspirants,  com- 
promised on  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Polk,  who  was  then  so 
little  known  in  the  politics  of  the  country  as  to  excite  the 
universal  inquiry:  "  Who  is  James  K.  Polk?1'  By  his  nomin- 
ation and  election  he  acquired  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  "  Dark  Horse  candidate  "  in  the  political  history  of  the 

country. 

*  * 
* 

In  1848  the  political  tables  were  turned  again,  mostly  by 
the  growing  influence  of  the  slavery  question  upon  politics; 
and  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  the  hereof  the  Mexican  war,  "Old 
Rough  and  Ready,"  as  he  was  popularly  designated,  was 
elected  president,  and  Millard  Fillmore  of  New  York,  vice- 
president.  General  Taylor  like  General  Harrison,  his  military 
predecessor  in  the  presidential  chair,  died  soon  after  his  in- 
auguration, and  consequently  Vice-President  Millard  Fill- 
more  became  the  president  to  the  end  of  that  term  in  1852. 

The  "irrepressible  conflict,"  as  Mr.  Se  ward  happily  phras- 
ed the  all-pervading  slavery  agitation,  was  now  looming  up 
very  conspicuously  and  overshadowing  the  political  field  with 
serious  aspect,  and  this  absorbing  and  exciting  question  was 
the  leading  influence  and  animus  of  the  spirited  campaign  of 
1848,  which  resulted  in  a  victory  of  the  whig  party,  a  de- 
feat of  the  democrats,  and  a  change  of  policy. 

*  * 
* 

The  growing  political  power  of  the  newly  organized  free 
soil  party  reunited  democrats  of  all  shades  against  it  in  the 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  607 

canvass  of  1852,  and  though  all  the  early  fall  elections  were 
favorable  to  the  democrats  and  they  won  a  great  victory  in 
the  presidential  election  in  November  of  that  year,  the  con- 
vass  was  not  a  very  exciting  one.  Franklin  Pierce  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  elected  president,  and  William  R.  King 
of  Alabama,  vice-president.  The  democratic  party  was  again 
successful  in  1856,  electing  James  Buchanan  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, president,  and  John  C.  Breckenridge  of  Kentucky, 
vice-president, after  a  comparatively  quiet  canvass.  The  coun- 
try then  drifting  along  over  ths  stormy  sea  of  politics  toward 
the  menacing  and  inevitable  crisis,  until  that  momentous 
epoch  in  our  political  history,  the  great  presidential  election 
of  1860,  which  resulted  in  the  complete  victory  of  the  re- 
publican party,  the  utter  defeat  of  the  democrats,  and  a  civil 
war  that  raged  four  years  in  a  fruitless  effort  to  destroy  the 

Union. 

#  # 
* 

Then  followed  the  election  of  Lincoln  of  Illinois,  president, 
with  Hannibal  Hamlin  of  Maine,  vice-president;  the  com- 
plete victory  of  the  republican  party;  the  secession  of  eleven 
of  the  slave  states,  and  their  formation  of  a  "  southern  con- 
federacy;" the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter  and  the  civil 
war  that  ensued;  the  surrender  of  Lee;  the  assassination  of 
Lincoln,  and  succession  of  Andrew  Johnson. 

*  # 
# 

Abraham  Lincoln  was  re-elected  president  in  1864,  with 
Andrew  Johnson  of  Tennessee,  for  vice-president.  The 
civil  war  had  not  then  ended,  and  the  voting  for  president 
in  this  election  was  confined  to  the  loyal  states  of  the  nation; 
the  struggle  for  political  supremacy  in  this  contest  being  be- 
tween the  republicans,  and  war-democrats  who  sustained  the 
government  and  the  politicians  of  all  parties  and  factions 
that  had  met  in  convention  at  Chicago,  and  voted  that  the 
war  to  preserve  the  union  was  a  failure,  and  demanded  that 


508  THE  BIOQRAPHICA L  KE  VIE  W. 

the  government  should  immediately  end  it  by  compromising 
with  those  then  still  in  arms  and  fighting  to  destroy  the  union. 
President  Lincoln  was  killed  by  the  assassin  John  Wilkes 
Booth,  six  weeks  after  he  had  taken  the  oath  for  his  second 
term,  by  which  awful  deed  the  conscience  of  his  indignant 
countrymen  and  the  whole  civilized  world  was  astonished 
and  shocked  as  never  before;  and  Andrew  Johnson  became 
president  to  the  end  of  the  term  in  18t>8. 


Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  was  elected  president  and  Schuyler 
Co) fax  vice-president  by  the  republicans  in  1868,  without 
much  opposition,  after  a  rather  quiet  and  uneventful  canvass. 
In  the  campaign  of  1872  General  Grant  was  re-elected  presi- 
dent, and  Henry  Wilson  of  Massachusetts,  vice-president. 
This  campaign  was  not  very  active  or  exciting,  and  the  re- 
publicans easily  carried  the  election. 


* 
# 


The  election  of  1870,  in  which  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was 
the  republican  candidate,  and  Samuel  J.  Tilden  the  democra- 
tic candidate,  resulted  in  a  dispute,  both  parties  claiming  the 
victory.  After  the  most  dangerous  political  crisis  the  re- 
public has  ever  experienced,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  of  Ohio, 
was  elected  president,  and  William  A.  Wheeler  of  New  York, 
vice  president,  by  the  electoral  commission,  a  body  of  pro- 
minent citizens  appointed  by  congress  with  the  consent  of 
both  parties,  to  settle  this  most  alarming  and  dangerous  pol- 
itical difficulty  that  then  threatened  to  endanger  the  future 
peace  of  the  nation. 


*  * 
* 


The  campaign  of  1880  was  quite  a  noted  one,  and  one  of 
us  remarkable  features  was  the  strenuous  effort  that  was  made 
by  the  friends  of  General  Grant  to  nominate  him  for  a  third 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  509 

term,  an  innovation  in  our  political  history  and  usage  which 
proved  very  unpopular,  no  man  ever  having  even  been  named 
for  a  third  term  before  that  time.  But  the  attempt  to  nomi- 
nate General  Grant  failed,  and  James  A.  Garfield  of  Ohio, 
and  Chester  A.  Arthur  of  New  York,  were  nominated;  and 
in  the  following  November  were  elected  president  and  vice- 
president  by  the  republican  party.  President  Garfield  was 
shot  by  the  assassin  Guiteau  July  21  1881,  dying  in  Septem- 
ber; and  Chester  A.  Arthur,  vice-president,  then  became  the 
president  until  the  end  of  the  term,  March,  1885. 


*  * 

* 


The  campaign  for  1884  commenced  early,  and  it  was 
prosecuted  with  great  earnestness  and  animation  by  both 
parties  to  the  end.  James  G.  Elaine  was  the  candidate  of 
the  republicans,  and  that  party  was  very  confident  of  his 
election  before  the  votes  were  cast.  Stephen  Grover  Cleve- 
land, then  governor  of  the  state  of  New  York, was  the  demo- 
cratic candidate,  and  he  carried  his  own  state  by  a  small 
majority  of  the  popular  vote,  securing  democratic  electors 
from  New  York  (the  pivotal  state  of  that  campaign),  thus 
deciding  that  great  contest  in  favor  of  the  democrats.  Ste- 
phen Grover  Cleveland  was  elected  president,  and  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks  of  Indiana,  vice-president,  for  the  next  four  years 
until  1888.  The  vice-president  died  not  long  after  his  inau- 
guration. 


*  * 
* 


This  brings  us  down  to  1888,  with  numerous  tickets  in  the 
field.  The  democrats  again  put  forth  Grover  Cleveland  as 
their  candidate  for  re-election,  with  Allen  G.  Tluirinan  of 
Ohio  as  vice-president.  The  republican's  presidential  candi- 
date is  Benjamin  Harrison  of  Indiana,  with  L.  P.  Morton  of 
New  York  as  vice-president.  These  are  the  two  great  parties. 
Which  will  win  ? 


510  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


POLITICAL  PAKTIES. 

RISE  AND  PROGRESS  OF  THE  VARIOUS  ORGANIZATIONS  THAT 

FROM  TIME  TO  TIME  EXERTED  MORE  OR  LESS  INFLU- 

ENCE IN   SHAPING  THE  COURSE  OF  THE  NATION. 

AT  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war  there  was  but  one 
political  party  in  the  United  States,  and  that  original  party 
was  known  as  the  American  "whig"  party,  who  had  fought 
the  war  to  a  successful  issue,  and  had  united  to  organize  and 
sustain  a  new  constitution  and  government.  The  war  ended 
in  1781,  and  for  the  next  five  years  few  changes  in  politics 
occurred;  but  by  1787,  the  whigs  or  national  party,  under  the 
leadership  of  the  first  president,  Washington,  Hamilton,  and 
their  associates,  that  party  became  known  as  "federalists;" 
and  all  the  opponents  of  the  whigs  and  their  policy  united 
and  formed  a  new  party  and  called  themselves  "anti-feder- 

alists." 

•*  * 
* 

This  anti-federalist  party  was  composed  of  all  who  feared 
the-  establishment  of  the  new  central  political  power,  and  those 
who  dreaded  the  addition  of  federal  to  state  taxes;  and  this 
party  opposed  ratification  of  the  new  constitution,  in  con- 
ventions and  outside,  with  all  their  power  and  ability.  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  the  great  statesman  and  financier,  holding 
the  leadership  of  the  federalists,  held  the  control  of  the 
government  during  these  trying  and  troublous  times. 


The  anti-federalist  party,  early  in  1789,  changed  the  par- 
ty name  and  called  themselves  "republicans,"  in  opposition 
to  the  monarchical  federalists,  as  they  were  then  tauntingly 
termed  by  their  opponents.  In  1780  Thomas  Jefferson  re- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  511 

turned  from  France,  wholly  engrossed  and  inspired  by  the 
scenes  and  political  developments  of  the  French  revolution; 
and  under  his  influence  and  leadership,  by  1793,  the  party 
in  opposition  to  Washington,  Hamilton  and  the  other  feder- 
alists, adopted  a  new  name  and  called  themselves  the  "dem- 
ocratic-republican party."  Both  parties  continued  to  sustain 
their  respective  names  until  the  close  of  Jefferson's  adminis- 
tration, when  the  democrats  dropped  the  word  republican; 
they  named  themselves  the  democratic  party,  by  which  they 
have  been  known  ever  since;  and  under  this  name  that  party 
elected  James  Madison  president  in  1812.  After  the  war  of 
1812  the  federalists  gradually  faded  away  and  in  a  few  years 
the  party  name  of  federalists  became  extinct;  but  their  suc- 
cessors, as  opponents  of  the  democratic  party  and  policy, 
formed  a  new  political  organization. and  adopted  the  name  of 
the  "whig  party," — the  first  name  of  the  party  afterward  call- 
ed federalists. 

#  * 

Whigs  and  democrats  were  therefore  the  only  parties  known 
in  the  political  field  when  Andrew  Jackson  was  elected 
president  in  1828,  and  so  continued  with  some  local  and  un- 
important variations  until  1852,  when  the  great  whig  party, 
as  was  tersely  said  at  the  time,  "  died  of  an  attempt  to  swal- 
low the  fugitive  slave  law."  In  1852  the  American  party, 
composed  of  seceders  from  both  the  old  parties, was  formed. 
This  was  a  secret,  oath-bound  political  organization,  whose 
name,  nature  and  object  were  not  known,  even  to  members, 
until  they  reached  the  higher  degrees,  and  thus  the  party 
became  known  by  the  popular  name  of  "know-nothings."  Its 
design  was  to  oppose  the  easy  naturalization  of  foreigners 
and  to  elect  only  native-born  citizens  to  office.  After  the 
election  of  1855  the  southern  democrats  withdrew  their  sup- 
port from  this  party,  and  it  then  disappeared  from  the  politics 
of  the  country. 


512  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  "  free  soil  party  "  was  formed  in  1852,  and  embraced 
all  members  of  all  other  parties  who  were  opposed  to  the 
extension  of  slavery  into  the  free  states  and  territories,  and 
for  the  next  four  years  this  new  party  increased  very  rapidly. 


* 
* 


The  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  by  the  democra- 
tic congress  in  1854,  quickly  and  firmly  united  all  opponents 
of  the  ruling  democratic  slave  oligarchy  policy  into  the  great 
"national  republican  party,"  and  the  republican  national 
convention  in  1856  adopted  that  name,  and  nominated  John 
C.  Fremont  for  president;  and  James  Buchanan  was  nomi- 
nated and  elected  by  the  democrats.  In  1860  Abraham  Lin- 
coln was  elected  by  the  republicans,  which  election  resulted 
in  the  civil  war  from  1861  to  1865,  during  which  time  pa- 
triotism nearly  obliterated  party  lines,  and  the  war  destroyed 
the  slave  power,  emancipated  the  slaves  and  settled  forever 
that  great  political  question  that  had  divided  the  great  par- 
ties ever  since  the  origin  of  the  government.  The  republican 
party  retained  the  political  power  and  control  of  the  national 
government  for  twenty-four  years,  until  1884,  when  that  party 
was  defeated  by  the  democrats,  who  elected  Mr.  Cleveland, 
the  present  president. 


Since  the  year  of  1884  both  of  the  great  parties  have  set- 
tled into  their  old  position,  with  tariff  reform  as  the  ruling 
political  question  of  the  hour;  and  democratic  and  repub- 
lican voters  will  contest  and  decide  the  campaign  of  1888, 
which  will  be  as  lively  a  campaign  as  any  that  has  been  wit- 
nessed in  this  country  for  many  years,  the  outcome  of  which 
cannot  be  foretold.  And  still  greater  uncertainty  prevails 
because  of  the  many  other  candidates  in  the  field,  notably 
the  prohibition  party  and  the  labor  parties  with  candidates 
for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  513 


THE  PROHIBITION  PARTY. 

THE  Prohibition  party,  in  national  convention  assembled 
at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  completed  its  session  May  31,1888. 

Clinton  B.  Fisk  received  the  candidature  for  the  presiden- 
cy, and  John  A.  Brooks  for  the  vice-presidency. 

The  insertion  of  a  woman  suffrage  plank  was  hotly  con- 
tested. Miss  Frances  Willard  took  the  floor  and  said:  "Some 
of  you  say  that  if  the  women  will  keep  quiet  you  will  give 
us  suffrage  after  you  get  prohibition.  Look  at  the  state  of 
Maine.  Have  they  given  us  the  ballot  there  after  they  got 
prohibition  ?  Some  say  woman's  suffrage  and  prohibition 
cannot  trot  in  the  same  class;  that  they  don't  travel  at  the 
same  speed.  I  say  drive  them  tandem  and  they'll  go  well 
together.  The  women  have  not  tried  to  force  this  question. 
They  simply  set  the  tuning-fork  to  that  pure,  sweet  key  of 
truth  and  send  out  women  tuned  to  that  key,  and  on  that  we 
are  conquering  the  world." 

Then  followed  protests  from  the  minority.  Delegate 
Richmond  of  Wisconsin,  jumped  upon  the  press  table  and 
thundered  out  the  warning:  "Woman's  suffrage  is  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century  behind  prohibition.  Don't  make  us  go  back 
and  pick  up  another  load.  Don't  stop  the  onward  march  of 
reform  which  has  called  our  party  into  existence.  Push  the 
living  forward  to  victory."  In  vain  did  Richmond  vaguely 
imply  rebellion  and  shout:  "Do  not  bind  the  hand  of  this 
young  party  with  this  great  and  crushing  weight." 

Then  up  spoke  Mrs.  Merriweather  of  Missouri:  "Take 
this  band  from  the  brain  of  woman  and  set  her  free."  The 
throng  thundered  its  approval. 

After  a  long  and  animated  discussion,  the  woman  suffrage 
plank  was  embodied  in  the  platform  by  a  vote  of  1000  to  28. 

The  Rev.  Sam  Small  then  read  the  platform;  each  plank 
was  received  with  great  enthusiasm. 


514  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

PLATFORM  OF  THE    PROHIBITION  PARTY. 

1.  That  the  manufacture,  importation,  exportation,  trans, 
portation  and  sale  of  alcholic  beverages  shall  be  made  public 
crimes,  and  punished  as  such. 

2.  That  such  prohibition  must  be  secured  through  amend- 
ments of  our  national  and  state  constitutions,  enforced  by 
adequate  laws  adequately  supported  by  administrative  au- 
thority; and  to  this  end   the  organization  of  the  prohibition 
party  is  imperatively  demanded  in  state  and  nation. 

3.  That  any  form  of  license,  taxation,  or  regulation  of  the 
liquor  traffic  is  contrary  to  good  government;  that  any  party 
which  supports  regulation,  license,  or  tax  enters  into  alliance 
with  such  taffic  and  becomes  the  actual  foe   of  the  state's 
welfare;  and  that  we  arraign  the  republican  and  democratic 
parties  for  their    persistent  attitude  in  favor  of  the  licensed 
iniquity,  whereby  they  oppose  the  demand  of  the  people  for 
prohibition,  and  through  open   complicity  with  the   liquor 
cause,  defeat  the  enforcement  of  law. 

4.  For  the  immediate  abolition  of  the  internal  revenue 
system,  whereby  our  national  government  is  deriving  support 
from  our  greatest  national  vice. 

5.  That  an  adequate  public  revenue  being  necessary,  it 
may  properly  be  raised  by  import  duties  and  by  an  equitable 
assessment  upon  the  property  and  the  legitimate  business  of 
the  country,  but  import  duties  should  be  so  reduced  that  no 
-surplus  shall  be  accumulated  in   the  treasury,  and  that  the 
burdens  of  taxation  shall  be  removed  from  foods,  clothing 
and  other  comforts  and  necessaries  of  life. 

6.  That  civil-service  appointments  for  all  civil  offices  chief- 
ly clerical  in  their  duties  should  be  based  upon  moral,  intel- 
lectual and  physical  qualifications,  and  not  upon  party  ser- 
vice or  party  necessity. 

7.  That  the  right  of  suffrage  rests  on  no  mere  circumstance 
of  race,  color,  sex,  or  nationality,  and  that   wherever  from 
any  cause  it  has  been  withheld  from  citizens  who  are  of  suit- 


IHE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW,  6)5 

able  age  and  mentally  and  morally  qualified  for  the  exercise 
of  an  intelligent  ballot,  it  should  be  restored  by  the  people 
through  the  legislature  of  the  several  states  on  such  educa- 
tional basis  as  they  may  deem  wise. 

8.  For  the  abolition  of  polygamy  and  the  establishment 
of  uniform  laws  governing  marriage  and  divorce. 

9.  For  prohibiting  combinations  of  capital  to  control  and 
to  increase  the  cost  of  products  for  popular  consumption. 

10.  For  the  preservation  and  defense  of  the  Sabbath  as  a 
civil  in  rtitution  without  oppressing  any  who  religiously   ob- 
serve t  he  same  on  any  other  day  than  the  first  day  of  the 
week.     That  arbitration  is  the  Christian,  wise,  and  economic 
meth<  d  of  settling  national  differences,  and  the  same  method 
shouJ  j  by  judicious  legislation,  be  applied  to  the  settlement 
of  disputes  between  large  bodies  of  employes  and  employers; 
that  the  abolition  of  the  saloon  would  remove  the  burdens, 
moi  al,  physical,  pecuniary  and  social,  which  now  oppress 
labjr  and  rob  it  of  its  earnings,  and  would  prove  to  be  the 
wifre  and  successful  way  of  promoting  labor  reform,  and  we 
invite  labor  and  capital  to  unite  with  us  for  the  accomplish- 
ment thereof;  that  monopoly  in  the  land  is  a  wrong  to  the 
people,  and  public  land  should  be  reserved  to  actual  settlers, 
and  that  men  and  women  should  receive  equal  wages  for 
equal  work. 

11.  That  our  immigration  laws  should  be  so  enforced  as 
to  prevent  the  introduction  into  our  country  of  all  convicts, 
inmates  of  dependent  institutions  and  of  other  physically  in- 
capacitated for  self-support,  and  that  no  person  should  have 
the  ballot  in  any  state  who  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States.     Recognizing  and  declaring  that  prohibition  of  the 
liquor  traffic  has  become  the  dominant  issue  in  national  po- 
litics, we  invite  to  full  party  fellowship  all  those  who  on  this 
one  dominant  issue  are  with  us  agreed,  in  the  full  belief  that 
this  party  can  and  will   remove  sectional  differences,  pro- 
mote national  unity,  and  insure  the  best  welfare  of  our  nation. 


516  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

GEN.  CLINTON  B.  FISK. 

Born  Dec.  8, 1828. 
PROHIBITION  CANDIDATE  FOB  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  U.    S. 

GEN.  CLINTON  BOWEN  FISK,  Prohibition  candidate  for  the 
presidency  of  the  United  States  in  1888,  was  born  at  Greggs- 
ville,  Livingston  county,  state  of  New  York.  His  father 
was  a  blacksmith.  Shortly  after  the  birth  of  Clinton  B. 
Fisk  —  the  fifth  arrival  in  the  family  —  his  parents  removed 
to  Michigan,  where  his  father  bought  out  a  trader,  whacked 
away  at  the  anvil,  and  managed  to  pound  out  considerable 
money,  which  he  invested  in  western  lands.  He  died  in  the 
year  of  1832. 

Clinton  B.  Fisk  was  "bound  out"  to  Deacon  Wright,  a 
farmer,  who  was  to  rear  the  lad,  and  when  he  had  attained 
his  majority  agreed  to  give  him  a  horse,  saddle,  and  bridle 
and  two  hundred  dollars  in  money,  besides  his  schooling. 
Young  Clinton  was  a  great  reader  —  in  fact,  his  love  for 
books  amounted  to  a  passion.  When  twelve  years  old*he 
walked  twelve  miles  to  Jackson  in  order  to  sell  to  a  traveling 
circus  a  pet  which  he  had  taught  many  tricks,  the  money  be- 
ing invested  in  "  Anthon's  Latin  Lessons." 

He  united  with  the  methodist  church  about  this  time.  He 
also  succeeded  in  securing  his  release  from  the  old  Deacon, 
to  whom  he  was  bound,  and  turned  bookkeeper  for  a  laundress 
at  ten  cents  a  week.  He  also  did  odd  chores  and  attended 
district  school,  to  which  he  was  obliged  to  walk  three  miles 
morning  and  night,  winter  and  summer.  Later  he  attended 
the  Albion  seminary,  in  Michigan,  but  was  unable  to  com- 
plete his  course.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  married  and 
settled  down  at  Coldwater,  Michigan. 

He  was  an  ardent  abolitionist,  and  helped  manipulate 
the  u  underground  railway"  of  ante-bellum  days.  In  1861 
when  the  war  broke  out,  Mr.  Fisk  enlisted  as  a  private  in  a 
St.  Louis  regiment,  where  he  had  been  in  business  since 


THE  BIOGRAPHICA  L  RE  VIE  W.  5,  7 

1858.  One  year  later  he  was  made  brigadier-general,  and 
in  1865  was  brevetted  major-general.  He  served  in  the  army 
of  Tennessee  until  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  and  then  in  Mis- 
souri until  the  close  of  the  war.  Then  he  was  ordered  south 
to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  Freedman's  bureau. 

Gen.  Fisk  about  this  time  founded   the  famous  Fisk  uni- 

versity in  Tennessee.  The 
general  lost  nearly  all  his 
fortune  in  the  war,  but  soon 
picked  up  again  by  in  vest- 
ments in  Missouri  railroads 
and  real  estate.  He  is  now 
the  owner  cf  a  beautiful 
home  at  Sea  Bright  —  one 
of  the  handsomest  places 
on  the  New  Jersey  coast. 
He  has  no  regular  business, 
and  finds  plenty  of  oppor- 
tunity to  work  for  the  cause 
of  prohibition. 

In  person  Gen.  Fisk  is 
a  tall,  well-developed  man, 
with  a  merry  face,  iron-gray 
hair,  and  twinkling  eyes. 
He  does  not  look  a  day 


GEN.  CLINTON  B.  FISK. 


fifty 


in  his  manner  —  in  fact,  magnetic  —  and  can  make  a  temper- 
ance or  camp-meeting  speech  that  always  delights  his  meth- 
odist  brethren  and  sisters. 

General  Fisk  is  one  of  the  leading  laymen  in  the  meth- 
odist  episcopal  church.  He  is  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  Fisk  university,  for  colored  students  at  Nashville, 
a  trustee  of  Dickinson  college,  Pennsylvania,  of  Drew  theolo- 
gical seminary  and  Penningtori  seminary,  New  Jersey,  and 
of  Albion  college,  Michigan. 


5J8  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

He  has  three  children,  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  Mrs. 
Fdsk  was  among  the  early  Florence  Nightingales  in  the  war 
of  the  union.  Associated  with  Mrs.  Jessie  Benton  Fremont 
she  was  concerned  at  St.  Louis,  in  the  organization  of  the 
first  society  for  the  relief  of  the  soldiers.  She  was  in  the 
field  two  years  with  her  husband  in  charge  of  hospitals.  Be- 
ing on  one  occasion  engaged  in  assisting  Dr.  John  H. 
Douglas,  recently  physician  to  the  late  General  Grant,  in 
the  care  of  the  wounded  on  the  battlefield  of  Shiloh. 


JOHN  A.  BROOKS. 

Born  June  8,  1836. 

PROHIBITION  CANDIDATE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

JOHN  A.  BROOKS,  the  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  on 
the  prohibition  ticket,  was  born  in  Mason  county,  in  the 
state  of  Kentucky.  His  ancestors  were  Virginians.  Dr. 
Brooks  was  educated  at  Bethany  college,  Virginia,  then  pre- 
sided over  by  Alexander  Campbell.  He  graduated  from  the 
school  in  1856,  and  presided  over  the  Flemingsburg  college, 
Kentucky,  for  two  years,  when  he  resigned  to  enter  the 
ministry. 

He  was  at  one  time  supreme  master  of  the  Ancient  Or- 
der of  United  Workmen,  and  has  taken  an  active  interest  in 
politics.  From  the  commencement  of  the  prohibition  move- 
ment in  Missouri,  Dr.  Brooks  has  been  at  its  head.  He  was 
among  the  organizers  of  the  party  at  Sedalia,  Missouri,  in 
1880. 

In  18S4  he  was  the  nominee  of  the  party  for  the  governor- 
ship of  Missouri  and  made  a  vigorous  canvass  of  the  state. 
Since  the  campaign  of  1884  he  has  acted  as  the  general  agent 
of  the  lecture  bureau,  and  spent  much  time  in  the  states  of 
Texas,  Arkansas,  Mississippi,  and  Alabama.  The  doctor  is 
possessed  of  powerful  physique  and  apparently  in  possession 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  519 


*  * 


EQUAL  RIGHTS  PARTY. 

THE  national  convention  of  the  Equal  Rights  party  was 
held  in  DesMoines,  Iowa,  on  May  15,  1888. 

Mrs.  Nettie  Sandford  Chapin  of  Marshalltown,  chairman 
of  the  national  committee  of  the  party,  called  the  conven- 
tion to  order;  and  after  some  preliminary  remarks,  announc- 
ed that  its  main  work  would  be  the  counting  of  the  ballots 
for  equal  rights  candidates  forpresident  and  vice  president  of 
the  United  States. 

Mrs.  Chapin  said  that  the  national  committee  had  made 
arrangements  so  that  women  suffragists  all  over  the  country 
could  send  in  their  ballots  and  have  them  counted  just  the 
same  as  if  they  were  present  themselves.  The  committee 
had  sent  out  a  blank  form  of  ballot  containing  the  sugges- 
tion that  a  good  ticket  could  be  made  up  with  Belva  A.  Lock- 
wood  of  Washington,  for  president,  and  Albert  H.  Love  of 
Philadelphia,  for  vice-president. 

A  majority  of  those  who  voted  evidently  agreed  with  the 
committee,  for  on  counting  the  ballots  it  was  found  that  the 
ticket  had  received  three  hundred  and  ten  votes  with  forty 
votes  scattering. 

The  scattering  votes  were  distributed  among  Elaine,  Alli- 
son, Senator  Blair,  General  Clinton  B.  Fisk,  FrancesWillard, 
Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  Henry  George,  Terence  V.  Pow- 
derly,  General  Black,  and  one  ballot  for  Frances  Folsom 
Cleveland  for  president. 

The  convention  had  every  confidence  in  the  ability,  integ- 
rity and  firmness  of  their  candidates. 

Having  formally  declared  the  ticket  of  Belva  A.  Lockwood 
and  Alfred  H.  Love  duly  nominated,  the  convention  pro- 
ceeded to  adopt  a  platform,  which  was  submitted  by  the  com- 
mittee on  resolutions. 


520  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

PLATFORM  OF  THE  EQUAL  RIGHTS  PARTY. 

"Believing  that  the  disfranchisementof  women  has  much 
to  do  with  the  growing  influence  of  crime  in  the  nation,  we, 
the  women  of  America,  by  their  representatives  here  assem- 
bled, do  pledge  ourselves  that  if  our  party  and  candidates 
come  into  power,  that  equal  rights  shall  be  meted  out  to  all 
citizens  without  regard  to  sex  or  color  —  a  fair  ballot  and  an 
honest  count. 

"  We  shall  ask  congress  to  pass  an  enabling  act  giving  the 
women  of  this  nation  the  right  to  vote  in  all  election  pre- 
cincts of  the  United  States,  as  women  are  citizens  amenable 
to  the  laws  and  liable  to  taxation. 

"That  the  settlement  of  estates  shall  be  the  same  in  the 
courts  of  joint  property,  and  in  the  case  of  the  death  of  the 
wife  her  heirs  shall  receive  the  same  consideration  as  that  of 
the  husband  without  consulting  his  interests.  In  case  of  the 
death  of  the  husband  the  wife  shall  be  the  administrator  and 
guardian  of  her  children  without  any  process  of  law. 

"We  pledge  ourselves  to  the  cause  of  temperance,  and 
are  in  favor  of  arbitration  by  international  commission  in- 
stead of  the  sword,  although  under  the  circumstances  of  the 
late  war  our  Union  soldiers  and  sailors  were  inspired  by  the 
purest  patriotism  and  principles  of  right.  And  we  will  de- 
mand of  congress  to  pension  them  each  and  every  one  if 
they  need  help. 

"  That  we  urge  measures  to  be  taken  to  stop  immigration 
of  the  scum  of  Europe  and  Asia  to  our  shores,  and  that  we 
protect  our  workingmen  from  cheap  foreign  labor  by  protect- 
ing our  home  markets  and  manufacturers. 

"That  lands  owned  by  foreign  landlords  and  wealthy  cor- 
porations be  heavily  taxed  to  support  government,  and  put 
sugar  and  lumber  on  the  free  list.  And  abolish  taxes  on 
whisky  and  tobacco,  as  it  makes  the  government  a  partner 
in  their  excessive  use — the  evil  of  the  century." 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


521 


MES.  BELYA  LOCKWOOD. 

Born  in  1840. 

TWENTY-FIVE  years  ago  it  would  have  been  preposterous  for 
the  Women's  Rights  people  to  have  placed  a  candidate  in 
the  field,  but  since  that  time  a  decided  change  has  been  ex- 
perienced in  the  matter  of  women's  suffrage.  In  England  as 
well  as  in  America  the  subject  is  being  agitated,  and  in 
many  states  of  this  country  women  are  allowed  to  vote  on 
minor  questions.  In  Eng- 
land much  sympathy  is  felt 
for  the  opposite  sex,  and 
the  supporters  of  the  wom- 
en's rights  doctrine  are  con- 
fident of  its  final  success. 

Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood,. 
whom  the  women's  rights 
party  nominated  for  presi- 
dent in  1884,  is  one  of  the 
foremost  women  lawyers  in 
the  United  States.  Notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  she 
had  gained  great  promin- 
ence in  the  lower  courts,  she 
was  refused  admission  to 
the  United  States  supreme 
court;  and  in  1878  she  was  also  denied  admission  to  the  circuit 
court  of  Baltimore.  She  then  directed  her  efforts  to  congress 
with  such  success  that  at  the  ensuing  session  a  bill  authoriz- 
ing the  admission  of  properly  qualified  women  to  practice  in 
the  supreme  and  circuit  courts  was  passed  by  both  houses. 

On  March  3,  1879,  Mrs.  Lockwood  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  the  supreme  court  at  Washington  —  the  only  woman 
ever  admitted, — where  she  has  since  served  with  great  dis- 
tinction. For  years  she  edited  the  Chicago  "Legal  News," a 
journal  that  was  established  by  her  husband. 


BELVA    LOCKWOOD. 


522  TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW, 


#•  * 
* 


THE  UNION  LABOR  PARTY. 

A  CONVENTION  of  representative  men  from  almost  every  state 
and  territory  in  our  country  assembled  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
February  22,  1887.  They  came  in  answer  to  a  call  of  the 
Industrial  Union  from  Granges,  Alliances,  Agricultural 
Wheels,  Knights  of  Labor,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
posts,  Currency  Reform,  Land  and  Labor  clubs,  and  Trades 
Assemblies;  and  after  a  careful  consideration  of  principles 
they  adopted  the  platform  and  name  of  the  Union  Labor  party 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  political  action  to  remedy  the  ex- 
isting evils  against  the  industrial  interest  in  our  republic. 

Since  that  time  Union  Labor  clubs  have  been  organized  by 
the  hundreds  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  a  large  gather- 
ing of  its  forces  on  May  15,  1888,  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
nominated  a  presidential  ticket  and  prepared  for  a  vigorous 
battle  with  the  ballot. 

This  party  claims  that  all  organizations  established  in 
the  interest  of  labor  have  a  chance  to  protect  the  great  army 
of  the  toiling  masses  from  corporate  greed  and  class  rule. 

A  motion  made,  seconded  and  adopted  that  five  minutes 
be  allowed  to  each  state  represented,  to  give  the  progress 
and  status  of  the  Union  Labor  party  in  the  different  states. 

J.  H.  Randall  states  that  he  had  registered  a  list  of  near- 
ly two  thousand  Union  Labor  clubs  with  a  membership 
ranging  from  twenty-five  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  each,  and 
that  the  reports  of  organizers  to -the  office  of  the  Chicago 
"Express"  ranged  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  clubs  per  week. 

Mr.  Rankinof  Indiana,  reported  that  they  had  polled  from 
eighteen  to  twenty  thousand  votes  last  spring,  and  had  a  full 
state  ticket. 

Similar  encouraging  reports  were  made  by  representatives 
from  Georgia,  Kentucky,  California,  Missouri.  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  Kansas  and  New  York. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  628 

The  Union  Labor  Party  assembled  in  the  national  con- 
vention at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  on  May  15,  1888. 

The  following  day  the  chair  announced  the  nomination  of 
candidates  for  president  of  the  United  States  in  order. 

A  delegate  from  Wisconsin  announced  that  the  Hon. 
Henry  Smith  would  not  accept  the  nomination  for  president 
if  tendered,  and  besides  they  wanted  him  for  congress. 

Mr.  Cunningham,  of  Arkansas,  nominated  A.  J.  Streeter, 
of  Illinois. 

Allen  Root,  of  Nebraska,  nominated  Gilbert  C.  De  La 
Matyr,  of  Colorado. 

J.  H.  Randall,  of  Illinois,  stated  that  Dr.  De  La  Matyr 
could  not  accept  a  nomination. 

M.  Baldwin,  of  Connecticut,  seconded  the  nomination  of 
Streeter. 

J.  W.  Harlin,  of  Colorado,  nominated  General  James  B. 
Weaver,  of  Iowa,  whereupon  Randall  announced  he  had 
a  letter  from  General  Weaver  in  which  he  positively  declin- 
ed the  nomination. 

M.  Vandewater,  of  Illinois,  seconded  the  nomination  for 
Streeter. 

Indiana  indorsed  Mr.  Streeter.  An  Illinois  delegate 
arose  and  declared  that  when  Mr.  Streeter  was  elected  it 
would  be  the  first  time  a  man  ever  went  from  the  farm  to 
the  White  House. 

Iowa  announced  her  choice  to  be  Mr.  Streeter,  as  did  Kan- 
sas, Kentucky,  Michigan,  Nebraska  and  Missouri. 

J.  B.  Carter  of  Ohio,  took  the  stage  and  nominated  John 
Seitz,  who,  being  still  in  the  chair,  positively  declined  the 
honor,  and  announcing  his  choice  to  be  Mr.  Streeter.  Penn- 
sylvania, Tennessee,  West  Virginia  and  Wisconsin  seconded 
the  nomination  of  Streeter. 

Mr.  Weller  moved  that  Streeter  be  nominated  by  acclam- 
ation, and  the  motion  was  unanimously  adopted.  There  wi-iv 
loud  calls  for  Streeter,  who  sat  in  the  Illinois  delegation. 


524  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

He  was  escorted  to  the  stage  by  A.  C.  Karschner,  of  Cincin- 
nati, and  loudly  cheered.   Mr.  Streetersaid: 

"Mr.  chairman  and  delegates  of  the  convention  —  I  thank 
you  for  the  distinguished  honor  you  have  conferred  upon  me. 
And  I  realize  the  fact  that  this  compliment  was  not  intended 
so  much  for  me  as  it  was  for  your  desire  to  choose  a  "  stan- 
dard bearer  "  who  might  be  acceptable  to  all  industrial  people 
in  the  country.  I  hope  you  may  not  be  disappointed  in  this. 
But,  be  that  as  it  may,  no  man  can  say  that  I  have  sought 
this  nomination,  but  would  have  gladly  seen  you  confer  this 
distinguished  honor  upon  another  more  worthy  than  myself." 

Nominations  for  vice  president  being  called  for,  a  New 
York  delegation  presented  the  name  of  Samuel  Evans,  of 
Texas",  Arkansas,  California  and  a  number  of  other  states 
seconded  Evan's  nomination.  Illinois  named  T.  P.  Rynder, 
of  Pennsylvania.  Iowa  wanted  Charles  E.  Cunningham,  of 
Arkansas;  Ohio  endorsed  Evans;  Pennsylvania  endorsed 
Rynder.  The  roll  of  states  was  then  called,  with  the  follow 
ing  results:  Cunningham  32;  Rynder  44;  Evans  124. 

Mr.  Evans  having  received  a  majority  of  all  the  votes 
cast,  was  declared  the  choice  of  the  convention  for  vice- 
president,  and  his  nomination  was  made  unanimous.  The 
convention  gave  him  three  cheers,  and  he  responded  in  an 
address,  promising  to  do  all  he  could  to  secure  success  of  the 
cause,  but  said  he  must  decline  the  nomination,  and  sug- 
gested in  his  stead  Charles  E.  Cunningham  of  Arkansas. 

Charles  E.  Cunningham,  of  Arkansas,  was  then  declared 
the  nominee  of  the  convention  for  vice-president  by  acclam- 
ation. In  a  brief  speech  Mr.  Cunningham  returned  thanks, 
stating  that  he  would  not  formally  accept  the  nomination 
now,  but  at  the  proper  time  they  would  hear  from  him;  that 
he  was  heart  and  soul  devoted  to  the  cause  of  the  people, 
and  that  he  would  fight  it  out  in  the  Union  Labor  party. 

•A  few  weeks  later  Messrs.  Streeter  and  Cunningham  ten- 
dered their  letters  of  acceptance. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  525 

After  a  preamble  or  recapitulation  of  the  resolutions, 
the  following  platform  was  adopted: 

UNION  LABOR  NATIONAL  PLATFORM. 

1.  While  we  believe  that  the  proper  solution  of  the  finan- 
cial distress  will  greatly  relieve  those  now  in  danger  of  losing 
their  homes  by  mortgage  foreclosures,  and  enable  all  in- 
dustrious persons  to  secure  a  home  as  the  highest  result  of 
civilization,  we  oppose  land  monopoly  in  every  form,  demand 
the  forfeiture  of  unearned  grants,  the  limitation  of  land  own- 
ership and  such  other  legislation  as  will  stop  speculation 
in  lands  and  holding  it  unused  from  those  whose  necessities 
require  it.  We  believe  the  earth  was  made  for  the  people 
and  not  to  make  an  idle  aristocracy  to  subsist  through  rents 
upon  the  toils  of  the  industrious,  and  that  corners  in  land 
are  as  bad  as  corners  in  food,  and  that  those  who  are  not  resi- 
dents or  citizens  should  not  be  allowed  to  own  lands  in  the 
United  States.  A  homestead  should  be  exempt  to  a  limited 
extent  from  execution  or  taxation. 

2.  The  means  of  communication  and  transportation  shall  be 
owned  by  the  people  as  is  the  United  States  postal  system. 

3.  The  establishment  of  a  national  monetary  system  in  the 
interest  of  the  producer,  instead  of  the  speculator  and  usurer, 
by  which  the  circulating  medium  in  necessary  quantity  and 
full  tender,  shall  bo  issued  directly  to  the  people  without  the 
intervention  of  banks,  and  loaned  to  citizens  upon  land  se- 
curity at  a  low  rate  of  interest  so  as  to  relieve  them  from  the 
extortion  of  usury  and   enable  them  to  control  the  money 
supply.     Postal   savings  banks  should  be  established,  and 
while  we  have  free  coinage  of  gold  we  should  have  free  coin- 
age of  silver.     We  demand  the  immediate  application  of  all 
the  money  in  the  United  States  treasury  to  the  payment  of 
the  bonded  debt,  and  condemn  the  further  issue  of  interest 
bearing  bonds,   either  by  the  national   government  or  by 
states,  territories  or  municipalities. 

4.  Arbitration  should  take  the  place  of  strikes  and  other 


526  THE  BIO  GRAPHICAL  RE  VIE  W. 

injurious  methods  of  settling  labor  disputes.  The  letting  oi 
convict  labor  to  contractors  should  be  prohibited,  the  contract 
system  be  abolished  on  public  works,  the  hours  of  labor  in 
industrial  establishments  be  reduced  commensurate  with  the 
increased  production  by  labor  saving  machinery,  employes 
protected  from  bodily  injury,  equal  pay  for  equal  work  for 
both  sexes,  and  labor,  agricultural  and  co-operative  associa- 
tions be  fostered  and  encouraged  by  law.  The  foundation  of 
a  republic  is  in  the  intelligence  of  its  citizens,  and  children 
who  are  driven  into  workshops,  mines  and  factories,  are  de- 
prived of  the  education  which  should  be  secured  to  all  by 
proper  legislation. 

5.  We  demand  the  passage  of  a  service  pension  bill  to 
every  honorably  discharged  soldier  and  sailor  of  the  United 
States. 

6.  A  graduated  income  tax  is  the  most  equitable  system  of 
taxation,  placing  the  burden  of  government  on  those  who 
can  best  afford  to  pay,  instead  of  laying  it  on  the  farmers 
and  producers,  and  exempting  millionaires?  bondholders  and 
corporations.  • 

7.  We  demand  a  constitutional  amendment  making  United 
States  senators  elected  by  a  direct  vote  from  the  people. 

8.  We  demand  the  strict  enforcement  of  laws  prohibiting 
the  importation  of  subjects  of  foreign  countries  under  con- 
tracts. 

9.  We  demand  the  passage  and  enforcement  of  such  legis- 
lation as  will  absolutely  exclude  the  Chinese  from  the  United 
States. 

10.  The  right  to  vote  is  inherent  in  citizenship  irrespec- 
tive of  sex,  and  is  properly  within  the  province  of  state 
legislation. 

11.  The  paramount  issues  to  be  solved  in"  the  interests  of 
humanity  are  the  abolition  of  usury,  monopoly  and  trusts, 
and  we  denounce  the  democratic  and  the  republican  parties 
for  creating  and  perpetuating  these  monstrous  evils. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  627 

A.  J.  STREETER. 

Born  Jan.  18, 1823. 
UNION  LABOR  CANDIDATE  FOB  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  U.  S. 

A.  J.  STREETER,  the  candidate  for  president  on  the  Union 
Labor  ticket  (1888), was  born  in  Rensselaer  county,New  York. 
His  father,  Roswell  Streeter,  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
and  moved  to  Alleghany  county,  New  York,  in  1817,  and 
from  there  to  Lee  county,  Illinois,  in  1836.  When  land 
came  into  market  there  he  entered  one  hundred  and  sixty 
acres  at  the  land  office  in  Dixon.  He  lived  with  his  father 
on  the  farm  until  after  his  majority,  and  had  the  opportunity 
to  attend  school  two  winters'  quarters  in  a  log  school  house, 
which  he  helped  to  build.  He  drove  six  yoke  of  oxen  in  a 
breaking  team,  raised  wheat  and  corn  on  the  land,  and  hunt- 
ed game  in  the  fall,  threshed  wheat  by  tramping  it  with  a 
breaking  team  in  a  circle  on  the  ground,  and  then  hauled  it 
to  Chicago  with  the  same  team,  taking  a  week  to  make  the 
trip;  slept  under  the  wagon  every  night,  subsisted  entirely 
on  a  box  of  provisions  taken  from  home,  delivered  the  wheat 
sack  by  sack,  on  board  a  schooner,  and  received  usually 
about  fifty  cents  a  bushel  for  it. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-three  he  felt  in  need  of  an  education, 
and  having  no  means  but  an  iron  constitution  and  a  will  to 
do  something,  he  heard  of  Knox  Manual  Labor  college, 
situated  at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  where  young  men  might  work 
their  way  while  obtaining  an  education.  He  thought  this 
his  opportunity,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year,  with  less  than 
twenty  dollars  in  his  pocket,  he  made  his  way  to  Galesburg 
across  then  the  open  prairie,  and  upon  arrival  there  found 
that  the  labor  part  of  the  institution  was  not  in  working 
order:  but  he  did  not  give  it  up.  With  what  money  he  had 
he  bought  books,  paid  one  term  of  tuition,  lived  in  a  garret 
the  first  winter  and  boarded  himself,  working  Saturdays  and 
every  hour  that  could  be  spared  from  school.  Being  handy 
at  making  oak  shingles  with  a  frowe  and  drawing  knife,  he 


528  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

bought  trees  in  the  timber,  sawing  them  into  blocks  and 
hauled  them  into  town.  In  this  way  he  always  had  work  on 
hand  at  which  he  could  make  good  wages,  and  by  so  doing 
he  maintained  himself  in  school  two  and  a  half  years.  In  the 
spring  of  1849,  Mr.  Streeter  left  college,  went  overland  to 
California,  and  spent  the  most  of  eighteen  months  in  the 
mines,  with  some  success. 

In  1853  he  went  across  the  plains  again  with  a  drove  of 
cattle,  and  in  1854  with  another  drove;  in  both  these  ven- 
tures he  made  some  money. 

In  1856  he  returned  and  bought  land  near  where  he  now 
lives,  New  Windsor,  Illinois,  and  since  that  time  has  built 
up  a  large  business  in  farming  and  stock  raising. 

He  has,  notwithstanding  his  extensive  business,  kept  him- 
self posted  in  public  affairs.  His  official  life  began  soon  after 
he  located  in  New  Windsor,  as  he  has  several  times  been 
elected  to  serve  on  the  board  of  supervisors. 

During  the  war  he  was  a  war  democrat.  At  the  time  of 
the  Granger  movement  he  was  a  very  active  member  of  that 
order.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  Illinois  state  legisla- 
ture, serving  on  the  committee  on  education  and  agriculture, 
and  taking  active  part  in  railroad  legislation,  "to  prevent 
extortion  arid  unjust  discrimination." 

In  1873  Mr.  Streeter  severed  all  his  old  political  affilia- 
tions and  became  interested  in  the  forming  of  the  Green- 
back Labor  party,  naturally  drifting  into  it  from  the  princi- 
ples that  were  discussed  so  extensively  in  the  Grange.  In 
1878  he  was  the  candidate  for  congress  on  that  ticket  in  the 
tenth  district  of  Illinois,  and  Deceived  nearly  four  thousand 
votes,  while  at  the  time  each  of  the  old  parties  had  candi- 
dates in  the  field;  each  one  declaring  himself  in  favor  of 
Greenback  Labor  principles  and  the  only  Simon-pure  Green- 
backers  in  the  district. 

In  1880  the  same  party  made  him  their  candidate  for 
governor  of  Illinois,  and  gave  him  an  exceptionally  large  vote. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


In  1884:  lie  was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  where  he  found 
that  the  corporations  had  a  controlling  majority,  and  that 
he  could  get  no  measures  through  the  senate  to  which  they 
were  opposed,  but  succeeded  better  with  other  bills,  amnn<r 

which  he  introduced  and 
caused  to  be  passed,  the 
bill  to  prevent  the  sale  of 
tobacco  to  minors  under 
sixteen  years. 

Mr.  Streeter  was  elected 
president  of  the  National 
Farmers  Alliance,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  for 
four  years.  He  is  a  com- 
moner by  nature,  and  has 
always  been  found  on  the 
side  of  the  masses  in  battl- 
ing against  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  great  aristo- 
cracy of  money,  corporate 
capital  and  trusts. 

He  is  a  royal  arch  mason, 
and  stands  forth  among  all 
who  know  him  as  a  cool- 
headed  philosophical  rea- 
soner  and  a  patriot,  whose  ambition,  as  exhibited  by  the 
whole  course  of  his  life,  is  to  serve  his  fellow  men  and  make 
the  world,  and  particularly  our  government,  better  for 
humanity. 

The  following  paragraphs  are  some  of  A.  J.  Streeter's  ideas: 
—  Something  is  wrong,  and  we  all  know  it.  It  is  not 
caused  by  shortage  of  crops,  for  the  same  financial  embar- 
rassment extends  to  every  state  in  the  union,  including  the 
cotton  states,  whether  these  crops  have  been  short  or 
long. 


A.  J.   STREETER. 


530  THE  BIO  GRAPHIC  A  L  RE  VIE  \V. 

-I  believe  that  the  prosperity  of  a  nation  is  measured  by 
the  prosperity  of  its  working  people;  when  they  are  pros- 
perous and  happy,  then  that  nation  is  prosperous  indeed,  but 
if  they  are  struggling  in  debt,  poverty  and  want,  then  that 
nation  is  poor,  though  its  treasury  be  bursting  with  idle 
money,  as  in  the  case  with  ours. 

-  We  are  all  embarrassed,  struggling  to  pay  interest, 
high  rates  on  transportation  and  taxes,  and  yet,  sinking  in 
debt  deeper  every  recurring  year. 


CHARLES  E.  CUNNINGHAM. 

Born  in  1823. 
UNION  LABOR  CANDIDATE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

The  candidate  nominated  for  vice-president  on  the  Union 
Labor  ticket  at  Cincinnati  is  a  resident  of  Little  Rock, 
Arkansas,  and  was  identified  with  the  Greenback  Labor  par- 
ty from  the  commencement  of  its  organization.  Two  years 
ago,  within  seventeen  days  of  election  day,  he  was  put  into 
the  field  as  a  candidate  for  governor  of  Arkansas,  by  the 
Union  Labor  party;  and  he  carried  three  of  the  strongest 
democratic  counties  in  the  state,  beating  Hughes,  the  present 
governor,  in  his  own  county,  by  over  one  thousand  votes, and 
polling  a  total  vote  in  twenty-three  counties  of  nearly  twen- 
ty thousand;  there  being  no  organization  of  the  party  nor 
any  tickets  up  in  the  remaining  counties  in  the  state. 

He  has  been  an  active,  industrious  workingman  all  his  life, 
being  a  farmer  and  a  lumber  man. 

He  is  now  (1888)  sixty-five  years  old,  yet  he  is  full  of  man- 
ly power,  being  exceedingly  vigorous  and  as  spry  as  a  young 
man. 

These  are  the  men  selected  as  candidates  of  a  party  re- 
presenting the  industrial  and  social  welfare  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States,  the  principles  of  which  are  the  platform 
of  the  Union  Labor  party. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  631 


*  * 
* 


THE  UNITED  LABOR  PARTY. 

THE  United  Labor  party,  in  national  convention  assembl- 
ed at  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  nominated  a  ticket  for  the  pres- 
idency of  the  United  States. 

A  large  proportion  of  its  delegates  favored  the  nomina- 
tion of  Robert  H.  Cowdrey,  and  accordingly  he  was  nomin- 
ated -as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States 
of  the  United  Labor  party. 

Hence  lie  is  in  the  field  prepared  to  meet,  on  equal  terms, 
Grover  Cleveland,  Benjamin  Harrison,  General  Clinton  B. 
Fisk,  A.  J.  Streeter,  Belva  A.  Lockwood,  or  anybody  else 
competing  for  the  privilege  of  living  in  the  White  House  at 
Washington  for  a  period  of  four  years,  with  all  its  honors 
and  munificent  —  salary. 

The  action  of  the  United  Labor  convention  at  Cincinnati 
in  nominating  a  national  ticket  was,  it  is  said,  repudiated  by 
a  three-fourths  vote  at  a  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Land  and 
Labor  club,  of  which  Mr.  Cowdrey  is  president.  But  the 
repudiation  was  a  hit  at  the  convention  rather  than  against 
its  candidate. 

This  party  advocates  the  land  theory  of  Henry  George, 
and  the  platform  presented  by  the  committee  on  resolutions 
and  adopted  unanimously  by  the  convention,  contained  an 
incorporation  of  that  great  reformer's  principles  on  the  land 
question. 

Outside  of  these  questionable  land  principles,  the  platform 
adopted  by  this  party  contains  many  planks  of  a  praisewor- 
thy character.  The  candidate,  too,  is  a  great  orator,  and  by 
no  means  insignificant  in  his  attainments  and  capabilities. 
His  life  and  his  "record"  make  this  very  fact  abundantly 
clear. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


EGBERT  H.  COWDREY. 

Born  in  1852. 

ROBERT  H.  COWDREY,  the  United  Labor  party  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1888,  was  born  at  Lafayette,  in  Indi- 
ana, but  now  resides  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  to  which  place 
he  went  immediately  after  the  great  fire  of  1871.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Pharmaceutical  college  of  his  adopted  city. 

Mr.  Cowdrey  was  for 
seven  years  editor  of  the 
"Pharmacist  and  Chem- 
ist," and  for  over  seven- 
teen years  has  been  in  bus- 
iness in  Chicago,  part  of 
the  time  in  the  sale  of  drugs 
as  a  clerk,  for  some  years 
in  the  printing  business  on 
his  own  account,  and  since 
1887  as  secretary  of  a  com- 
pany established  in  the  city 
of  Chicago. 

In  politics  he  has  been 
an  independent  since  1870, 
at  which  time  he  left  the 
republican  party.  He  has 
never  held  any  political  of- 
fice, and  this  is  his  first 
ROBERT  H.  COWDREY.  venture  as  a  candidate. 

Mr.  Cowdrey  is  under  the  medium  height,  and  is  slenderly 
built. 

As  a  man  of  attainments  and  capabilities,  for  one  so  com- 
paratively young  —  being  now  but  thirty-six  years  of  age  — 
he  is  superior,  and  .his  qualifications  as  an  orator  are  very 
notable. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  533 

*  * 
* 

THE  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY. 

THE  democratic  national  convention  assembled  in  St.  Louis 
June  4-7,  1888.  Grover  Cleveland  was  the  unanimous 
choice  for  re-election  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States, 
and  Allen  G.  Thurman  for  the  vice-presidency. 

The  democratic  national  convention  broke  the  record  for 
the  greatest  display  of  enthusiasm  ever  witnessed  in  a  simi- 
lar body.  For  over  twenty  consecutive  minutes  twelve  thou- 
sand people  tilled  the  air  of  the  great  convention  hall  with  a 
volume  of  undiminishing  applause;  comparable  with  nothing 
on  earth,  perhaps,  save  the  roar  of  the  falls  of  Niagara.  It 
was  at  the  utterance  of  these  words:  "  I  give  you  a  name 
entwined  with  victory.  I  nominate  Grover  Cleveland  of 
New  York." 

The  speaker  was  Daniel  Dougherty  of  Tammany  hall. 
With  head  proudly  erect,  every  fibre  of  his  tine  features 
quivering,  every  nerve  of  his  noble  figure  tense,  the  magni- 
ficent voiced  orator  was  alternately  thrilling  the  vast  audi- 
ence and  holding  them  spell-bound,  when  at  the  climax  of 
his  eloquence  named  the  man  who  was  uppermost  in  the 
thoughts  of  all.  It  was  needless  to  utter  another  word.  Mr. 
Dougherty  paused  for  a  moment  to  gaze  over  the  hundreds 
of  frantic,  cheering  delegates  and  at  the  even  more  frantic 
thousands  of  spectators  beyond.  High  above  the  forest  of 
heads  was  waving  innumerable  red  bandanas.  Hats  and 
canes  were  being  pitched  into  the  air,  while  the  cheering  was 
becoming  so  terrific  that  no  single  enthusiast  could  hear  his 
screech  in  the  one  overpowering  general  yell. 

At  this  moment  in  the  mammoth  picture  of  the  capitol  at 
Washington,  covering  the  wall  far  above  the  platform,  and 
in  plain  view  of  the  whole  canvention,  the  doors  were  seen 
to  swing  back  and  the  smiling  face  of  President  Cleveland 
beamed  out  on  his  admirers. 


534  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

The  committee  on  resolutions  presented  to  the  convention 
the  following  platform.  It  was  at  once  read  to  the  assembled 
delegates;  and  after  some  little  discussion  it  was  unanimous- 
ly adopted  amid  great  applause  and  enthusiasm. 

PLATFORM  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  TARTY. 

The  democratic  party  of  the  United  States,  in  national 
convention  assembled,  renews  the  pledge  of  its  fidelity  to 
democratic  faith  and  reaffirms  the  platform  adopted  by  its 
representatives  in  the  convention  of  1884,  and  endorses  the 
views  expressed  by  President  Cleveland  in  his  last  annual 
message  to  congress  as  the  correct  interpretation  of  that 
platform  upon  the  question  of  tariff  reduction;  and  also  en- 
dorses the  efforts  from  democratic  representatives  in  congress 
to  secure  a  reduction  of  excessive  taxation. 

The  democratic  party  welcomes  an  exacting  scrutiny  of 
the  administration  and  the  executive  power,  which,  four  years 
ago,  was  committed  to  its  trusts  in  the  election  of  Grover 
Cleveland  president  of  the  United  States;  and  it  challenges 
the  most  searching  inquiry  concerning  its  fidelity  and  devo- 
tion to  the  pledges  which  then  invited  the  suffrages  to  the 
people. 

During  the  most  critical  period  of  our  financial  affairs,  re- 
sulting from  over-taxation,  the  anomalous  condition  of  our 
currency,  and  a  public  debt  unmatured,  it  has  by  the  adop- 
tion of  a  conservative  course  not  only  averted  disaster  but 
greatly  promoted  the  prosperity  of  the  people. 

It  has  reversed  the  improvement  and  unwise  policy  of  the 
republican  party  touching  the  public  domain,  and  has  re- 
claimed from  the  corporations  and  syndicates,  alien  and 
domestic,  and  restored  to  the  people,  nearly  one  hundred 
million  acres  of  valuable  land  to  be  sacredly  held  as  home- 
steads for  our  citizens. 

While  carefully  guarding  the  interest  of  the   tax-payers 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  535 

i 

and  comforming  strictly  to  the  principles  of  justice,  it  has 
paid  out  more  for  pensions  and  bounties  to  the  soldiers  and 
sailors  of  the  republic,  than  was  ever  paid  before  during  an 
equal  period. 

By  intelligent  management  and  a  judicious  and  economi- 
cal expenditure  of  the  public  money  it  has  provided  for  the 
construction  of  the  American  navy  on  a  system  which  for- 
bids the  recurrence  of  scandal  and  insures  successful  results. 

It  has  adopted  and  consistently  pursued  a  firm  and  pru- 
dent foreign  policy,  preserving  peace  with  all  nations  while 
scrupulously  maintaining  all  the  rights  and  interests  of  our 
own  government  and  people  at  home  and  abroad. 

The  exclusion  from  our  shores  of  Chinese  laborers  has 
been  postponed  by  the  action  of  a  republican  majority  of  the 
senate. 

Honest  reform  in  the  civil  service  has  been  inaugurated 
and  maintained  by  President  Cleveland  and  he  has  brought 
the  public  service  to  the  highest  standard  efficiency,  not  only 
by  rule  but  by  the  examination  of  his  own  untiring  and  un- 
selfish administration  of  public  affairs. 

The  democratic  party  will  continue  with  all  the  power 
confided  to  it  to  struggle  to  reform  the  laws  in  accordance 
with  the  pledges  of  its  last  platform,  endorsed  at  the  ballot 
box  by  the  suffrage  of  the  people. 

All  unnecessary  taxation  is  unjust  taxation.  It  is  repug- 
nant to  the  creed  of  democracy;  that  by  such  taxation  the 
cost  of  the  necessaries  of  life  should  be  unjustly  increased  to 
all  our  people. 

Of  all  industrious  free  men  of  our  land,  an  immense  ma- 
jority including  every  tiller  of  the  soil,  gain  no  advantage 
from  excessive  tax  laws;  but  the  price  of  nearly  everything 
they  consume  is  increased  by  the  favoritism  of  an  unusually 
large  stream  of  tax  legislation. 

Judged  by  democratic  principles  the  interests  of  the  peo- 
ple are  betrayed,  when  by  unnecessary  taxation  trusts  and 


536  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

combinations  are  permitted  and  fostered  which  will  unduly 
enrich  the  few  that  combine;  rob  the  body  of  our  citizens  by 
depriving  them  of  natural  competition. 

Every  democratic  rule  of  governmental  action  is  violated 
when  through  unnecessary  taxation  a  vast  sum  of  money  far 
beyond  the  needs  of  economical  administration  is  drawn 
from  the  people  and  the  channels  of  trade  and  accumulated 
as  a  demoralizing  surplus  in  the  national  treasury. 

The  money  now  lying  idle  in  the  federal  treasury  from 
superfluous  taxation  amounts  to  more  than  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  million  dollars;  and  the  surplus  collected  is 
reaching  the  sum  of  more  than  sixty  million  dollars  annually. 

Debauched  by  this  immense  temptation,  the  remedy  of  the 
republican  party  is  to  meet  and  exhaust  it  by  extravagant 
expenditure.  Thedemocratic  remedy  is  to  enforce  frugality  in 
public  expenditures  and  abolish  unnecessary  taxation.  Our 
established  domestic  industries  and  enterprises  should  not 
and  need  not  be  endangered  by  a  reduction  and  correction 
of  burdens  of  taxation.  On  the  contrary,  a  fair  and  a  care- 
ful revision  of  our  tax  laws  with  due  allowance  for  the  dif- 
ference between  the  wages  of  American  and  foreign  labor, 
must  permit  and  encourage  every  branch  of  such  industry 
and  enterprise  by  giving  them  assurance  of  an  extended 
market  and  steady  and  continuous  operation  in  the  interest 
of  American  labor,  which  should  in  no  event  be  neglected; 
the  revision  of  our  tax  laws  contemplated  by  the  democratic 
party,  and  to  promote  the  advantage  of  such  labor  by  cheap- 
ening the  cost  of  the  necessaries  of  life  in  the  home  of  ev- 
ery workingman,  and  at  the  same  time  securing  him  steady 
and  remunerative  employment. 

Upon  this  question  of  tariff  reform,  so  closely  concerning 
every  phase  of  our  national  life,  and  upon  every  question  in- 
volved in  the  problem  of  good  government,  the  democratic 
party  submits  its  principles  and  professions  to  the  intelligent 
suffrages  of  the  American  people. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


637 


GROVER  CLEVELAND. 

Born  March  18,  18.37. 

JPKESIDENT  OF    THE  UNITED    8TATE8,    AND    CANDIDATE    FOR  RE- 
ELECTION. 

DOWN  in  the  obscure  town  of  Caldwell,  Essex  county,  Now 
York,  there  stands  yet  a  little  two-story-and-a-half  white 
house  with  wooden  shutters,  and  there  was  born  Stephen 
Grover  Cleveland.  His  father,  a  presbyterian  minister,  with 
a  large  family  and  a  small  salary,  moved  soon  after,  by  way 
of  the  Hudson  river  and 
Erie  canal,  to  Fayette- 
ville,  Onondaga  county, 
New  York,  in  search  of  in- 
creased income  and  a 
larger  field  of  work.  Fay- 
etteville  was  then  the  most 
straggling  of  country 
villages  —  about  five  miles 
from  Pompey  hill,  where 
Gov.  Seymour  was  born. 
Here  the  boy  Grover  Cleve- j 
land  first  went  to  school.' 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  hej 
had  outgrown  the  capacity! 
of  the  village  school,  and! 
expressed  a  desire  to  be 
sent  to  an  academy.  To 
this  his  father  objected. 
Academies  in  those  days 

~      .  .  OKOVER  CLEVELAND. 

cost  money.     Besides  the 

elder  Cleveland  wanted  the  lad  to  become  self-supporting  by 
the  quickest  possible  road.  The  quickest  possible  road  in 
Fayetteville  was  a  country  store,  where  the  pastor  with  a  large 
family  had  considerable  influence. 


538  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Fifty  dollars  was  to  be  paid  the  boy  the  first  year,  and  if 
he  proved  trustworthy , he  was  to  receive  a  hundred  dollars  the 
second  year.  The  most  painstaking  search  among  two 
generations  fails  to  discover  any  flashes  of  genius  in  that 
country  store,  or  any  memorials  of  eccentric  talent  in  that 
.country  village.  The  removal  of  the  elder  Cleveland  to 
!  Clinton  gave  Grover  the  long-wished-for  opportunity  to  attend 
a  high  school,  and  he  pursued  his  studies  industriously  until 
the  family  moved  up  on  the  Black  river  to  what  was  then 
known  as  Holland  Patent  —  a  village  of  five  or  six  hundred 
people — fifteen  miles  north  of  Utica.  The  elder  Cleveland 
preached  but  three  Sundays  in  this  place,  when  he  suddenly 
died.  Grover  first  heard  of  his  father's  death  while  walking 
with  his  sister  in  the  streets  of  Utica.  This  event  produced 
the  usual  break-up  of  the  family,  and  we  next  hear  of  Grover 
Cleveland  setting  out  for  the  city  of  New  York  to  accept  at 
a  small  salary  the  position  of  under-teacher  in  an  asylum  for 
the  blind,  where  at  the  time  the  since  well  known  Augustus 
Schell  was  executive  officer. 

But  teaching  he  did  not  believe  was  his  mission,  and  con- 
sequently at  the  expiration  of  two  years  he  abandoned  it  and 
started  out  to  seek  his  fortune.  His  first  idea  was  to  go  to 
Cleveland.  As  he  has  since  said,  the  name  seemed  a  good 
omen.  But  his  uncle,  Lewis  F.  Allen,  a  noted  stock-breed- 
er lived  in  Buffalo,  and  he  went  straight  to  him  for  advice 
and  guidance. 

"See  here,"  said  the  uncle,  after  a  long  consultation,  "I 
want  somebody  to  get  up  my  herd-book  this  year.  You 
come  and  stay  with  me  and  help  me,  and  I'll  give  you  fifty 
dollars  for  the  first  year's  work,  and  you  can  look  round." 

We  find  the  boy  now  annotating  short-horns  out  at  Black 
Rock,  two  miles  from  Buffalo.  But  he  kept  his  eye  out  for 
a  chance  to  enter  a  law  office  while  he  was  editing  the  stock- 
book;  and  one  day  he  walked  into  the  rooms  of  Messrs. 
Rogers,  Bowen  and  Rogers,  and  told  them  what  he  wanted. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  539 

There  were  a  number  of  young  men  in  the  place  already,  but 
young  Cleveland's  persistency  won,  and  he  was  finally  per- 
mitted to  come  as  an  office  boy  and  have  the  use  of  the  law 
library.  For  this  he  received  the  nominal  sum  of  three  or 
four  dollars  a  week,  out  of  which  he  had  to  pay  his  board 
and  washing. 

Four  years  in  the  office  of  Rogers,  Bowen  and  Rogers,  as 
a  student, equipped  him  with  sufficient  elementary  knowledge 
and  experience  to  become  managing  clerk  at  the  end  of 
that  time. 

In  1863  the  question  of  who  should  be  appointed  assistant 
district  attorney  for  the  county  of  Erie  was  warmly  discussed 
by  the  young  lawyers  in  Messrs.  Rogers  and  Bowen's  office. 
There  were  several  that  were  both  eligible  and  anxious,  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  young  Cleveland  advanced  his  own 
claims.  Indeed,  it  is  a  fact  that  after  the  matter  had  been 
pretty  well  canvassed,  they  all  agreed  that  he  was  the  person 
that  ought  to  have  it,  and  they  urged  him  to  accept.  He 
was  appointed,  and  from  that  moment  his  public  record  be- 
gan. During  three  years  he  was  in  the  district  attorney's 
office. 

It  was  during  the  performance  of  the  duties  of  this  office 
and  at  a  time  when  a  large  number  of  important  cases  with 
which  he  alone  was  thoroughly  familiar  were  demanding  his 
attention,  that  he  was  drafted.  There  was  no  question  at  all 
of  what  his  duty  was.  He  promptly  supplied  a  substitute. 
At  the  end  of  three  years  he  was  nominated  by  the  demo- 
crats for  the  district  attorney  ship.  In  the  canvass  that 
followed  he  was  beaten  by  the  republican  candidate,  Lyman 
K.  Bass.  This  was  in  1865.  In  1866  Grover  Cleveland 
formed  a  law  partnership  with  the  late  I.  K.  Vanderpool, 
which  lasted  till  1869.  He  afterward  associated  himself 
with  the  late  A.  P.  Lansing  and  the  late  Oscar  Folsom. 

Grover  Cleveland  was  nominated  and  elected  in  1869  to 
be  sheriff  of  Erie  county.  In  that  important  position  ho 


540  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

earned  additional  honors.  At  the  close  of  his  term  of  office 
as  sheriff,  Cleveland  formed  a  partnership  with  his  former 
antagonist,  Lyman  K.  Bass,  and  Wilson  S.  Bissell.  Mr. 
Bass'  health  not  long  afterward  proving  precarious  he  went 
to  Colorado,  and  the  firm  became  Cleveland  and  Bissell,  to 
which  partnership  Mr.  George  J.  Sicard  was  admitted  in 
the  year  1881. 

Grover  Cleveland's  election  as  mayor  of  Buffalo,  on  a 
democratic  and  reform  ticket  in  1881,  suddenly  lifted  him 
from  local  into  state  prominence.  The  incidents  of  that 
election  and  subsequent  administration  are  familiar  through- 
out the  country.  It  is  strictly  true  that  Grover  Cleveland 
was  swept  into  office  on  one  of  those  tidal-waves  of  popular 
protest  against  ring-rule  that  are  as  resistless  as  they  are 
sudden.  But  it  was  after  all  a  local  contest. 

Grover  Cleveland  was  elected  governor  of  New  York  in 
1882  by  one  hundred  and  ninety-two  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  fifty-four  majority.  It  is  claimed  that  this  phenomenal 
vote  is  proof  of  his  great  popularity  in  the  state,  and  an  in- 
dication of  his  probable  success  in  the  presidential  election 
of  1888.  It  should  be  noticed,  however,  that  Grover 
Cleveland's  total  vote  was  but  five  hundred  and  thirty-five 
thousand  three  hundred  and  eighteen,  while  the  total  vote 
cast  for  Garfield  in  1880  was  five  hundred  and-fifty-five 
thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-four.  In  other  words  Gar- 
field  received  twenty  thousand  two  hundred  and  twenty-six 
more  votes  in  1880  than  Cleveland  did  in  1882,  the  popula- 
tion of  the  state  in  the  meantime  having  increased  several 
hundred  thousands. 

July  10,  1884,  Grover  Cleveland  was  nominated  by  the 
democracy  in  Chicago  for  president  of  the  United  States; 
and  made  the  race  against  James  G.  Blaine,  which  is  still 
fresh  in  the  minds  of  the  politicians  and  the  public.  Having 
been  elected  by  carrying  New  York  by  an  extremely  narrow 
plurality,  he  was  duly  inaugurated  in  Washington,  March  4, 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  541 

1885.  The  most  notable  feature  of  the  earlier  part  of  his 
administration  yvas  his  marriage  at  the  White  House,  June 
2,  1886,  to  Frances  Folsom,  the  daughter  of  his  former  law 
partner. 

President  Cleveland  is  a  large  man  of  portly  appearance 
and  bearing,  and  stands  rather  above  the  average  height  of 
men.  His  complexion  is  dark  and  rather  swarthy,  and  he 
has  dark  eyes,  hair  and  mustache,  and  wears  no  beard.  He 
has  a  full  face  with  a  serious  and  rather  stern  expression 
when  at  rest,  but  which  lights  up  with  a  pleasant  smile 
whenever  he  is  relieved  from  his  official  duties  and  engages 
in  the  courtesies  of  social  converse.  Owing  to  his  natural 
temperament  he  is  rather  leisurely  in  his  movements  and 
actions,  but  dignified  and  reserved  in  deportment.  His 
looks  indicate  that  he  has  an  indomitable  will,  and  great 
energy  and  self-reliance. 

Many  and  varied  are  the  opinions  regarding  the  adminis- 
tration of  President  Cleveland.  His  friends  claim  it  has 
been  an  exemplary  one  whilst  his  enemies  contend  that  is  has 
been  a  failure.  It  is  well  to  mark  that  his  friends  are  not 
confined  to  the  ranks  of  his  party,  nor  are  his  enemies  all 
republicans.  Some  of  his  bitterest  opponents  are  democrats; 
among  his  most  zealous  friends  are  the  so-called  "mug- 
wumps" of  1884.  One  thing  is  certain,  however,  that  he  has 
done  his  duty  as  he  conceived  it.  As  Senator  Ingalls  has 
said,  he  takes  counsel  of  every  one  and  then  does  exactly 
as  he  think  best,  irrespective  of  the  wishes  of  friends  or  foes. 

When  we  consider  the  pressure  for  a  "  clean  sweep"  that 
was  brought  to  bear  upon  him  at  the  beginning  of  his  ad- 
ministration, we  can  but  admire  his  strength  and  purpose. 
But  from  this  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  his  administration 
is  not  a  democratic  one.  On  the  contrary,  even  his  "  bour- 
bon" opponents  concede  that  it  is.  Cleveland  has  in  his 
last  message  embraced  the  tariff  reform  program  of  his 
party,  and  on  this  ground  the  fight  of  1888  will  be  made. 


542  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

In  nominating  Mr.  Cleveland  for  re-election,  Mr.  Dough- 
erty said:  * 

u  Thus  I  ascend  the  rostrum  to  name  the  next  president  for 
the  United  States.  New  York  presents  him  to  the  conven- 
tion and  pledges  her  electoral  vote.  Delegations  from  the 
thirty-eight  states  and  all  the  territories  are  assembled,  with- 
out caucus  or  consultation,  ready,  simultaneously,  to  take  up 
the  cry  and  make  the  vote  unanimous.  We  are  here  not, 
indeed,  to  choose  a  candidate,  but  to  name  the  one  the  peo- 
ple have  already  chosen.  He  is  the  man  for  the  people. 
His  career  illustrates  the  glory  of  our  institutions.  Eight 
years  ago  unknown  save  in  his  own  locality,  he  for  the  last 
four  has  stood  in  the  gaze  of  the  world,  discharging  the  most 
exalted  duties  that  can  be  confided  to  a  mortal. 

' '  To-day  determines  that,  not  of  his  own  choice,  but  by  the 
mandate  of  his  countrymen  and  with  the  sanction  of  Heaven 
he  shall  fill  the  presidency  for  four  years  more.  He  has  met 
and  mastered  every  question  as  if  from  youth  trained  to 
statesmanship.  His  promises  of  his  letter  of  acceptance  and 
inaugural  address  have  been  fulfilled.  His  fidelity  in  the 
past  inspires  faith  in  the  future.  He  is  not  a  hope.  He  is 
a  realization.  Scorning  subterfuge,  disdaining  re-election 
by  concealing  convictions,  mindful  of  his  oath  of  office  to 
defend  the  constitution,  he  courageously  declares  to  congress, 
dropping  minor  matters,  that  the  supreme  issue  is  reform, 
revision,  reduction  of  national  taxation;  that  the  treasury 
of  the  United  States,  glutted  with  unneeded  gold,  oppresses 
industry,  embarrasses  business,  endangers  financial  tranquil- 
ity,  and  breeds  extravagance,  centralization  and  corruption; 
that  high  taxation,  vital  for  the  expenditures  of  an  unparal- 
leled war,  is  robbery  in  years  of  prosperous  peace;  that  the 
millions  that  pour  into  treasury  comes  from  the  hard-earned 
savings  of  the  American  people;  that  in  violation  of  equal- 
ity of  rights  the  present  tariff  has  created  a  privileged  class, 
who,  shaping  legislation  for  their  personal  gain,  levy  by  law 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  643 

contributions  for  the  necessaries  of  life  from  every  man,  wo- 
man and  child  in  the  land,  and  that  to  lower  the  tariff  is  riot 
free  trade.  It  is  to  reduce  the  unjust  profits  of  monopolists 
and  boss  manufacturers,  and  allow  consumers  to  retain  the 
rest.  The  man  who  asserts  that  to  lower  the  tariff  means 
free  trade  insults  intelligence.  We  brand  him  as  a  falsifier. 
It  is  farthest  from  thought  to  imperil  capital  or  disturb  enter- 
prises. The  aim  is  to  Hphold  wages  and  protect  the  rights  of  all. 
"Under  the  same  illustrious  leader  we  are  ready  to  meet 
our  political  opponents  in  high  and  honorable  debate,  and 
stake  our  triumph  on  the  intelligence,  virtue  and  patriotism 
of  the  people.  Adhering  to  the  constitution  in  every  line 
and  letter,  ever  remembering  that  '  powers  not  delegated  to 
the  United  States  by  the  constitution  nor  prohibited  by  it  to 
the  state,  are  reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the 
people,'  by  the  authority  of  the  democracy  of  New  York, 
backed  by  the  democracy  of  the  entire  union,  I  give  you  a 
name  entwined  with  victory.  I  nominate  G rover  Cleveland 
of  New  York." 

In  seconding  the  nomination  of  Grover  Cleveland  a  dele- 
gate said: 

"Whence  comes  the  fact  that  from  every  state,  from  Maine 
to  California  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  there  is 
among  the  people  composing  this  convention  over  eight 
hundred  delegates  but  one  name  upon  their  lips  and  but  one 
name  enshrined  in  their  hearts?  I  will  tell  you  why.  Hear 
me  a  moment.  It  is  because  he  has  pursued  honest  methods; 
it  is  because  he  is  the  stern  enemy  of  robbery,  of  jobbery, 
and  monopoly —  a  Horatio  at  the  bridge.  He  is  a  lion  in 
the  path  of  corruption.  He  has  laid  the  foundation  of  good 
government,  of  honesty  and  reform  so  wide  and  deep  that 
the  principles  underlying  the  government  of  our  country, 
and  the  permanency  of  our  institutions,  and  the  spread  of 
the  true  principles  underlying  our  federal  system  have  found 
their  highest  and  best  exponent  under  his  leadership." 


544 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ALLEN  G.  THURMAN. 

Born  Nov.  i3, 1813. 

DEMOCRATIC  CANDIDATE   FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

ALLEN  G.  THURMAN,  presidential  candidate  for  the  vice- 
presidency  of  the  United  States  on  the  Democratic  ticket  in 
1888,  is  one  of  the  most  thorough  scholars  in  public  life  in 
this  country.  Always  a  student,  he  became  early  in  life 
a  great  lawyer,  and  since  then  has  devoted  much  time  to 
lighter  study.  He  is  a  fine 
French  scholar,  and  his  fa- 
vorite books  are  the  works 
of  the  earlier  French  dram- 
atists, which  he  reads  in  the 
original.  He  has  an  unus- 
ually large  and  well  select- 
ed library,  and  there  are 
few  books  in  the  range  of 
polite  literature  that  he  is 
not  familiar  with. 

Mr.  Thurman  has  a  lit- 
eral genius  for  mathemat 
ics,  and  frequently  occu- 
pies himself  in  working  out 
the  most  abstruse  and  in- 
tricate problems.  He  says 
that  he  is  prouder  of  his 
knowledge  of  mathematics  ALLEN  G.  THUKMAN. 

than  he  is  of  anything  else.  He  hud  no  collegiate  training, 
and  has  no  diploma  save  the  certificate  of  a  grammar  school. 
He  was  born  at  Lynchburg,  in  the  state  of  Virginia.  His 
grandfather  fought  in  the  revolution,  and  his  mother  came 
of  very  distinguished  revolutionary  stock.  When  but  six 
years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  nc.\v 
holds  the  highest  esteem  of  both  political  parties,  being  a 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  i^ 

statesman  of  learning,  experience  and  lofty  character.  He 
studied  law  with  ex-Gov.  Allen  and  Judge  Swayne,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  when  but  twenty-two  years  of  age. 

After  having  practiced  law  for  some  years  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  he  was  returned  as  representative  to  the  twenty-ninth 
congress.  He  was  put  on  the  judiciary  committee  of  the 
house,and  soon  became  distinguished  as  a  great  lawyer.  De- 
clining a  re-election  at  the  close  of  his  term,  he  retired,  as 
he  thought,  to  private  life  for  good  and  all. 

But  in  1851,  when  the  new  constitution  of  Ohio  was  adopt- 
ed, he  was  pressed  into  the  race  for  a  supreme  court  judge- 
ship  and  was  elected.  He  sat  upon  the  bench  for  four  years, 
the  last  two  years  serving  as  chief  justice. 

In  1867,  after  a  season  of  rest,  he  was  put  forward  as  the 
democratic  candidate  for  the  governorship  against  Ruther- 
ford B.  Hayes.  There  was  clearly  no  chance  for  a  democra- 
tic victory,  the  republican  majority  the  year  before  having 
been  forty-three  thousand.  Under  Judge  Thurman's  sledge- 
hammer blows,  however,  this  enormous  majority  was  beaten 
down  to  a  trifle  less  than  three  thousand;  and  the  legislature 
was  captured  by  a  decisive  majority,  insuring  the  defeat  of 
Ben  Wade,  and  Judge  Thurman  was  elected  in  Mr.  Wade's 
stead,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  senate  in  1869,  and  received 
the  re-election  in  1874. 

As  a  representative  of  the  American  government  in  the  in- 
ternational congress  at  Paris  in  1881,  he  visited  France;  af- 
terward he  visited  Switzerland,  the  Rhine,  Belgium, England 
and  Scotland.  His  health  was  very  much  improved  by  his 
European  trip,  and  he  was  delighted  with  his  journey,  which 
had  lasted  about  six  months. 

This  fine  old  statesman  has  several  times  been  strongly 
supported  as  a  democratic  candidate  for  the  presidency.  It 
was  not,  therefore,  surprising  that  he  was  nominated  for  vice- 
president.  He  is  well  known  throughout,  the  United  States 
as  a  great  lawyer,  jurist  and  statesman. 


546  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


* 
* 


THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 

THE  national  republican  convention  was  held  in  Chicago 
June  19-25,  1888.  On  the  eighth  ballot  Benjamin  Harrison 
received  the  candidature  for  the  presidency  on  the  republi- 
can ticket.  The  defeated  presidential  favorites  were  Alger, 
Gresham,  Allison,  Sherman,  Elaine,  Depew,  and  several 
others  of  more  local  celebrity. 

L.  P.  Morton,  of  New  York,  secured  the  candidature  for 
the  vice-presidency  on  the  first  ballot. 

The  committee  on  resolutions  presented  the  following  plat- 
form, which  was  unanimously  adopted: 

PLATFORM  OF  THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 

We  reaffirm  our  unswerving  devotion  to  the  national  con- 
stitution and  to  the  indissoluble  union  of  the  states;  to  the 
autonomy  reserved  to  the  states  under  the  constitution;  to 
the  personal  rights  and  liberties  of  citizens  in  all  the  states 
and  territories  in  the  union,  and  especially  to  the  supreme 
and  sovereign  rights  of  every  lawful  citizen,  rich  or  poor,  na- 
tive or  foreign  born,  white  or  black,  to  cast  one  free  ballot 
in  public  election  and  to  have  that  ballot  duly  counted. 

We  are  uncompromisingly  in  favor  of  the  American  system 
of  protection;  we  protest  against  its  destruction  proposed 
by  the  president  and  his  party.  They  serve  the  interest  of 
Europe;  we  will  support  the  interest  of  America.  We  ac- 
cept the  issue  and  confidently  appeal  to  the  people  for  their 
judgment.  The  protective  system  must  be  maintained.  Its 
abandonment  has  always  been  followed  by  general  disaster 
to  all  interests  except  those  of  the  usurer  and  the  sheriff.  We 
denounce  the  Mills  bill  as  destructive  to  the  general  business, 
the  labor,  and  the  farming  interests  of  the  country,  and  we 
heartly  indorse  the  consistent  and  patriotic  action  of  the  re- 
publican representatives  in  congress  in  opposing  its  passage. 
We  condemn  the  proposition  of  the  democratic  party  to 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  647 

place  wool  on  the  free  list,  and  we  insist  that  the  duties  there- 
on shall  be  adjusted  and  maintained  so  as  to  furnish  full  and 
adequate  protection  to  that  industry. 

The  republican  party  would  effect  all  needed  reduction  of 
the  national  revenue  by  repealing  the  taxes  upon  tobacco, 
which  are  an  annoyance  and  burden  to  agriculture,  and  the 
tax  upon  spirits  used  in  the.  arts,  and  for  mechanical  purpo- 
ses, and  by  such  revision  of  the  tariff  laws  as  will  tend  to 
check  imports  of  such  articles  as  are  produced  by  our  people, 
the  production  of  which  gives  employment  to  our  labor,  and 
release  from  import  duties  those  articles  of  foreign  production 
(except  luxuries),  the  like  of  which  cannot  be  produced  at 
home.  If  there  shall  still  remain  a  larger  revenue  than  is 
requisite  for  the  wants  of  the  government  we  favor  the  en- 
tire repeal  of  internal  taxes  rather  than  the  surrender  of  any 
part  of  our  protective  system  at  the  joint  behest  of  the  whis- 
ky ring  and  the  agents  of  foreign  manufacturers. 

We  declare  our  hostility  to  the  introduction  into  this 
country  of  foreign  contract  labor  and  of  Chinese  labor,  alien 
to  our  civilization  and  our  constitution;  and  we  demand  the 
rigid  enforcement  of  the  existing  laws  against  it,  and  favor 
such  immediate  legislation  as  will  exclude  such  labor  from 
our  shores. 

We  declare  our  opposition  to  all  combinations  of  capital 
organized  in  trusts  or  otherwise  to  control  arbitrarily  the 
conditions  of  trade  among  our  citizens;  and  we  recommend 
to  congress,  and  the  state  legislatures  in  their  respective  jur- 
isdictions, such  legislation  as  will  prevent  the  execution  of 
all  schemes  to  oppress  the  people  by  undue  charges  on  their 
supplies  or  by  unjust  rates  for  the  transportation  of  products 
to  market.  We  approve  the  legislation  by  congress  to  pre- 
vent alike  unjust  burdens  and  unfair  discriminations  between 
the  states. 

We  reaffirm  the  policy  of  appropriating  the  public  lands 
of  the  United  States  to  be  homesteads  for  American  citizens 


5i8  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  HE  VIEW. 

and  settlers,  not  aliens,  which  the  republican  party  establish- 
ed in  1862,  against  the  persistent  opposition  of  the  demo- 
crats in  congress,  and  which  has  brought  our  great  western 
domain  into  such  magnificent  development. 

The  government  by  congress  of  the  territories  is  based 
upon  necessity  only  to  the  end  that  they  may  become  states 
in  the  union;  therefore  whenever  the  conditions  of  population, 
material  resources,  public  intelligence  and  morality  are  such 
as  to  insure  a  stable  local  government  therein,  the  people  of 
such  territories  should  be  permitted  as  a  right  inherited  in 
them  to  form  for  themselves  constitutions  and  state  gov- 
ernments and  be  admitted  into  the  union.  Pending  the 
preparation  for  statehood  all  officers  thereof  should  be  select- 
ed from  the  bona  fide  residents  and  citizens  of  the  territory 
wherein  they  are  to  serve.  South  Dakota  should  of  right  be 
immediately  admitted  as  a  state  in  the  union,  under  the  con- 
stitution framed  and  adopted  by  her  people,  and  we  heartily 
indorse  the  action  of  the  republican  senate  in  twice  passing 
bills  for  her  admission. 

The  political  power  of  the  mormon  church  in  the  territo- 
ries as  exercised  in  the  past,  is  a  menace  to  free  institutions 
too  dangerous  to  be  long  suffered.  Therefore  we  pledge  the 
republican  party  to  appropriate  legislation  asserting  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  nation  in  all  territories  where  the  same  is 
questioned,  and  in  furtherance  of  that  end  to  place  upon  the 
statute  books  legislation  stringent  enough  to  divorce  the  po- 
litical from  the  ecclesiastical  power,  and  thus  stamp  out  the 
attendant  wickedness  of  polygamy. 

The  republican  party  is  in  favor  of  the  use  of  both  gold 
and  silver  as  money,  and  denounces  the  policy  of  the  demo- 
cratic administration  in  its  efforts  to  demonetize  silver. 

We  demand  the  reduction  of  letter  postage  to  one  cent 
per  ounce. 

In  a  republic  like  ours  where  the  citizen  is  the  sovereign 
and  the  official  the  servant,  where  no  power  is  exercised  ex- 


77/7?  niOGBAPHICAL  REVIEW.  549 

cept  by  the  will  of  the  people,  it  is  important  that  the  sov- 
ereign -  -  the  people  — should  possess  intelligence.  The 
free  school  is  the  promoter  of  that  intelligence  which  is  to 
preserve  us  a  free  nation;  therefore  the  state  or  nation,  or 
both  combined,  should  support  free  institutions  of  learning 
sufficient  to  afford  to  every  child  growing  up  in  the  land  the 
opportunity  of  a  good  common  school  education. 

The  conduct  of  foreign  affairs  by  the  present  administra- 
tion has  been  distinguished  by  its  inefficiency  and  cowardice. 
Having  withdrawn  from  the  senate  all  pending  treaties  ef- 
fected by  republican  administration  for  the  removal  of  for- 
eign burdens  and  restrictions  upon  our  commerce  and  for 
its  extension  into  better  markets,  it  has  neither  effected  or 
proposed  any  other  in  their  stead.  Professing  adherence 
to  the  Monroe  doctrine,  it  has  seen  with  idle  complacency 
the  extension  of  foreign  trade  everywhere  among  our  neigh- 
bors. It  has  refused  to  charter,  sanction,  or  encourage  any 
American  organization  for  constructing  the  Nicaragua  canal,  a 
work  of  vital  importance  to  the  maintenance  of  the  Monroe 
doctrine  and  of  our  national  influence  in  Central  and  South 
America,  and  necessary  for  the  development  of  trade  with 
our  Pacific  territory  with  South  America  and  with  the  islands 
and  farther  coast  of  the  Pacific  ocean. 

We  arraign  the  present  democratic  administration  for  its 
weak  and  unpatriotic  treatment  of  the  fisheries  question  and 
its  pusillanimous  surrender  of  the  essential  privileges  to 
which  our  fishing  vessels  are  entitled  in  Canadian  ports  under 
the  treaty  1818,  the  reciprocal  maritime  legislation  of  1830, 
and  the  comity  of  nations,  and  which  Canadian  fishing  ves- 
sels receive  in  the  ports  of  the  United  States. 

The  men  who  abandoned  the  republican  party  in  1884 
and  continue  to  adhere  to  the  democratic  party  have  desert- 
ed not  only  the  cause  of  honest  government,  of  sound  finance, 
of  freedom,  and  purity  of  the  ballot,  but  especially  have  de- 
serted the  cause  of  reform  in  the  civil  service. 


550  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

We  will  not  fail  to  keep  our  pledges  because  they  have 
broken  theirs,  or  because  their  candidate  has  broken  his.  We 
therefore  repeat  our  declaration  of  1884,  to  wit:  "The  re- 
form of  the  civil  service,  auspiciously  begun  under  the  re- 
publican administration,  should  be  completed  by  the  further 
extension  of  the  reform  system  already  established  by  law 
to  all  the  grades  of  the  service  to  which  it  is  applicable.  The 
spirit  and  purpose  of  the  reform  should  be  observed  in  all 
executive  appointments,  and  all  laws  at  variance  with  the 
object  of  existing  reform  legislation  should  be  repealed,  to 
the  end  that  the  danger  to  free  institutions  which  lurk  in 
power  of  official  patronage  may  be  wisely  and  effectively 
avoided." 

The  gratitude  of  the  nation  to  the  defenders  of  the  union 
cannot  be  measured  bylaws.  The  legislation  of  congress 
should  conform  to  the  pledges  made  by  a  loyal  people  and 
be  so  enlarged  and  extended  as  to  provide  against  the  possi- 
bility that  any  man  who  honorably  wore  the  federal  uniform 
shall  become  an  inmate  of  an  almshouse  or  a  dependent  up- 
on private  charity.  In  the  presence  of  an  overflowing  treas- 
ury it  would  be  a  public  scandal  to  do  less  for  those  whose 
valor  and  service  preserved  the  government.  We  denounce 
the  hostile  spirit  shown  by  President  Cleveland  in  his  numer- 
ous vetoes  of  measures  for  pension  relief,  and  the  action  of 
the  democratic  house  of  representatives  in  refusing  even  a 
consideration  of  general  pension  legislation. 

The  first  concern  of  all  good  government  is  the  virtue 
and  sobriety  of  the  people  and  the  purity  of  the  home.  The 
republican  party  cordially  sympathizes  with  all  wise  and 
well-directed  efforts  for  the  promotion  of  temperance  and 
morality. 

In  support  of  the  principles  herewith  enunciated, we  invite 
the  co-operation  of  patriotic  men  of  all  parties,  and  especially 
of  all  working  men,  whose  prosperity  is  seriously  threatened 
by  the  free  trade  policy  of  the  present  administration. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  :,,] 

BENJAMIN  HARRISON. 

Born  Aug.  20,  1833. 

OPPOSITE  the  government  building  in  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
hangs  a  modest  sign,  which  announces  that  "  B.  Harrison, 
lawyer,"  has  his  office  there.  The  modesty  and  terseness  of 
this  sign  are  characteristic  of  the  man  whose  name  and  call 
ing  it  denotes:  No  lackey  stands  to  take  your  card,  or  to 
ask  you  to  state  your  name  or  describe  your  business.  "Is 
Gen.  Harrison  in?"  "Yes,"  replies  the  clerk,  pointing  to 
the  open  door.  Before  you  sits  a  stocky,  bearded  man,  with 
a  large  head,  and  a  very  short  neck.  He  is  five  feet  seven 
inches  tall,  arid  weighs  one  hundred  and  ninety  pounds.  You 
are  not  invited  to  take  a  seat.  It  is  presumed  if  you  want 
to  sit  down  you  will  do  so  unasked.  The  weather  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  preliminary  conversation,  unless  you  men- 
tion it  yourself.  Indeed,  the  stocky,  bearded  old  man  does 
not  open  his  mouth  until  you  have  finished  stating  your 
business.  He  drops  his  work,  pays  close  attention  to  what 
you  have  to  say,  grasps  the  matter  readily,  analyzes  it  quickly, 
decides  promptly,  and  in  a  few  terse  sentences  replies  to  your 
proposition  or  interrogatory. 

Gen.  Harrison  is  a  modest  man,  else  he  would  not  content 
himself  with  a  simple  initial  "B."  upon  his  professional 
shingle.  "  B.  Harrison  "is  but  a  cold  and  insufficient  ap- 
pellation for  a  man  known  the  country  over  as  Benjamin 
Harrison,  or,  more  popularly  still,  as  "Ben"  Harrison,  with 
the  honorable  prefix  of  general  or  senator.  Besides,  Harrison 
is  a  historic  name,  going  back  to  the  days  of  the  Dictator. 
The  first  Gen.  Harrison  was  one  of  Cromwell's  trusted  lieuten- 
ants. To  be  sure  he  was  hanged,  but  not  for  felony.  So 
unfortunate  as  to  receive  an  appointment  to  sit  on  the  board 
of  commissioners  to  try  Charles  I  for  treason  of  parliament, 
he  did  his  duty,  good  presbyterian  that  he  was,  by  signing 
the  king's  death-warrant.  For  this  he  paid  with  his  life,  be- 


552 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


ing  hanged  by  order  of  Charles  II,  October  13,  1660.  His 
descendants  emigrated  to  America,  and  have  been  heard 
from  on  this  side  the  water.  Benjamin  Harrison  of  Virginia 
was  a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  and  later  of  the  co- 
lonial congress.  A  patriot  of  the  revolutionary  period,  he  was 
one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  independence,  was 
three  times  elected  governor  of  Virginia,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  that  rati- 
fied the  constitution.  His 
son,  William  Henry  Harri- 
son, won  renown  as  soldier 
and  statesman,  and  was  the 
ninth  president  of  the 
United  States.  John  Scott 
Harrison,  son  of  the  presi- 
dent, was  the  father  of  this 
modest  lawyer,  a  worthy 
son  of  such  sires,  who  is 
content  with  the  initial 
«B." 

Gen.  Harrison  was  born 
on  the  Harrison  homestead 
near  North  Bend,  a  few 
miles  below  Cincinnati, 
his  father  and  grandfather 
were  tilling  the  farm  to 
which  the  latter  had  re- 
tired after  a  long  career  as  governor  of  the  Northwestern  Ter- 
ritory and  in  congress.  Young  Benjamin  was  seven  years 
old  when  his  grandfather  was  elected  president  in  the  famous 
log-cabin  and  hard-cider  campaign,  but  remembers,  even 
more  distinctly  than  the  stirring  events  of  that  year,  a  visit 
which  he  made  to  Cincinnati  under  the  guidance  of  the  presi- 
dent-elect. 

Young  Ben  did  not  know  much  about  cities  then,  and  when 


BENJAMIN  HARRISON. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW  553 

his  grandfather  led  him  past  an  apple-woman's  stand,  the  boy 
thought  how  good  and  kind  it  was  of  the  old  woman  to  keep 
fruit  for  the  refreshment  of  weary  pedestrians.  When  at  North 
Bend  nobody  had  ever  thought  of  charging  anybody  any- 
thing for  a  few  apples,  and  so  Ben  went  up  to  the  stand  and 
filled  his  pockets  and  walked  away. 

Young  Beu  attended  the  district  school  till  he  was  fifteen, 
and  then  entered  Miami  university,  Oxford,  Ohio,  where,  de- 
spite his  youthfulness,  he  made  rapid  progress  with  his  studies. 
At  eighteen  he  graduated,  immediately  took  up  the  study  of 
law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Bellamy  Storer  of  Cincinnati,  and 
here  again  manifested  such  unusual  application  that  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  before  he  had  reached  his  majority.  Not 
only  that,  but  he  had  married  as  well,  and  his  twenty  first 
birthday  found  himself  a  man  with  family,  and  practically 
without  resources,  having  only  two  or  three  hundred  advanced 
him  by  his  father.  But,  in  his  unpretentious,  self-contained, 
matter-of-fact  way,  the  youth  had  always  felt  confidence  in 
his  ability  "to  take  care  of  himself,"  and  that  same  year 
he  made  his  appearance  in  Indianapolis  to  commence  the 
practice  of  law. 

He  was  not  an  imposing  figure  at  that  time.  A  little  slen- 
der fellow, with  a  smooth  face,  a  big  tow-white  head,  no  neck 
to  speak  of,  and  only  the  rather  incredible  fact  that  he  had 
a  wife  saved  him  from  being  mistaken  for  a  school-boy.  He 
was  poor,  too,  and  for  a  long  time  lived  in  three  rooms,  in  a 
little  old  house,  still  standing  on  Vermont  street,  near  Alaba- 
ma. Yet  he  was  successful  almost  from  the  start.  One  of 
his  earliest  employments  was  by  the  democratic  governor,  Jo- 
seph A.  Wright,  in  a  legislative  investigation,  wherein  he 
displayed  much  ability.  Then  he  was  so  fortunate  as  to  be 
selected  for  assistant  prosecutor  in  the  case  of  a  woman 
charged  with  poisoning  a  man  at  the  old  Ray  house — a  case 
which  excited  a  great  deal  of  public  interest.  His  success  in 
that  brought  him  clients,  and  of  them  he  has  since  had  no  lack, 


554  TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

and  is  now  the  foremost  lawyer  in  the  state.  When  the 
war  broke  out  Harrison  was  still  poor.  His  daily  labor  was 
needed  to  support  his  wife  and  two  children,  who  still  lived 
in  the  three  rooms  on  Delaware  street.  He  raised  a  com- 
pany, was  commissioned  a  second-lieutenant,  then  a  captain, 
,  and  then  colonel  of  the  seventeenth  Indiana. 

After  the  charge  at  Resaca,  Gen.  Hooker  rode  up  to  the 
young  colonel  and  said  to  him,  in  his  Hookerish  style:  "My 
God,  Ben  Harrison,  I'll  make  you  a  brigadier  for  this  day's 
work, "and Col. Harrison  was  afterward  bre vetted  a  brigadier- 
general.  Later  on,  for  his  gallantry  at  Peach  Tree  Creek 
where  he  led  his  command  through  the  enemy  and  back 
again,  he  was  made  a  brigadier  in  full  commission. 

Gen.  Harrison  served  with  credit  till  the  end  of  the  war, 
and  escaped  without  injury,  though  he  passed  through  the 
unusual  experience  of  an  attack  of  scarlet  fever  at  the  age  of 
thirty- two. 

Like  Greshani,  Harrison  took  the  stump  for  Fremont,  and 
again  for  Lincoln  in  1860.  Harrison  was  a  republican  by 
instinct  and  education,  and  he  threw  himself  into  the  new 
party  with  rare  earnestness  and  enthusiasm.  In  1860  he  was 
a  candidate  for  the  office  of  reporter  of  the  supreme  court,  a 
position  which  he  desired  because  it  was  in  the  line  of  his 
profession  and  would  bring  a  needed  increase  of  income. 
He  succeeded  in  getting  the  nomination,  and  was  elected. 
While  he  was  absent  in  the  field,  the  democratic  legislature 
of  1863  declared  the  office  vacant,  and  elected  another  per- 
son to  the  place,  but  in  1864  the  people  re-elected  Harrison. 
He  served  till  1868,  and  then  declined  a  re-election. 

In  1880  he  was  elected  to  the  senate,  and  served  six  years 
in  that  body,  gaining  a  national  reputation  as  a  good  lawyer 
and  debater.  He  owns  a  handsome  home  in  Indianapolis, 
where  his  wife  receives  much  company.  They  have  a  married 
daughter,  and  a  son  who  is  becoming  prominent  in  the  pol- 
itics of  Montana  Territory. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  555 

On  account  of  his  eloquence  as  a  speaker  and  his  extraor- 
dinary power  as  a  debater,  General  Harrison  was  called  up 
on  at  an  uncommonly  early  age  to  take  part  in  the  public 
discussion  of  the  mighty  questions  that  began  to  agitate  the 
country,  and  he  was  early  matched  against  some  of  the  most 
eminent  speakers  of  the  democratic  party.  None  who  ever 
felt  the  point  of  his  blade  desired  to  engage  with  him  again. 
Possessing  oratorical  powers  of  a  high  order,  he  has  never 
spoken  for  mere  rhetorical  effect.  He  seems  to  have  remem- 
bered the  saying  of  the  great  Irish  orator  and  patriot,  O'Con- 
nell,  that  a  good  speech  is  a  good  thing,  but  that  the  verdict 
is  the  thing.  He  therefore  pierced  the  core  of  every  ques- 
tion that  he  discussed,  and  fought  to  win  in  every  contest  in 
which  he  engaged. 

Gen.  Harrison  has  taken  part  as  a  public  speaker  in  every 
presidential  campaign  since  he  came  into  Indiana,  except  the 
one  that  occurred  during  his  service  in  the  army,  and  he 
threw  his  sword  into  that.  In  recognition  of  his  services  in 
the  ardent  and  prolonged  struggle  of  the  republican  party 
for  the  rights  of  man  and  for  the  restoration  and  integrity  of 
the  union,  the  republicans  in  the  legislature  elected  him,  as 
heretofore  mentioned,  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 

His  services  in  the  senate  were  of  the  highest,  and  a  de- 
tailed narration  of  them  would  require  more  space  than  is 
here  allotted.  But  the  delegates  from  Dakota  will  bear  wit- 
ness to  the  unremitting  energy  of  his  efforts  to  have  that 
territory  admitted  as  a  state  into  the  union  when,  for  the 
crime  of  being  faithful  to  republican  principles,  the  demo- 
cratic party  resolved  to  keep  it  out.  Everybody  will  recall 
his  complete  exposure  of  the  civil  service  reform  sham  in 
Indiana  under  the  present  administration.  He  possesses  a 
soundness  in  republican  doctrine,  a  comprehensive  grasp  of 
mind,  a  calm  judgment,  firm  principles,  unquailing  courage, 
and  a  pure  character.  What  more  could  be  desired  to 
fit  him  for  the  presidency? 


556  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Gen.  Harrison's  home  life  is  said  to  be  very  simple  and 
very  pleasant.  His  wife  is  an  amiable  lady  of  engaging 
manners  and  a  sunny  disposition,  and  the  General  owes  a 
good  deal  of  his  popularity  to  her.  She  takes  a  keen  inter- 
est in  his  political  affairs  and  shares  all  his  ambitions,  and  is 
always  pleased  to  entertain  his  friends.  His  home  is  not  as 
luxurious  as  it  is  comfortable  and  pleasant.  In  it  is  a  room, 
which  has  come  to  be  known  as  the  "cave  of  political  knowl- 
edge." Here  General  Harrison  does  most  of  his  campaign- 
ing. From  this  room  emanate  the  orders  that  direct  the  rank 
and  file  of  his  party,  and  there  most  of  his  important  cam- 
paign consultations  are  held.  It  is  a  big  room  filled  up  with 
plain  book-cases,  which  are  filled  with  rare  works  of  political 
literature,  histories  of  campaigns,  convention  reports,  and 
public  documents. 

There  is  not  a  book  in  the  whole  collection  that  the  Gen- 
eral has  not  read;  and,  what  is  more,  he  does  not  need  to 
refer  to  them  if  any  dispute  about  their  contents  arises,  for 
he  has  such  a  prodigious  memory  that  he  can  repeat  part  of 
a  chapter  off-hand.  When  there  is  a  political  campaign  on, 
he  may  be  found  in  his  room  as  late  as  one  o'clock  in  the 
morning  writing  directions  to  chairmen  of  central  committees 
or  preparing  campaign  speeches  for  orators  of  his  own  selec- 
tion. His  law  offices  consist  of  a  suite  of  four  rooms,  plainly 
furnished,  except  so  far  as  books  arc  concerned.  And  his 
collection  of  law  books  is  perhaps  the  most  extensive  in  the 
state  of  Indiana. 

General  Harrison  possesses  a  remarkable  faculty  of  turn- 
ing his  mind  quickly  and  completely  from  one  matter  to 
another.  While  in  the  senate  he  used  to  come  from  his  work 
in  Washington,  drive  straight  from  the  train  to  the  law  office, 
and  almost  with  his  first  words  inquire  of  his  partner  what 
there  was  that  he  could  do.  "  Often,"  says  his  law  partner. 
Mr.  Elam,  "he  has  taken  the  transcript  of  a  case  on  the  ev- 
ening of  his  arrival  from  Washington,  and  studied  it  that 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  557 

night,  then  going  into  court  next  morning  master  of  all  the 
details,  and  able  to  make  a  powerful  argument.  It  has  bt-m 
the  same  way  with  his  campaigns.  He  leaves  the  arduous 
work  of  stumping  and  takes  up  his  office  work  without  a  mo- 
ment of  rest  or  intermission.  In  the  senate  he  was  noted  for 
his  application  and  faithfulness  in  the  committee-room  rather 
than  for  brilliancy  on  the  floor;  and  his  reports  were  models 
of  thoroughness  and  painstaking." 

In  fact,  application,  concentration  of  mind, thoroughness, 
conscientious  work,  appear  to  be  the  General's  predominating 
characteristics.  He  has  a  reputation  for  readiness  with  his 
retorts  on  the  stump,  in  court,  or  during  debates;  and  this 
comes  from  his  habit  of  mastering  everything  which  he  un- 
dertakes. 

In  the  army  he  sat  up  late  at  night  studying  the  tactics, 
and  was  up  early  in  the  morning  perfecting  himself  in  the 
drill  exercises  and  in  familiarity  with  military  details.  The 
great  genius  which  is  claimed  for  him  by  his  friends  is  the 
genius  of  application,  of  mastering  things. 

It  has  been  said  by  the  General's  detractors  that  he  is  a 
cold  or  disagreeable  man.  On  the  contrary,  he  is  an  affable 
man.  No  one  ever  went  into  his  office  to  transact  business 
who  did  not  leave  with  an  impression  favorable  to  the  Gen- 
eral. He  is  not  the  sort  of  a  man,  however,  who  takes  a 
stranger  to  his  arms  the  first  time  he  meets  him.  Neither  is 
he  the  sort  of  a  man  who  will  waste  time  in  idle  conversa- 
tion, for  he  is  too  busy  for  that  sort  of  thing. 

The  people  like  General  Harrison  because  they  know  they 
can  trust  him.  They  know,  too,  that  he  has  done  more  for 
charity  in  the  state  of  Indiana  than  any  other  man  of  his 
limited  means.  It  is  said  that  is  why  he  is  so  poor  to-day. 
The  entire  fortune  of  General  Harrison  docs  not  exn-i-.i 
twenty  thousand  dollars,  and  even  that  he  has  made  within 
the  past  three  or  four  years  by  close  attention  to  his  growing 
law  practice. 


658  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Before  he  began  to  save  money  he  unselfishly  devoted  all 
his  time  to  the  interests  of  the  republican  party  in  the  state. 
And  he  was  ever  ready  to  buckle  on  the  armor  at  the  call  of 
the  party,  and,  if  necessary,  abandon  everything  else  until 
the  battle  had  been  won  or  lost. 

This  loyal  republican  made  the  losing  fight  against  Wil- 
liams in  1876,  when  that  party  was  so  disorganized  that  the 
regular  candidate  declined  to  run;  and  during  that  heated 
campaign  he  formed  an  organization  that  has  been  maintain- 
ed ever  since. 

Gen.  Harrison  is  really  a  pleasant,  engaging  man,  and  he 
has  the  rare  quality  of  being  your  friend  always  if  he  is 
your  friend  at  all.  That  is  why  so  many  bright  men  submit 
to  his  leadership.  They  know  they  can  put  implicit  trust  in 
him,  for  he  has  no  treachery  in  his  make-up;  and  he  will  not 
submit  to  treachery  from  any  man  in  his  own  party.  Perhaps 
he  has  not  the  personal  magnetism  of  some  leaders,  but  he 
does  not  lack  it  altogether,  for  sometimes  the  people  gather 
around  him  after  he  has  made  one  of  his  speeches,  and  ac- 
tually fight,  figuratively  speaking,  for  a  chance  to  shake  his 
hand. 

Another  trait  is  his  love  for  children.  Around  his  home 
in  Indianapolis,  the  little  ones  wait  for  him  morning  and 
evening,  and  as  he  goes  up  the  street  an  army  of  them  gather 
around  him  and  claim  his  attention.  They  hang  on  to  his 
arms  and  his  coat-tail  and  climb  on  his  shoulders;  and  he 
seems  to  enjoy  their  antics.  No  matter  if  they  do  behave 
outrageously  sometimes,  he  never  reprimands  them  or  scowls 
at  them.  He  could  not  if  he  would,  for,  as  he  says  himself, 
the  sight  of  an  innocent  child's  face  makes  him  too  happy 
to  entertain  any  other  emotion.  And  the  children  of  his 
neighborhood  all  call  him  Grandpa  Harrison. 

Such  is  a  short  narrative  of  this  eminent  man's  public  and 
social  life,  which  could  be  expanded,  so  eventful  has  it  been, 
to  fill  even  a  large  volume. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 


LEVI  P.  MORTON. 

Born  May  16, 1824. 
REPUBLICAN  CANDIDATE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

LEVI  PARSONS  MORTON  was  born  at  Shoreham,  Vermont. 
His  father  was  the  Rev.  Daniel  O.  Morton,  a  congregational 
minister  of  small  means,  and  a  lineal  descendant  of  George 
Morton,  who  came  to  this  country  from  England  in  1623. 

Young  Levi  Morton  was  given  a  common  school  educa- 
tion,  began  his  business  career   as  a    clerk  in  a  Concord, 

New  Hampshire,  dry  goods 
store,  and  rapidly  rose  in 
position.  In  1850  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Beebe,  Morgan  and 
Company,  merchants,  of 
Boston. 

In  1863  he  founded  the 
banking  house  of  Morton, 
Bliss  and  Company,  in 
New  York,  with  that  of 
Morton,  Rose  and  Compa- 
ny, in  London  as  corres- 
pondent. These  two  bank- 
ling  houses  were  largely 
I  instrumental  in  making  re- 
\  sumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments in  the  United  States 
possible  and  in  enabling 
the  government  to  fund  the 
United  States  debt.  It  has 
been  estimated  that  the  various  banking  firms  by  their  action 
at  this  time,  saved  the  government  seventy  millions.  The 
firm  of  Morton.  Bliss  and  Company  has  since  been  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  in  Wall  street. 


LEVI  P.   MORTON. 


560  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Mr.  Morton  entered  into  political  life  in  1876,  the  repub- 
licans of  the  eleventh  congressional  district  having  much  to 
his  surprise,  nominated  him  as  their  candidate.  Though  de- 
feated he  greatly  reduced  the  usual  democratic  majority;  and 
in  the  same  district  in  1878  he  was  elected  to  congress,  re- 
ceiving a  majority  that  exceeded  the  whole  vote  of  his  op- 
ponent. 

In  congress  he  took  a  commanding  position  whenever  fi- 
nancial questions  were  under  consideration.  His  course  was 
marked  by  independence  of  judgment  and  moderation.  He 
was  spoken  of  as  vice-president  at  the  time  that  Gen.Garfield 
was  elected  president.  Mr.  Morton,  however,  declined  the 
nomination,  and  Gen.  Arthur  took  his  place. 

Mr.  Morton  was  appointed  minister  to  France,  and  he 
made  himself  extremely  agreeable  and  prominent  at  the 
French  capital.  His  house  quickly  became  the  one  place  in 
Paris  where  the  leading  politicians  in  France  —  royalists, 
republicans,  and  radicals  —  could  socially  meet.  The  diplo- 
macy of  the  United  States  was  much  soothed  by  it. 

With  the  coming  into  power  of  a  democratic  administra- 
tion at  Washington,  Mr.  Morton  of  course  returned  home, 
and  since  then  has  held  no  office.  In  January,  1885,  Mr. 
Morton  was  a  candidate  for  United  States  senator  before  the 
republican  caucus  of  the  legislature;  Mr.  Evarts,  however, 
was  nominated  and  elected. 

Mr.  Morton  is  a  man  of  great  wealth,  but  unlike  many 
millionaires,  he  has  always  spent  his  money  so  freely  in 
charities  that  he  is  very  popular.  Grace  Church  house  is  a 
handsome  white  marble  structure  on  Fourth  avenue,  was 
built  by  him  in  memory  of  his  first  wife.  It  is,  perhaps,  the 
most  perfect  child's  nursery  in  the  city;  and  to  it  hundreds 
of  poor  women  flock  daily  to  leave  their  children  to  be 
cared  for  until  nightfall. 

Mr.  Morton  is  a  man  of  fine  personal  presence,  tall  and 
well-built.  He  is  a  very  companionable  and  liberal  man. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  561 

THE  POPULAR  VOTE 

For  presidential  candidates  from  1824  to  and  including 
1884.  Prior  to  1824  electors  were  chosen  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  the  different  states. 

1824  — J.  Q.  Adams  had  105,321  to  155,872  for  Jack- 
son, 44,282  for  Crawford,  and  46,587  for  Clay.  Jackson 
over  Adams,  50,551.  Adams  less  than  combined  vote  of 
others,  140,869.  Of  the  whole  vote  Adams  had  29.92  per 
cent,  Jackson  44.27,  Clay  13.23,  Crawford  13.23,  Adams 
elected  by  house  of  representatives. 


1828  — Jackson  had  647,231  to  509,097  for  J.  Q.  Adams. 
Jackson's  majority  138,134.  Of  the  whole  vote  Jackson 
had  55.97  per  cent,  Adams  44,03. 


1832  — Jackson  had  687,502  to  530,189  for  Clay,  and 
33,108  for  Floyd  and  Wirt  combined.  Jackson's  majority 
124,205.  Of  the  whole  vote  Jackson  had  54.96  per  cent, 
Clay  42.39,  and  the  others  combined  2.65. 


1836 — Van  Buren  had  761, 549  to  736,656,  the  combined 
vote  for  Harrison,  White,  Webster  and  Maguin.  Van  Buren's 
majority,  24.893.  Of  the  whole  vote  Van  Buren  had  50.83 
per  cent,  and  the  others  combined  49.17. 


1840  — Harrison  had  1,275,017  to  1,128,702  for  Van 
Buren,  and  7,059  for  Birney.  Harrison's  majority,  139.256. 
Of  the  whole  vote  Harrison  had  52.89  per  cent,  Van  Buren 
46.82,  and  Birney  29. 


1844  — Polk  had  1,337,243  to  1,299,068  for  Clay  and 
62,300  for  Birney.  Polk  over  Clay  38,175.  Polk  less  than 
others  combined,  24,125.  Of  the  whole  vote  Polk  had  49.- 
55  per  cent,  Clay  48.14,  and  Birney  2.21. 


562  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

1848  — Taylor  had  1,360,101  to  1,220,544  for  Cass,  and 
291,263  for  Van  Buren.  Taylor  over  Cass,  139,577.  Taylor 
less  than  others  combined,  151,706.  Of  the  whole  vote 
Taylor  had  47.36  per  cent,  Cass  42.50,  and  Van  Buren  10.14. 


1852— Pierce  had  1,601,474  to  1,386,578  for  Scott,  and 
156,149  for  Hale.  Pierce  over  all.  58,747.  Of  the  whole 
vote  Pierce  had  50. 90  per  cent,  Scott  44.10,  and  "Hale  4.97. 


1856  —  Buchanan  had  1,838,169  to  1,341, 264  for  Fremont 
and  874,534  for  Fillmore.  Buchanan  over  Fremont,  496,905. 
Buchanan  less  than  combined  vote  of  others  377,629.  Of 
the  whole  vote  Buchanan  had  45.34  per  cent,  Fremont  33.09 
and  Fillmore  21.57. 


I860  — Lincoln  had  1,866,352  to  1,375,158  for  Douglas, 
845,763  for  Breckinridge,  and  589,581  for  Bell.  Lincoln 
over  Breckinridge,  491,195.  Lincoln  less  than  Douglas  and 
Breckinridge  combined,  354,568.  Lincoln  less  than  com- 
bined vote  of  all  others,  944,149.  Of  the  whole  vote  Lincoln 
had  39.91  per  cent,  Douglas  29.40,  Breckinridge  18.08  and 
Bell  12.61. 


1864— Lincoln  had  2,216,067to  1,808,725  for  McClellan 
(eleven  states  not  voting,  viz.:  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida, 
Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas  and  Virginia),  Lincoln's  majori- 
ty, 408,342.  Of  the  whole  vote  Lincoln  had  55.06  per  cent 
and  McClellan  44.94. 


1868  — Grant  had  3,015,071  to  2,709,613  for  Seymour 
(three  states  not  voting,  viz. :  Mississippi,  Texas  and  Virginia). 
Grant's  majority,  305,458.  Of  the  whole  vote  Grant  had 
52.67  per  cent  and  Seymour  47.33. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  w 

1872  — Grant  had  3,597.070  to  2,834,079  for  Greeley,29, 
408  for  O'Conorand  5,608  for  Black.  Grant's  majority' 
729,975.  Of  the  whole  vote  Grant  had  55.63  per  centr 
Greeley  43.83,  O'Conor  15,  Black. 09. 

1876  — Hayes  had  4,033,950  to  4,284,885  for  Tilden,. 
81,740  for  Cooper,  9,522  for  Smith  and  2,636  scattering. 
Tilden's  majority  over  Hayes,  250,935.  Tilden's  majority  of 
entire  vote  cast,  157,037.  Hayes  less  than  the  combined 
vote  of  others,  344,833.  Of  the  whole  vote  cast  Hayes  had 
47.95,  Tilden  50.94,  Cooper  .97,  Smith  .11,  scattering  .03. 

1880— Garfield  had  4, 449,053  to  4,442,035  for  Hancock, 
307,306  for  Weaver  and  12,576  scattering.  Gartield  over 
Hancock,  7,018.  Garfield  less  than  the  combined  vote  for 
others,  313,864.  Of  the  popular  vote  Garfield  had  48.26- 
per  cent,  Hancock  48.25,  Weaver  3.33,  scattering  .13. 

,  1884  — Cleveland  had  4,874,986  to  4,851,981  forBlainer 
150,369  for  St.  John,  173,370  for  Butler.  Cleveland  had 
48.48  per  cent,  Elaine  48.22,  St.  John  1.49,  Butler  1.74. 


Of  the  presidents,  Adams,  federalist;  Polk,  Buchanan  and 
Cleveland,  democrat;  Taylor,  whig;  Lincoln,  Hayes  and 
Garfield,  republicans,  did  not  when  elected,  receive  a  majo- 
rity of  the  popular  vote.  The  highest  percentage  of  popular 
vote  received  by  any  president  was  55.97  for  Jackson, 
Idemocrat,  in  1828,  and  the  lowest  39.91  for  Lincoln,  repub- 
ican,  in  1860;  Hayes  republican  next  lowest,  with  47.95. 
Hayes,  with  the  exception  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  who  was 
chosen  by  the  house  of  represntatives,  was  the  only  presi. 
dent  ever  elected  who  did  not  have  a  majority  over  his  prin* 
cipal  competitor,  and  Tilden  the  only  defeated  candidate 
who  had  a  majority  over  the  president-elect  and  a  majority 
of  all  the  votes  cast. 


564  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

THE  NATION'S  DEAD. 

IN  this  country  there  is  no  national  cementery  of  pre- 
eminence. The  dead  presidents  are  nearly  all  buried  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  homes  which  they  occupied  in  life. 
There  is  no  Valhalla,  no  Westminster  Abbey,  no  public- 
ground  belonging  to  the  nation.  The  presidents  went  in  the 
end,  to  the  citizenship  that  they  sprang  from,  to  the  equality 
of  final  repose. 

Washington's  tomb  is  a  brick  vault  at  Mount  Yernon,  Vir- 
ginia, one  of  the  world's  noted  shrines. 

John  Adams  is  buried  in  a  vault  beneath  the  Unitarian 
church  at  Quincy,  Massachusetts,  as  also  the  remains  of 
his  son,  President  John  Quincy  Adams.  The  coffins  are  of 
lead,  placed  in  cases  hewn  from  solid  blocks  of  granite. 
Their  wives  are  buried  with  them. 

Thomas  Jefferson  lies  in  a  little  enclosure  containing  some 
thirty  graves,  among  the  woods  on  the  road  that  leads  from 
Charlottesville,  Virginia,  to  Monticello.  A  granite  obelisk, 
much  chipped  by  relic-takers,  marks  the  grave. 

James  Madison  rests  in  a  beautiful  spot  on  the  old  Madi- 
son estate,  near  his  home  in  Montpelier,  Virginia.  Beside 
him  is  buried  his  wife  who  survived  him  almost  thirty  years. 

James  Monroe  reposes  in  Hollywood  cemetery,  Richmond. 
Virginia.  Above  tho  body  is  a  huge  block  of  polished  Vir- 
ginia marble,  supporting  a  coffin-shaped  block  of  granite, 
on  which  are  brass  plates,  suitably  inscribed,  surrounded  by 
a  Gothic  temple. 

Andrew  Jackson  is  buried  in  the  garden  of  the  Hermitage, 
eleven  miles  from  Nashville,  Tennessee;  his  wife  is  beside 
him.  The  tomb  is  a  massive  monument  of  Tennessee  gra- 
nite, eighteen  feet  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  fluted  columns 
.and  surmounted  by  an  urn. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  555 

Martin  Van  Buren  lies  in  the  village  cemetery  at  Kinder- 
hook,  New  York,  in  the  family  lot.  His  resting  place  is 
marked  by  a  modest  shaft. , 

William  Henry  Harrison  sleeps  at  his  home  at  North 
Bend,  on  the  Ohio  river,  a  few  miles  below  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
in  a  family  vault. 

John  Tyler  rests  within  ten  yards  of  James  Monroe,  in 
Hollywood  cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia.  His  grave  IB 
surrounded  with  magnolias. 

James  K.  Polk  lies  in  the  private  garden  of  the  family 
homestead  in  Nashville,  Tennessee.  The  grave  is  marked 
by  a  limestone  monument  with  Doric  columns,  a  block 
twelve  feet  square  by  twelve  in  height,  bears  inscriptions. 
Zachary  Taylor  is  buried  in  Cave  Hill  cemetery  Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

Millard  Fillmore  reposes  in  the  beautiful  Forrest  Lawn 
cemetery  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  and  his  grave  is  surmounted 
by  a  lofty  shaft. 

Franklin  Pierce  sleeps  in  the  Concord,  New  Hampshire, 
cemetery,  and  his  grave  is  marked  by  a  marble  monument. 
James  Buchanan  reposes  in  the  Woodward  Hill  cemetery  at 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  in  a  vault  of  masonry.  The  monu- 
ment is  composed  of  a  simple  block  of  Italian  marble. 

Abraham  Lincoln  rests  in  the  most  magnificent  of  all  the 
memorials  to  the  dead  presidents  in  the  Oak  Ridge  cemetery 
at  Springfield,  Illinois,  enclosed  in  a  sarcophagus  of  white 
marble,  granite  and  bronze. 

Andrew  Johnson  lies  on  a  cone-shaped  eminence  half  a 
mile  from  Greenville,  Tennessee,  a  spot  selected  by  himself. 
The  handsome  monument  of  marble  and  granite  bears  num- 
erous patriotic  emblems,  while  the  inscription  declares,  "Hia 
faith  in  the  people  never  wavered." 

James  A.  Garfield,  the  latest  dead  of  the  eighteen  presi- 
dents who  have  passed  away,  is  buried  in  Lake  View  ceme- 
tery at  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


566  THE  BIO  GRAPHICAL  HE  VIE  W- 

DEATHS  OF  VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

FIVE  vice-presidents  have  died  in  office,  and  in  each  case 
the  deceased  has  been  over  sixty  years  of  age.  George 
Clinton,  the  vice-president  with  Madison,  who  died  in  1812, 
was  seventy-four  years  old.  Elbridge  Gerry,  who  became 
vice-president  at  the  next  election,  died  in  1814,  at  the  age 
of  seventy.  William  R.  King,  vice-president  with  Frank 
Pierce,  died  at  sixty-seven,  in  1853,  and  Vice-President 
Henry  Wilson,  who  died  in  1875  was  sixty-three  years  old 
at  that  time.  Three  of  these  vice-presidents  have  died  in 
November  and  the  other  two  in  April,  and  strange  to  say 
the  dates  of  their  deaths  are  almost  at  the  same  time  of  the 
month.  George  Clinton  died  April  20,  and  William  R. 
King  on  April  17;  Henry  Wilscn  died  on  the  22d  of  Novem- 
ber; Elbridge  Gerry  on  the  23d  of  November,  and  Thomas 
A.  Hendricks  on  the  25th  of  November. 

The  first  vice-presidential  death  was  that  of  Clinton. 
It  took  place  at  Washington,  and  was  the  first  occasion  of 
the  great  destroyer's  entering  the  high  offices  o  f  the  govern 
ment.  He  had  been  the  vice-president  for  nearly  eight  years, 
serving  one  term  under  Madison  and  one  under  Thomas 
Jefferson.  He  was  as  much  if  not  more  noted  in  the  politics 
of  the  time  than  the  late  Vice-President  Hendricks  was  in 
his  day.  Beginning  life  as  a  sailor  in  a  privateer,  he  had 
been  a  brigadier-general  of  the  revolution,  a  member  of  the 
provincial  congress,  and  for  eighteen  years  governor  of  New 
York.  He  died  in  Washington  on  the  20th  and  was  buried 
in  the  congressional  cemetery  on  the  21st  of  November.  In 
1812  such  a  thing  as  keeping  a  corpse  for  weeks  was  un- 
known in  this  country,  and  both  Gerry  and  Clinton  were 
buried  the  next  day  after  their  death.  At  the  time  Clinton, 
died  Washington  contained  under  ten  thousand  people,  and 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  ./,: 

the  funeral  could  not  have  been  a  grand  one.  The  body  was 
taken  on  its  way  to  the  grave  from  the  city  to  the  capital, 
and  here  a  rest  of  a  half  an  hour  was  taken.  Thence  it 
marched  onward  in  a  martial  parade.  A  company  of  militia 
preceded  the  hearse,  and  the  eight  pall-bearers  who  carried 
the  coffin  from  the  hearse  to  the  grave  were  all  revolutionary 
soldiers.  The  senate  attended  in  a  body,  and  on  their  re- 
turn to  the  capitol  they  resolved  that  the  vice-president's 
chair  in  the  senate  chamber  be  shrouded  in  black  during  the 
session  of  congress  then  assembled,  and  that  each  senaU- 
should  wear  mourning  in  the  shape  of  a  band  of  crape  on 
the  arm  for  thirty  days. 

The  second  vice-president's  death  occurred  two  years  later, 
and  Madison's  administration  showed  the  curious  coincidence 
of  two  vice-presidents  dying  during  its  continuance.  Mr. 
Gerry  had  presided  over  the  senate  on  the  day  preceding  his 
death,  and  he  ate  breakfast  that  morning  as  usual,  saying  he 
felt  well  but  had  a  slight  oppression  of  the  chest.  After 
breakfast  he  walked  out  to  do  some  business  at  one  of  the 
government  departments.  He  had  gone  but  a  short  distance 
before  he  became  indisposed  and  took  a  carriage  to  return. 
When  the  carriage  reached  his  boarding  house  he  was  found 
insensible,  and  on  being  taken  from  it  he  expired  without  a 
groan  or  sigh.  This  was  between  ten  and  eleven  o'clock  in 
the  morning.  The  senate  at  once  adjourned,  but  the  house 
continued  its  session,  though  it  adjourned  for  funeral  next 
day.  Gerry  was  buried  like  Clinton,  in  the  congressional 
cemetery,  and  though  in  his  day  he  was  one  of  the  greatest 
of  men,  not  a  dozen  statesmen  in  the  capital  have  seen  his 
monument  or  know  that  he  lies  there.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  college,  a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress, 
a  signer  of  the  declaration,  and  one  of  the  makers  of  our 
constitution,  though  he  refused  to  sign  it.  He  had  been 
several  times  in  congress,  once  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  also  minister  to  France,  before  he  was  elected  vice- 


568  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

president,  and  his  whole  career  had  been  a  stirring  one. 
During  his  early  days  in  congress  he  narrowly  escaped  from 
the  British  by  hiding  in  a  cornfield  when  a  body  of  troops 
captured  the  house  where  he  was  staying  and  were  searching 
for  him.  He  was  the  first  to  inaugurate,  as  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  the  present  political  system  of  redistricting  a 
state's  congressional  district  for  political  purposes,  and  it  ia 
from  Elbridge  Gerry  that  the  term  "gerrymandering"  comes. 
As. a  sample  of  the  newspaper  enterprise  of  1814  and  1812 
contrasted  with  that  of  to  day,  the  chief  paper  of  Washing- 
ton city,  where  these  two  deaths  occurred,  contained  about  a 
quarter  of  a  column  the  day  after  they  died  in  regard  to  their 
deaths.  It  describes  the  funeral  of  both  in  less  than  fifty 
lines.  Three  days  after  the  death  of  Gerry,  John  Galliard  of 
South  Carrolina  was  elected  president  pro  tern  of  the  senate 
without  discussion. 

King,  vice-president,  did  not  die  in  Cuba  as  some  of  the 
papers  state.  He  was  in  Cuba  for  his  health  at  the  time  of 
his  election,  and  had  resigned  from  the  senate  some  time  be- 
fore on  account  of  ill-health.  He  had  consumption,  and  at 
the  time  he  was  sworn  in  before  a  consul  in  Cuba  he  did  not 
expect  to  live,  and  had  to  be  prevailed  upon  to  take  the 
oath.  Too  feeble  to  stand  alone  at  the  time,  he  had  to  be  sup 
ported  while  it  was  administered.  He  sailed  for  America 
and  grew  worse  during  the  voyage.  When  he  landed  in 
Alabama  it  was  evident  that  he  would  never  get  to  Wash- 
ington. He  died  the  day  after  he  landed.  The  departments 
were  not  closed  in  honor  of  his  death,  and  he  did  not  have 
a  public  funeral.  He  was  the  first  bachelor  ever  elected  to 
one  of  the  two  highest  offices  of  the  nation,  and  he  had  long 
been  a  senator,  having  served  for  more  than  ten  years  as 
president  pro  tern,  of  the  senate  before  he  was  elected  vice- 
president.  Like  Hendricks,  he  had  been  a  member  of  the- 
constitutional  convention  of  his  state,  and  he  was  elected  to- 
his  first  term  in  the  senate  during  the  year  in  which  Hen- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  y,:. 

dricks,  vice-president,  was  born.  He  was  for  thirty  years  a 
United  States  senator,  and  had  twenty-four  years  of  continu- 
ous service  there.  In  addition  to  this,  he  served  five  year* 
in  the  lower  house  and  two  years  as  minister  to  France.  He 
was  six  feet  tall  and  very  erect.  He  was  a  good  talker,  and 
was  probably  the  great  reminiscence  man  of  his.  later  days. 

The  last  vice-president's  death  before  that  of  Hendricks 
was  that  of  Wilson,  vice-president,  who  died  in  Washington 
just  about  ten  years  ago.  He  had  been  sick  some  time,  and 
at  New  York  had  an  operation  performed  in  which  his 
spine  was  seared.  Returning  to  Washington  after  the  oper- 
ation, he  indiscreetly  took  a  warm  bath  in  the  senate  bath- 
room. This  weakened  him,  and  his  system  did  not  recover 
from  it.  He  was  taken  sick  at  his  boarding  house  and  short- 
ly afterward  died.  His  death  occurred  at  eight  o'clock  on 
Monday  morning,  November  22,  1875.  The  cause  was  set 
down  as  apoplex} 

During  his  last  hours  he,  like  Hendricks  was  working  upon 
a  volume  of  memoirs  or  history,  and  he  hoped  from  these  to 
leave  some  property.  He  said  in  his  last  hours  that  he  would 
like  to  live  to  finish  his  book.  Shortly  before  he  d?2d  he 
picked  up  a  hymn  book,  in  the  front  of  which  his  wife's 
picture  was  pasted,  and  looked  at  it  for  a  long  time.  Fifteen 
minutes  before  he  died  he  heard  of  the  death  of  Senator 
Ferry  of  Connecticut,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  knowledge 
of  the  death  of  one  of  his  dear  friends  hastened  his  death. 
The  death  of  Ferry  had  occurred  the  day  or  night  before, 
and  his  friends  had  deferred  telling  him  of  it  until  the  last 
moment.  As  morning  went  on  and  the  time  for  the  news- 
paper to  come  approached  it  was  seen  that  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  keep  the  news  from  him  longer.  He  was  told 
of  it  and  was  greatly  shocked  to  hear  it.  Fifteen  minutes 
later  he  was  dead.  He  spoke  of  his  loug  life  just  before  he 
died.  "Since  I  came  to  the  senate  eighty-three  of  the 
member?  who  first  sat  with  me  have  passed  away. 


570  TEE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

OUR  REPUBLICAN  GOVERNMENT. 

OUK  government  of  the  United  States  is  a  government  of 

the  people.     While  modeled  largely  after  the  common  law 

of  England,  it  is  purely  democratic.     It  is  for  the  people  and 

d  by  the  people,  and  is  believed  to  promote   and  secure  the 

'  rights,  liberties  arid  welfare  of  the  people    generally,  in  a 

•larger  measure  than  any  other  civil  government  that  has  ever 

been  established  by  man. 

Our  present  constitution  was  adopted  on  the  15th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1787,  except  certain  amendments,  which  have  been 
added  subsequently.  Having  been  duly  ratified  by  all  the 
thirteen  original  states,  it  became  the  organic  law  of  the 
land  March  4,  1789. 

The  government  under  the  constitution  comprises  three 
•distinct  and  independent  branches,  viz.:  the  Legislative,  the 
Judicial  and  the  Executive.  Laws  are  enacted  by  the  first, 
interpreted  by  the  second,  and  enforced  by  the  third. 

All  legislative  powers  are  vested  in  congress,  which  con- 
sists of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  correspond- 
ing with  the  house  of  lords  and  house  of  commons  of  Great 
Britain,  or  the  British  Parliament. 

The  senate  consists  of  two  members  from  each  state, chosen 
by  the  state  legislature  for  six  years.  Every  senator  must 
be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  and  a  citizen  of  the  state 
at  the  time  of  his  election,  and  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
for  nine  years  preceding. 

The  vice-president  of  the  United  States  is,  ex-ofh'cio,  the 
president  of  the  senate.  Besides  its  legislative  functions,  the 
.senate  is  vested  with  judicial  functions,  and  may  become  a 
high  court  of  impeachment.  But  the  sole  power  of  impeach- 
ment belongs  to  the  representatives. 

The  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  are  chosen 
•directly  by  the  people,  and  serve  for  two  years.  The  whole 
number  is  two  hundred  and  ninety-two,  and  these  are  distri- 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  RE  VIE  \V.  571 

buted  among  the  several  states^  as  determined  by  the  decen- 
nial census.  Each  state,  however,  is  entitled  to  at  least  .one 
representative. 

To  be  qualified  for  this  office,  the  person  must  be  at  least 
twenty-five  years  of  age,  at  least  seven  year  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  an  inhabitant  of  the  state  in  which  he  is 
chosen. 

The  judicial  powers  of  the  government  are  vested  in  the 
supreme,  circuit  and  district  courts  of  the  United  States. 
These  are  called  the  federal  courts.  Congress,  however, 
may  establish  such  other  and  inferior  courts  as  may  be  deem- 
ed advisable. 

This  is  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  in  the  land.  It  has  a 
chief  justice  and  eight  associate  justices.  It  has  exclusive 
jurisdiction  in  matters  between  the  states,  and  appellate  juris- 
diction from  final  decrees  and  judgments  of  the  circuit  courts, 
in  cases  where  the  matters  in  dispute, exclusive  of  costs, exceed 
the  sum  of  two  thousand  dollars,  and  from  final  judgments 
and  decrees  of  the  highest  courts  of  the  several  states  in 
-certain  cases.  It  has  also  power  to  issue  writs  of  prohibi- 
tion and  mandamus  in  certain  cases. 

The  circuit  courts  of  the  United  States  are  held  by  a  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  assigned  to  the  circuit, and  by  the  judge 
of  the  district  in  which  the  court  sits,  conjointly.  They  have 
original  jurisdiction  concurrent  with  the  courts  of  the  several 
states,  of  all  suits  at  common  law,  or  in  equity,  when  the 
matter  in  dispute,  exclusive  of  costs,  exceeds  the  sum  of  five 
hundred  dollars,  and  the  United  States  are  plaintiff,  or  an 
alien  is  a  party,  or  where  the  suit  is  between  a  citizen  of  the 
state  where  the  suit  is  brought  and  another  state. 

They  have  also  exclusive  cognizance  of  most  of  the  crimes 
and  offences,  cognizable  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
"States,  and  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  district  court  of 
offences  cognizable  therein.  They  have  also  appellate  juris- 
diction from  judgments  and  final  decrees  of  the  district  courts 


572  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

of  the  United  States,  in  all  cases  were  the  matter  in  dispute 
exceeds  the  sum  or  value  of  fifty  dollars. 

The  trial  of  issues  of  fact  in  all  suits,  excepting  those  of 
equity,  and  admiralty,   and  maritime  jurisdiction,   is  by  a 


The  district  court  of  the  United  States  have  exclusive  orig- 
inal jurisdiction  of  all  the  civil  cases  of  admiralty  and  mari- 
time jurisdiction,  including  all  seizures  under  the  navigation 
laws,  .or  of  impost,  or  trade  of  the  United  States,  where  they 
are  made  upon  tidewaters,  saving,  however,  to  suitors,  the 
right  of  a  common  law  remedy  where  the  common  law  gives 
it;  also  of  all  crimes  and  offences  cognizable  under  the  auth- 
ority of  the  United  States,  committed  within  their  respective 
districts,  or  upon  the  high  seas  in  certain  cases.  They  have 
also  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  state  courts  in  certain 
cases.  The  trial  is  by  jury,  except  in  certain  cases  of  ad- 
miralty and  maritime  jurisdiction. 

The  appointment  of  all  judges  of  the  federal  courts  ,is- 
made  by  the  president,  by  and  with  the  approval  and  con- 
sent of  the  senate;  and  they  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behavior,  'and  can  be  removed  only  on  impeachment. 

THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  president.  He  must 
be  a  native-born  citizen,  a  resident  of  the  United  States,  and 
at  least  thirty-five  years  of  age.  He  holds  his  office  during 
the  term  of  four  years,  and  may  be  re-elected. 

He  is  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and, 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  appoints  all  cabinet,  judicial 
and  executive  officers;  has  powers  to  grant  pardons  and  re- 
prieves for  offences  against  the  United  States,  and  it  is  his 
duty  to  see  that  the  laws  are  faithfully  executed. 

The  vice-president  is  chosen  at  the  same  time  as  the  presi- 
dent, and  must  have  the  same  qualifications.  In  case  of  the 
death  or  disability  of  the  president,  the  duties  of  the  office 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  :-,* 

devolve  upon  the  vice-president  during  the  term.  In  case 
of  the  death  or  disability  of  the  vice-president,  the  president 
of  the  senate,  pro  tempore.  takes  his  place. 

The  president  and  vice-president  of  the  United  States  are 
not  chosen  by  the  direct  vote  of  the  people,  but  through  the 
machinery  of  what  is  termed  an  '•  electoral  college."  Each 
state  has  as  many  electors  as  it  has  senators  and  represen- 
tatives in  congress.  These  are  chosen  on  the  Tuesday  next 
after  the  first  Monday  of  November  of  the  year  in  which 
they  are  to  be  appointed. 

Each  state  may  provide  for  filling  vacancies  which  may 
occur  in  its  college  of  electors.  And  in  case  the  election 
held  in  any  state  should  fail  in  making  a  legal  choice,  then 
the  failure  may  be  remedied  subsequently  in  such  manner 
as  the  state  laws  provides. 

The  elector  meets  at  the  capitols  of  their  respective  states 
on  the  first  Wednesday  of  December,  and  vote  by  distinct 
ballot  for  president  and  vice-president,  one  of  whom  shall 
not  be  an  inhabitant  of  their  own  state. 

Having  made  lists  of  the  number  of  votes  cast,  and  for 
whom  given,  they  must  sign,  certify,  seal  up  and  transmit 
these  lists,  by  a  special  messenger,  to  the  president  of  the 
senate  at  Washington.  These  are  opened  by  the  president 
of  the  senate,  and  the  votes  are  counted  in  the  presence  of 
the  senate  and  the  house  of  representatives,  who  have  con- 
vened on  a  day  fixed  for  that  purpose.  . 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  presi- 
dent is  duly  elected,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  electors  appointed.  If  no  person  has  such 
majority,  then  from  the  person  having  the  highest  number, 
not  exceeding  three  in  the  list  of  those  voted  for,  the  house 
of  representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  and  by  ballot, 
the  president.  Should  they  neglect  to  do  this  before  the  4th 
of  March  following,  then  the  vice-president  shall  act  as  presi- 
dent, as  he  would  in  case  of  the  death  of  the  president. 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  574 

ANNUAL  SALARIES  OF  FEDERAL  OFFICERS. 

President  of  the  United  States,  .  .        $50,000 

Vice-President,    .          ...          .          .          .     10,000 

Cabinet  ministers,  each,    .....  8,000 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,      .          .          .      10,500 
Each  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,   .        .   10,000 
Senators  and  Repuesentatives,  each,   .         .  .          5,000 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,        .          .     8,000 
Secretary  of  the  Senate,      .....          3,600 

Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  .  .  .  3,600 
Superintendent  of  Coast  Survey,  .  .  .  6,000 
Ministers  Plenipotentiary  to  Great  Britain  and  France, 17, 500 
Ministers  Plenipotentiary  to  Russia,  Prussia,  Spain, 

Austria,  Italy,  China,  Brazil  and  Mexico,  .  .  12,000 
Ministers  resident,  to  Portugal  and  other  states,  .  7,500 
Consul  General  ....  from  3,000  to  6,000 

Consuls, from  1,000  to  7,000 

Secretaries  of  Legation,   .        .          .        from  1,500  to  2,700 

THE  CABINET. 

The  administration  business  of  the  government  is  divided 
into  seven  departments,  or  bureaus,  each  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a  special  officer,  selected  by  the  president  and  ap- 
proved by  the  senate.  These  heads  of  department  are 
termed  members  of  the  cabinet.  They  are: 

1 .  The  secretary  of  state,  who   has  charge   of  the  great 
seal  of  the  United  States,  but  can  only  affix   it  to  written 
documents  by  direction  of  the  president.     He  conducts  all 
treaties  with  foreign  powers,   conducts  the  correspondence 
with  our  ministers  at  foreign  courts,  and  with  ministers  of 
foreign  courts  residing  here;    grants  passports,  etc. 

2.  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  superintends  all  the  finan- 
cial matters  of  the  government;  the  settling  of  all  public 
accounts;    negotiating  loans,  etc.,  and  recommends  to  con- 
gress,   in   connection  with    his  annual    report   of    national 


THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW.  S75 

finances,  such  measures  as  he  may  deem  advisable  in  pro- 
moting public  credit  and  private  advantage. 

3.  The  secretary  of  war  has  the  exclusive  control  of  the 
military  affairs  of  the  nation,  and  manages  these  in  detail; 
directs  the  making  of  public  surveys;    the  construction   of 
fortifications,   etc.      The  adjutant  general's  office,    quarter- 
master general's  bureau,  the  ordnance,  topographical,  medi- 
cal, engineer  and  subsistence  bureaus   are  all  under  his  sup- 
ervision. 

4.  The  secretary  of  the  navy  superintends  all  naval  affairs 
and  directs  the  naval  forces.     The  several  bureaus,  such  as 
of  docks,  of  navy  yards,   of  construction,   equipment,   and 
repairs  of  ordnance,   and  hydrography,   are  all    under  his 
direction. 

5.  The  secretary  of  the  interior  has  control  of  all  matters 
connected  with  the  public  domain,  Indian  affairs,  patents, 
public  buildings,  pensions,  the  census  and  the  expenditures 
of  the  federal  judiciary. 

6.  The  postmaster-general  has  the  charge  of  all  postal 
arrangements  within  the  United  States,  as  well  as  with  all 
foreign  states.     The  contract  office,  the  appointment  office 
and  the  inspection  office,  all  come  under  his  supervision. 

7.  The  attorney-general  is  the  law  counsel  for  the  president 
and  the  other  officers  of  the  government.     He   is  the  con- 
stitutional adviser  of  all  the  government  officials,  and  their 
legal  defender.     The  official  law  authority,  he  makes  deci- 
sions, and  takes  measures  to  protect  the  legal  rights  and 

interests  of  the  government  and  the  nation. 

• 

OUR  COUNTRY. 

THE  great  republic  of  the  United  States  occupies  the  mid- 
dle portion  of  the  western  hemisphere.  It  comprises  an  area 
of  3,578,372  square  miles,  and  has  a  coast  line  of  2.  HM 
miles  on  the  Atlantic,  1,764  miles  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  1,343  miles  on  the  Pacific. 


576  THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW. 

Our  territory  in  1782  was  less  than  one-quarter  of  this, 
lying  entirely  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  south  of  the  great 
lakes,  with  an  area  of  800,000  square  miles.  The  subse- 
quent acquisitions  of  territory  were  as  follows. 

Sq.  miles. 

Territory  ceded  by  England  in  1783,  .  .  815,615 
Louisiana,  acquired  from  France  in  1803,  .  .  930,928 
Florida,  acquired  from  Spain  in  1821,  .  .  59,268 

Texas,  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1845,  .  .  237,504 
Oregon,  by  treaty  in  1846,  ....  280,425 
California,  taken  from  Mexico  in  1847,  .  .  649,762 
Arizona,  from  Mexico  by  treaty  in  1854,  .  .  27,500 
Alaska,  from  Kussia  by  treaty  in  1867,  .  .  577,390 

Total  present  area,       .          .          .       3,578,392 

The  increase  of  population  and  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  country  have  been  quite  unprecedented.  Jn 
1620  there  were  but  three  hundred  white  inhabitants  in  all 
New  England.  Less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago, 
the  city  of  New  York  consisted  of  a  dozen  log  cabins,  and 
all  the  land  now  comprised  in  the  city  and  county  of  New 
York  was  purchased  for  twenty-four  dollars. 

Fifty  years  ago  there  were  not  five  thousand  whites  in  the 
vast  region  lying  between  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Pacific 
ocean,  while  the  population  now  exceeds  ten  millions.  Chi- 
cago was  then  a  trading  post  of  half  a  dozen  huts. 

Sixty-five  years  ago  the  great  lakes,  Ontario,  Michigan, 
Huron  and  Superior,  were  entirely  without  commerce,  and 
the  Indian  canoes  were  their  only  craft.  Now  they  are 
crowded  thoroughfares,  and  the  value  of  their  traffic  approxi- 
mates one  thousand  millions  of  dollars  yearly. 

One  hundred  years  ago  we  were  but  thirteen  feeble  col- 
onies, with  only  three  million  of  inhabitants,  while  we  now 
comprise  thirty-eight  sovereign  states,  with  the  district  of 
Columbia,  and  ten  territories,  with  a  populatation  of  some 
fifty  millions  of  inhabitants. 


,-- 


A    000  607  490    o 


